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Use the “Ecology Symbiotic Relationships” PowerPoint on my 8th Grade Science page to answer the following. 1. Symbiotic relationship: A relationship, which can be beneficial or harmful, in which TWO different species live together and interact with one another, sometimes by choice, and sometimes because they cannot survive without each other. 2. Commensalism: one organism benefits while the other is not affected (+ 0) 3. Mutualism: both organisms in the relationship benefit (+ +) 4. Parasitism: one organism benefits (the parasite), while the other is harmed (host). In other words, one benefits, one is hurt (+ -) 5. For each scenario (A, B, and C) on the “Ecology Symbiotic Relationships” PowerPoint on my teacher Website, tell whether you think it is an example of commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism and EXPLAIN your thinking. A. This is mutualism because both partners helped each and both benefitted from their relationship. B. This is commensalism because your partner got benefit from you helping and they did not affect you or help you in any way. C. This is parasitism because you benefitted them by helping them get a good grade, but they hurt you because they didn’t do anything and you ended up getting a lower grade than usual, which actually hurt you. 6. You and your partner should research the five symbiotic relationships as assigned by the teacher ONLINE. Fill out the chart for your assigned examples. Name of organisms Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga/spider Tapeworms/animals Description of relationship between organisms (Describe in detail!!!!!!!) The H.a. wasp lays its eggs in the spider. After the spider builds its web, the larvae of the wasp eat the spider from the inside out and use the web for their cocoon. The tapeworm grows inside of an animal’s intestines and eats up a lot of the food the animals eats, causing the animal to lose weight and waste away. Is this an example of mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism? THEN explain your reasoning. Parasitism- because the spider is hurt (death) and the wasp benefits (food and cocoon). Parasitism- because the animal is hurt (losing weight) and the tapeworm benefits (food) Fleas/animals The fleas suck the blood of the animals, causing them to lose blood and possibly get a disease. The fleas also get a home (the fur) of the animal. The G. wasp injects its eggs into a caterpillar. The larvae of the wasp feed on the fluids of the caterpillar, then eat though its skin. They also mind control the caterpillar, using it as a body guard for protection until they spin their cocoon and mature. The caterpillar starves to death. Cattle egrets follow cattle and eat the insects that are scared out of the grass as the cattle pass by. Parasitism- the animal is harmed (loses blood and gets a disease) and the flea benefits (gets food and a home). TB is a long-term infection of the lungs by a bacterium. The TB parasite benefits from the relationship by getting food and a home so it can reproduce while the human stays sick constantly and can die from the infection. The plover bird eats bits of food from between the crocodile’s teeth, keeping the teeth clean. It also “screams” and flies away if it senses danger, alerting the crocodile to slide into the water to avoid the danger too. Greenish-brown algae live on the back of the spider crab, camouflaging the crab in the shallow water that it lives in. Parasitism- the human is harmed (infection, sickness, weakness, death) and the TB bacteria benefits (food, home, reproduction). Ticks/animals The ticks suck the blood of the animals, causing them to lose blood and possibly get a disease. Parasitism- the animal is harmed (loses blood and gets a disease) and the tick benefits (gets food). Flowers/bees When bees visit a flower, they get nectar, which they make into food. Thye also get pollen on their backs, which falls off inot the next flower they, helping the flowers to cross-pollinate. Mutualism- the bee benefits (nectar for food) and the flower benefits (cross-pollination= reproduction). Glyptapanteles/caterpillar Cattle Egret/ Cattle Tuberculosis/humans Crocodile/plover bird Spider crab/ algae Parasitism- the caterpillar is harmed (fluids used and death) and the G. wasp benefits (food and protection). Commensalism- the cattle egret benefits (food) and the cattle are unaffected. Mutualism- the plover benefits (food) and the crocodile benefits (teeth cleaned and alarm to danger). Mutualism- the algae benefits (good place to live) and the crab benefits (camouflage from predators). Oxpecker/rhino Oxpecker bird lands on the back of the rhino and eats ticks and other parasites from the rhino’s back. Mutualism- the oxpecker benefits (food) and the rhino benefits (gets rid of parasites/pests). Naegleria/humans N. parasite lives in the dirt at the bottom of bodies of freshwater. If it gets into the nasal passages of a human, it can travel to the brain and eats the human brain, almost always resulting in death of the human. A certain kind of bacteria lives in human intestines and finishes digesting food that the human can’t finish digesting, allowing the human to get more nutrients from food they otherwise wouldn’t have. The sea anemone lives on the hermits crab’s shell. The sea anemone protects the crab from predators with its stinging tentacle. The sea anemone gets more food because it can eat the crab’s scraps and also it is moved around on the crab’s back, exposing it to plankton and small fish. The butterfly lays its eggs on the underside of the milkweed leaf and uses the milkweed flowers for nectar. The butterfly larvae also eat the milkweed plant. The milkweed gets pollinated by the butterfly. The barnacle lives on whales. The whale doesn’t even know the barnacle is there. The barnacle filters food from the water as the whale swims through the water. The remora attaches itself to the shark and eats parasites off of the shark as well as scraps of food that the shark leaves behind. Parasitism- the human is hurt (death) and the N. parasite benefits (food). Good bacteria/human intestines Sea anemones/hermit crab Monarch butterfly/ milkweed Barnacles/whales Remora/sharks Mutualism- the bacteria benefit (food) and the human benefits (more nutrients from food they couldn’t digest). Mutualism- the sea anemone benefits (more food) and the crab benefits (protection from predators). Mutualism- the butterfly benefits (food and place to lay eggs) and the milkweed benefits (pollination= reproduction). Commensalism- The barnacle benefits (more food) and the whale is not affected. Mutualism- the remora benefits (food) and the shark benefits (parasites removed). Cryptosporidium/humans C. is a parasite that causes intestinal infection and diarrhea in humans. The parasite infects humans intestines so it can get food that humans eats and attempts to digest. Caribou/arctic fox The caribou digs for vegetation in Commensalism- the fox benefits the frozen soil of the tundra. The (more food) and the caribou is fox follows along behind it and unaffected. digs deeper into the soil looking for small mammals to eat. Orchids/trees Orchids grow at the tops of trees, where they can avoid being eaten by predators or trampled on by animals. They also receive more sunlight. The shrimp hitches a ride on a larger poisonous or inedible animal, such as a sea cucumber for protection. The animal that it rides on doesn’t even know it’s there. When an ant comes in contact with the spores of the O. fungus, the spores infect the ant and hijack its nervous system, causing it to climb up vegetation and clamp down and hang there. The ant then dies. Then the fungus grows a spore-releasing stalk out of the back of the ant’s head to release more spores onto the ants still on the ground below. The sea anemone stinging tentacles protect the clown fish from predators, while the clown fish chases away fish that would eat the sea anemone. Also, the anemone is fertilized by the fish’s waste. The tick-like pseudoscorpion hitches a free ride under the wings of the beetle. The beetle doesn’t even know the pseudoscorpion is there. The L. parasitic worm infects the eyestalks of the snail and mind controls it, causing it to climb out into the open so a hungry bird can eat it, allowing the worm to complete its life cycle. Emperor shrimp/sea cucumbers Ophiocordyceps/carpenter ant Sea anemones/clownfish Pseudoscorpions/beetles Leucochloridium/snail Parasitism- the C. parasite benefits (food) and the human is harmed (intestinal infection and diarrhea). Commensalism- orchids benefit (sunlight, not being eaten or trampled on) and the trees are unaffected. Commensalism- The shrimp benefits (protection) and the sea cucumber is unaffected. Parasitism- the ant is harmed (death) and the O. fungus benefits (reproduction). Mutualism- the sea anemone benefits (protection and fertilize) and the clown fish benefits (protection). Commensalism- the pseudoscorpion benefits (gets a ride) and the bettle is not affected. Parasitism- the L. worm benefits (completing its life cycle= reproduction) and the snail is harmed (eaten by a bird= death). Plasmodium/humans Cow/intestinal bacteria Pseudomyrmex ants/Swollen Thorn acacia Allomerus ant/Hirtella tree The P. parasite (also known as malaria) infects the red blood cells of humans, where it reproduces, destroying those red blood cells to complete its life cycle, causing the human to suffer cycles of fever and chills. Bacteria live in the rumen part of a cow’s stomach, where they digest the cellulose in the grass the cow eats. The cows cannot digest the grass without these bacteria. The cow can then obtain nutrients from the grass as it is digested by the bacteria. The P. ants defend the tree against animals that would eat it, while the tree provides nectar to the P. ants Parasitism- the P. parasite benefits (food, reproduction) and the human is harmed (sickness, weakness, fever, and chills). The A. ants defend the tree against predatory insects because the ants themselves are very aggressive. The tree provides the ants with a safe place to live and nectar. Mutualism- the ants benefit (food and home) and the tree benefits (protection from predators). Mutualism- the bacteria benefit (food) and the cow benefits (nutrients from the grass the bacteria digested). Mutualism- the ants benefit (food) and the tree benefits (protection).