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Applied Science
Biotechnology: Science for the New Millennium,
First Edition, Revised
Address current scientific methods and developments
in the biotechnology industry with new and
improved sections, projects, and lab activities!
Designed for introductory courses, Biotechnology:
Science for the New Millennium teaches the concepts
and hands-on lab procedures required for entrylevel careers in the rapidly growing biotechnology
industry. Combine the textbook with the lab manual
to integrate strategies, methods, and documentation
to design and analyze experiments.
• Biotech Careers encourages students to pursue a future
career in biotechnology with spotlights on successful
people in the field.
• Expand on classroom lessons and encourage students to
explore deeper into areas of biotechnology with web-based
Biotech Online activities.
• Place students in realistic situations to solve laboratory
357
Biotechnologies
problems in Thinking Like aMedical
Biotechnician.
Ellyn Daugherty, MST, San Mateo Biotechnology
Career Pathway
• Challenge students with Bioethics activities that present
overproduces the HER2 protein. By screening women for the
HER2and
gene,ethical
doctors know
critical
questions of biotechnology research.
© 2012the likely
Text 452
pages | Lab
Manual
290 pages
effectiveness
of the
anti-HER2
antibody treatment before they try it.
• Reinforce
mastery
of the concepts and skills through Lab
Several companies are beginning to focus their research
and manufacturing
in pharmacogenetics. For example, Genitope Corporation in Fremont,
California,
has develTutor,
additional
quizzes, games, and flash cards on the
oped a personalized immunotherapy manufacturing process for the production of indiEncore CD.
vidualized antibodies developed from a cancer patient’s own tumor cells.
Using DNA sequencing, protein sequencing, or other
assays,
the identify of anManual prepares students for the
• The Laboratory
individual’s specific genetic and protein variations, compared with the majority of the
workplace teaching standard lab operating procedures with
population, will allow for individual drug design that could reduce the risk for allergic
100mutations
lab activities.
reactions and side effects and increase drug effectiveness. nearly
Since some
are
common, variations of medications could be designed for groups of people.
A Medicine Just for YOU
TO
DO
Learn how having a certain mutation can make a certain
personalized medicine work for you.
Go to http://biotech.emcp.net/lungcancerdrug. Read the article and summarize in a few
sentences how this disease, mutation, and treatment are an example of personalized
medicine. Then, click on the link and find the genetic answer to why this drug works
well but only in some people.
© M. Miele/Corbis.
Biotech Online Web-based Activities
Biomarkers and Diagnostics
1
One of the tools needed for the design of personalized medicines and genetic diagnosis
is the ability to map individual patient’s genes and protein expression and look at the
differences between people who are sick and people who are not sick. These differences
are markers, called biomarkers. Biomarkers may be sections of DNA or proteins in a
certain cell or tissues, or they may be an organic or inorganic compound that is used to
measure some aspect of health or treatment. Biomarkers
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| 800-328-4564
Faxdisease, but they may
may be used to
diagnosis and treat
also be used to monitor the effectiveness of a treatment.
Some examples of biomarkers are:
biomarker (bio•mar•ker) a substance, often a protein or section
of a nucleic acid, used to indicate,
identify, or measure the presence or
activity of another biological substance or process
Applied Science
“Thinking Like a Biotechnician” places students in
realistic situations and asks them to solve problems.
216
228
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Thinking Like a Biotechnician
1. What color is light of the following wavelengths: 600 nm, 525 nm, and 475 nm?
2. A colorless protein is purified from a cell extract. What kind of spectrophotometer should be
used to detect its presence and concentration?
3. In moles/liter, what is the concentration of H+ in a solution that has a pH of 6.0? In moles/
liter, what is the concentration of OH- in a solution that has a pH of 6.0?
4. If a solution has a pH of 5.3, how can it be brought to a pH of 7.1?
5. Describe how to prepare 5 L of a 0.25 M TRIS buffer at pH 7.4.
6. Describe how to prepare 250 mL of 0.01 M NaH2PO4 × H2O, 1 mM Na2HPO4, pH 6.8.
7. A 0.01 M NaH2PO4 × H2O, 1 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.2 buffer is needed for a protein. Why is it
important to prepare the buffer at the stated pH of 7.2, instead of using the buffer in Question 6?
8. The enzyme, amylase, requires a small amount of Ca2+ ions as a cofactor for activity. Thus,
CaCl2 is added to amylase buffers. Describe how to prepare 100 mL of 0.5 M TRIS, 0.05 M
CaCl2 buffer at pH 7.2.
9. A molecule has a lambdamax of 475 nm. What wavelengths would probably not be good to
use for testing samples for the presence of the molecule?
10. A set of standards is prepared by diluting a stock sample in a 1:2 ratio. If the stock solution
has an absorbance of 1.2 au, and the 1:2 dilution has an absorbance of 0.6 au, what would be
the expected amount absorbance of the 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 dilutions? If the absorbance of the
dilutions is not as expected, what might be the reason?
Activity 7.1
BACs versus YACs
To transform cells with large pieces of DNA, larger vectors are needed. Scientists have developed BACs and YACs to
host pieces of foreign DNA up to 500 kb (kilobases) in size. These have been critical for transformation, sequencing,
and genome projects.
TO
DO
Go to http://biotech.emcp.net/spectrophotometry to learn how a spectrophotometer measures photons and produces absorbance data.
“Phun” at Home with pH
Many of the beverages, condiments, and cooking ingredients found in a kitchen are acids and
bases. A solution with a pH of less than 7 has more H+ ions than OH- ions and is, therefore, an
acid. Acid solutions have certain characteristics, including, depending on the strength, a sour taste,
and the ability to burn. A solution with a pH higher than 7 has more OH- ions than H+ ions and is
considered a base. Basic solutions may also have a sour taste, feel slippery, and cause burns.
TO
D O Determine the pH of solutions in the kitchen.
1. Arrange to take home a box of wide-range pH paper.
2. Determine the pH of at least 10 solutions or liquid mixtures in your kitchen. Be creative.
Almost anything liquid or sitting in liquid can be tested. Caution: Read all labels before
testing a solution to ensure that the solution is safe.
3. Make a data table to record the name of each item tested, its pH, whether it is an acid, a base,
or a neutral solution.
4. Which of the samples has the additional characteristics of an acid or a base?
“Biotech Live” activities require Web research,
writing, creating charts, and/or hands-on lab work.
CONTENTS: Textbook
1. What is Biotechnology? 2. The Raw Materials of
Biotechnology. 3. The Basic Skills of the Biotechnology
Workplace. 4. Introduction to Studying DNA. 5. Introduction
to Studying Proteins. 6. Identifying a Potential Biotechnology
Product. 7. Spectrophotometers and Concentration Assays.
8. The Production of a Recombinant Biotechnology Product.
9. Bringing a Biotechnology Product to Market. 10. Introduction
to Plant Biotechnology. 11. Biotechnology in Agriculture.
12. Medical Biotechnologies. 13. DNA Technologies
14. Biotechnology Research and Applications: Looking Forward.
CONTENTS: Laboratory Manual
1. Introduction to Biotechnology Methodologies. 2. Basic Biology for
the Biotechnician. 3. Basic Chemistry for the Biotechnician. 4. DNA
Isolation and Analysis. 5. Protein Isolation and Analysis. 6. Assay
Development. 7. Using the Spectrophotometer for DNA and Protein
Assays. 8. Recombinant Protein Production. 9. Protein Product
Purification and Analysis. 10. Plant Biotechnology. 11. Agricultural
Biotechnologies. 12. Obtaining Molecules of Pharmaceutical Interest.
13. Making DNA Molecules. 14. Biotechnology Research and
Applications.
BAC
YAC
meaning of acronym
primary uses
circular or linear
typical size of insert
another interesting fact
reference 1
reference 2
Visual Spectrophotometry Virtually
1. Run the spectrophotometer simulation to understand how the spectrophotometer works and
how transmittance data is converted to absorbance data using Beer’s Law.
2. Click on the link “Absorbance Spectrum.” Follow the directions to produce an absorbance
spectrum for an unknown sample. Sketch the absorbance spectrum in your notebook and
identify the sample’s lambdamax.
3. Click on the link “Cell Path Length.” In your notebook, record what cell path length is and
how it affects absorbance data.
4. Click on the link “Effect of Concentration.” In your notebook, record the effect solute concentration has on transmittance and absorbance data.
Using at least two different Web sites, learn more about BACs and YACs,
and their uses in biotechnology. Create a chart like the one below to record
the information you gather.
Characteristics
Biotech Live
TO
DO
Activity 7.2
genes. Several kinds of mammalian cells are used as host cells, including Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and mouse kidney cells. These cells have good transfection efficiencies and grow well in broth culture. Viruses are often used as vectors to carry genes
of interest into the mammalian host cells. Viral DNA is cut with restriction enzymes and
a gene of interest is inserted. Cosmids are also used as vectors. Cosmids are like very
large plasmids. It is also common to inject DNA directly into the nucleus of a mammalian cell using a microinjection syringe.
endonucleases
(en•do•nu•cle•a•ses) the
enzymes that cut RNA or DNA at
specific sites; restriction enzymes
are endonucleases that cut DNA
sticky ends (stick•y ends) the
restriction fragments in which one
end of the double stranded DNA is
longer than the other; necessary for
the formation of recombinant DNA
Making Recombinant DNA
To carry a gene(s) into a cell, a plasmid or other vector must first be “spliced” or cut
open. The gene(s) of interest is then pasted into the open plasmid. This produces
another circular piece of DNA containing DNA from two different species. It is called a
rDNA plasmid since the DNA pieces have been recombined from two different sources. The recombinant plasmid acts as a vector, carrying the gene of interest into a new
cell (see Figure 8.11).
Two sets of enzymes cut and paste the DNA to produce a piece of rDNA. The cutting ones, restriction enzymes (also called endonucleases), recognize specific A, C,
G, and T sequences within DNA molecules, and cut the DNA strands. Some restriction enzymes cut like scissors, straight across the DNA strand, to produce “blunt ends.”
However, the most valuable restriction enzymes cut to produce “sticky ends.”
Sticky ends have one side of the DNA strand that is longer than the other. These
overhangs allow for complementary matches between two DNA pieces cut by the same
enzyme. A plasmid can be cut with a restriction enzyme, and a gene of interest can be
cut by the same restriction enzyme. Their sticky ends will match, and pasting may occur
to produce an rDNA molecule. The pasting is done by a second enzyme called DNA
ligase.
Must-know terms are boldfaced when first introduced
and are defined in page margins.
Student Courseware
Text (hardcover) with
Encore CD
eBook (6 year license)
Text (hardcover) with
Encore CD and Lab
Manual
Text (hardcover) with
Encore CD, Lab Manual,
and Lab Notebook
Lab Manual with Encore CD
Lab Notebook
Instructor Resources
*Instructor’s Guide with CD
*Course Planner
EXAMVIEW® Assessment
Suite CD
Price
ISBN
$94.95
$84.95
978-0-76384-284-0
978-0-76385-800-1
$114.95
978-0-76384-287-1
$125.95
$46.95
$13.95
978-0-76384-289-5
978-0-76384-286-4
978-0-76382-286-6
Price
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ISBN
978-0-76384-291-8
978-0-76383-876-8
$135.95
978-0-76384-292-5
*Internet Resource Center: www.emcschool.net/biotechnology
eBook available—works on all devices!
*Free to adopters of 20 or more texts
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2
Applied Science
Applied Anatomy & Physiology:
A Case Study Approach, Second Edition
New!
The study of human anatomy and physiology is
about more than just memorizing body parts and
functions. Fully comprehending the human body
requires a profound understanding of functions,
systems and structures, and a practical application
of the facts. Applied Anatomy & Physiology is a fresh
approach to teaching the fundamental principles
and the practical application of those principles to
your high school students. This edition addresses
current educational standards, includes an online
interactive tool, and an improved workbook and
laboratory manual.
• Students learn to develop their own hypotheses
using chapter concepts to solve Case Study
Investigation challenges.
• Challenge students’ critical thinking skills with
Science and Social Ethics scenarios.
Brian R. Shmaefsky, PhD, Kingwood College
© 2013
Text 622 pages | Workbook & Lab Manual 316 pages
CONTENTS: Textbook and Workbook & Laboratory Manual
1. Overview of the Body. 2. The Body’s Chemical Makeup.
3. Organization of the Body. 4. The Skin and Its Parts.
5. The Skeletal System. 6. The Muscular System.
7. The Endocrine Glands and Hormones. 8. Function of the
Nervous System. 9. Structure of the Nervous System.
10. The Respiratory System. 11. The Cardiovascular System.
12. The Lymphatic System and the Blood. 13. The Digestive
System. 14. The Urinary System. 15. The Reproductive
Systems and Human Development.
• Stimulating sidebars emphasize the importance of
health workers’ civic responsibility, ethics,
and an awareness of related medical research.
• End-of-chapter activities address critical
thinking, practical application, comprehension,
and Internet research.
• Full-color companion workbook and laboratory
manual complements and reinforces text instruction
with an inviting array of activities, including over
100 illustrations to label and color, practical exercises,
laboratory activities, and chapter quizzes.
• Package with A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy for
a comprehensive and digital learning solution.
A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy
dramatically enhances the
study of human anatomy,
physiology, and related topics
through incredibly detailed
graphics, precision accuracy,
and advanced functionality.
3
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Applied Science
“Case Study Investigation” launches each chapter
with a medical mystery students are invited to solve.
Clear illustrations teach essential information for
anatomy and physiology.
Figure 11.13a Structure of
the Heart
The human heart has four chambers.
The left atrium and ventricle
chambers pump blood to the body
while the right atrium and ventricle
chambers pump blood to the lungs.
aorta
right pulmonary arteries
left pulmonary arteries
superior vena cava
left atrium
left pulmonary veins
great cardiac vein
right pulmonary veins
Case Study Investigation #11
Track your
Case Study Investigation
progress using the form posted on
the Internet Resource Center.
Refer to the Encyclopedia section
of A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy to
research a condition or look up
a symptom to help solve
this case study.
left coronary artery
right coronary artery
The local YMCA is having a 5-kilometer (5K) Run, Walk, or
Crawl fundraiser. You decide to volunteer at the first-aid station
to take care of blisters and other minor injuries associated with
these events. It is a cool, overcast morning, making it a perfect
day for a race, so you do not expect any problems due to hot
weather. A call comes in on the two-way radio that a young
male runner just passed out at the 2K mark on the course. You
alert the emergency medical technician (EMT) on duty, and you
both head out to attend to the runner. When you get there, the
EMT starts questioning the young man, and you record the conversation for the EMT’s report. The 25-year-old runner, Chris,
explains that he experienced tightness in his chest followed by
chest pain right before he became dizzy and fainted. He also says
that he had been short of breath since reaching the 1K mark.
This is the first race he has ever run; however, he says that he
takes short walks every night. You learn that Chris has no history of heart attacks or high blood pressure. He claims that his
physical examinations always show low levels of cholesterol and
fats in his blood. He also states that he had a reasonable breakfast
and drank a lot of water that morning. While Chris is recovering
at the first-aid station,
the EMT decides to
test your knowledge of
anatomy and physiology by asking you to
diagnose Chris’s condition. At the end of the
chapter, you will be
asked to determine the
possible cardiovascular
system problems causing the illness.
cardiac vein
right atrium
left ventricle
inferior
vena cava
apex
right ventricle
trachea
aorta
Figure 11.13b Location of
the Heart
The heart is located between the
lungs (in a space called the
mediastinum) and above the
diaphragm. The pericardium is a
membranous sac that encloses
the heart.
pericardium
mediastinum
lung
diaphragm
The CardiovasCular sysTem
380
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380-421_AandP_Chap11.indd 393
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Concept Check questions
provide immediate assessment
on newly introduced topics.
Student Courseware
Textbook (hardcover)
eBook (6 year license)
Textbook with A.D.A.M.
Interactive Anatomy
(1 year license)
Workbook & Laboratory
Manual
Workbook & Laboratory
Manual eBook
Workbook & Laboratory
Manual and A.D.A.M.
Interactive Anatomy
(1 year license)
Instructor Resources
*Print Instructor’s Guide
*Instructor Digital
Resources with
EXAMVIEW® (CD only)
*Print Instructor’s
Guide and Instructor’s
Digital Resources with
EXAMVIEW® CD
Price
$99.95
$89.95
ISBN
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978-0-82196-705-8
$119.95
978-0-82196-534-4
$43.95
978-0-82196-362-3
$33.95
978-0-82196-511-5
393
Key Terms called out
and defined at the
terms point of use.
✓Concept Check
1. Explain the structural differences between arteries and veins.
2. Describe the different functions of arteries and veins.
3. Distinguish between arterioles, venules, and capillaries.
Does the information about blood vessels provide any insight into the CSI?
Could a particular type of blood vessel be responsible for Chris’s problems?
Is there a relationship between his breathing difficulty and the function of his
arteries, veins, or capillaries?
sTruCTure of The human hearT
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978-0-82196-372-2
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978-0-82196-365-4
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Key Terms: cardiac infarction, cardiac ischemia, coronary arteries,
coronary veins, endocardium, epicardium, fibrous pericardium, myocardium, pericardium, pulmonary circulation,
serous pericardium, systemic circulation
The heart is a muscular, two-part pump that forces blood throughout the
body (Figure 11.13a). The left side of the heart, sends blood at high pressure
to all parts of the body except the lungs. This is called systemic circulation
(Figure 11.12). The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs at a
lower pressure than does the left side. This is called pulmonary circulation.
Delicate capillaries in the lungs would burst if blood were pumped into them
at too high a pressure. The heart is nestled in the mediastinum, which is
located between the lungs.
The heart is separated from the lungs by a membranous sac called the
pericardium (Figure 11.13b). The pericardium is filled with serous fluid that
lubricates and protects the heart as it beats in the thoracic cavity. There are
three layers of the pericardium: the fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium,
and pericardial cavity. The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer of
the pericardium. It is a layer of connective tissue that works to protect the
heart and anchor it to the surrounding structures. The serous pericardium
is located underneath the fibrous pericardium and is the innermost layer of
the pericardium. It is composed of two epithelial layers that lubricate the
heart to prevent friction during heart activity. The layer next to the fibrous
pericardium is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. The outermost layer
of the heart is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, or the epicardium.
Between these two layers is the pericardial cavity, which is filled with
serous fluid.
The heart is a hollow structure composed primarily of thick sheets of cardiac muscle called the myocardium (Figure 11.14) that contract to pump
blood. The myocardium is tightly attached to the epicardium on the outer
surface of the heart. Fatty connective tissue can also be found in this area.
Systemic Circulation Circulation
that supplies blood to all parts of the
body, except the lungs
Pulmonary Circulation Circulation
that supplies blood to the lungs
Pericardium A membranous sac that
encloses the heart
Fibrous Pericardium The outermost
layer of the pericardium
Serous Pericardium The innermost
layer of the pericardium
Epicardium The outer layer of the
heart formed by the visceral layer of the
pericardium
Myocardium The muscle of the heart
wall that contracts to pump blood
Key Terms Reminder Remember
that epithelial describes tissue that covers external and internal body surfaces;
and parietal describes the outer wall
of a hollow body part (such as the
stomach) or the thin linings covering
body cavities.
*Internet Resource Center: www.emcschool.net/anatphys
The CardiovasCular sysTem
eBook available—works on all devices!
*Free to adopters of 20 or more texts
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