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UPDATED Diagnosis and Management of Hyponatremia Melinda Johnson, MD, FHM, FACP, FPHM Associate Professor, Internal Medicine University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Hyponatremia Low serum osmolality Normal or high serum osmolality <280 mOsm/kg Euvolemic Hypovolemic Una<20 mEq/L Una>20 mEq/L Una >20, Uosm <100 mOsm/kg Pseudohyponatremia Hypervolemic Una <20 mEq/L Uosm >300 mOsm/kg Una >20, Uosm >300 mOsm/kg Dehydration Drug effect (thiazides, ACEI) Beer potomania SIADH CHF Diarrhea Salt-wasting nephropathies Psychogenic polydipsia Postoperative Liver disease Vomiting Mineralocorticoid deficiency Hypothyroidism Nephrotic syndrome Cerebral sodium-wasting Drug effect (thiazides, ACEI) Adrenocorticotr opin deficiency Hyponatremia Serum sodium concentration <135 mEq/L Severe hyponatremia <120 mEq/L Disorder of water, not salt Occurs in ~15% of all hospital inpatients Increased morbidity and mortality Symptoms depend on rate of fall 1 Una >20 mEq/L Uosm <100 mOsm/kg Advanced renal failure Redistributive Hyperlipidemia Hyperglycemia Hyperproteinemia Mannitol, maltose, sucrose, glycine, or sorbitol administration Biliary Azotemia Alcohol intoxication Total Body Water Intracellular Interstitial Intravascular Sosm •Water load, causing decreased serum osmolality ADH •Leading to suppressed ADH (vasopressin) Uosm •Leading to water excretion in dilute urine (decreased Uosm) Impaired Renal Water Excretion 1. Inability to suppress ADH ◦ True hypovolemia: low Sosm, low arterial blood volume ◦ Effective arterial blood volume depletion: cirrhosis, CHF ◦ Endogenous stimuli: nausea, pain ◦ Thiazide diuretics: reabsorb water, less NaCl reabsorption in distal tubule ◦ SIADH 2. Suppressed ADH but overwhelmed excretory capacity of kidney ◦ Advanced renal failure ◦ Primary polydipsia ◦ Beer potomania 2 Hypotension or hypovolemia Renal hypoperfusion Renin release Angiotensin IAngiotension II Aldosterone Renal Na+ reabsorption (low Una) Extracellular volume expansion When should I worry a lot? 1. Symptoms: ◦ Headache ◦ Muscle cramps ◦ Reversible ataxia ◦ Psychosis ◦ Lethargy ◦ Apathy ◦ Agitation ◦ Seizures ◦ (Coma, respiratory arrest, death) ◦ Duration: ◦ Last sodium level ◦ If it’s not broke, don’t fix it quickly ◦ Clinical history: ◦ Adrenal crisis (hypotension, weakness, shock) ◦ Hypothyroidism/ myxedema coma (altered mental status, hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension) ◦ Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (head injury, intracranial surgery, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, brain tumor) ◦ Marathon runner Evaluation of Hyponatremia History o Urgent indication o Fluid loss o Free water intake 3 o Medications o Other medical problems o Small cell carcinoma o CNS disease Physical Exam: o Volume status o Pulmonary o Neurologic o Stigmata of chronic illness Labs: ◦ Serum osmolality Compared to calculated Sosm = 2(Na) + glu/18 + BUN/28 Difference should be less than 20, or unmeasured osmols present ◦ Urine sodium: marker of intravascular volume status and ability of kidney to reabsorb Na <20 mEq/L = low effective circulating volume >20 mEq/L = no hypovolemia and/or renal salt-wasting ◦ Urine osmolality: marker of ADH level <100 mOsm/kg = suppressed ADH >300 mOsm/kg = inability to suppress ADH Before You Can Call it SIADH You Must Find: Low serum osmolality High urine sodium High urine osmolality (high ADH) Normal creatinine Normal acid-base and K Normal adrenal and thyroid function SIADH CNS process Lung process Cancer Medications ◦ SSRI’s ◦ Desmopressin ◦ NSAID’s ◦ Tricyclics ◦ Nicotine ◦ Other Idiopathic 4 Hyponatremia Treatment: Normal or high serum osmolality Normal/High Sosm Normal : pseudohyponatremia Hypertriglyceridemia Cholestatic and obstructive jaundice Hyperproteinemia High, >295 mOsm/Kg H2O = redistributive Hyperglycemia Mannitol, maltose, sucrose, glycine, or sorbitol administration Azotemia Alcohol intoxication Correct underlying problem ◦ Lipids, multiple myeloma, bilirubin ◦ Hyperglycemia ◦ ◦ Need to correct if indirect potentiometry Add 1.6-2.4 mmol/L to Na for every 100 mg/dL glu above 100 mg/dL Remove other solutes, toxins Dialysis 5 Hyponatremia Treatment: Low Sosm: Hypovolemic Hypovolemic Euvolemic Una >20 Euvolemic Una >20 Hypervolemic Hypervolemic Una<20 mEq/L Una >20 mEq/L Uosm <100 mOsm/kg Uosm >300 mOsm/kg Una<20 mEq/L Una >20 mEq/L 1. Dehydration 1. Drug effect (thiazides, ACE-I) 1. 1. Uosm >300 mOsm/kg Uosm <100 mOsm/kg 2. Diarrhea 2. Salt-wasting nephropathies 2. Beer potomania 2. Postoperative 1. CHF 1. Advanced renal failure 3. Vomiting 3. Mineralocorticoid deficiency 3. Hypothyroidism 2. Liver disease 4. Cerebral sodium-wasting 4. Drug effect (thiazides, ACEI) 3. Nephrotic syndrome Psychogenic polydipsia SIADH 5. Endurance exercise 6. Glucocorticoid deficiency General Principles • If it’s not broke, don’t fix it quickly • Treat if acute • Treat if symptomatic • If not acute or symptomatic, consider etiology and trending • Actual correction often exceeds what is intended • If replacing potassium, likely will raise serum sodium level • Go slow and check often • Do not exceed 1-2 mEq/L/hour or 12 mEq/L in 24 hours • 4-6 mEq/L increase in serum sodium level enough to reverse most severe manifestations of acute hyponatremia Central Pontine Myelinolysis Osmotic demyelination syndrome 6 Hyponatremia corrected too rapidly Mental status changes, seizures, horizontal gaze paralysis, spastic quadriplegia Do not exceed 1-2 mEq/L/hour or 12 mEq/L in 24 hours Risk increased if Na<121, alcoholism, liver disease, malnutrition, severe hypokalemia, goal 4-6 mEq/L per 24 hours, do not exceed 9 mEq/L in 24 hours Low Sosm: Hypovolemia 1. Hypovolemia: ◦ Isotonic saline (Na 154 mEq/L) Corrects hyponatremia a little Removes stimulus for ADH release ◦ Fix underlying reasons Low Sosm: Euvolemia 2. Euvolemia: SIADH, psychogenic polydipsia, beer potomania, endocrine, medication ◦ Fluid restriction to below level of urine output, usually <800 mL/day ◦ Urine to serum electrolyte ratio (Una + Uk)/Sna ◦ Hyponatremia likely to improve with fluid restriction alone if <0.5 ◦ Fluid restriction alone may be insufficient if >1 ◦ Loop diuretic +/- oral salt tablets in SIADH if urine to serum electrolyte ratio >1 ◦ Isotonic saline likely to worsen hyponatremia Low Sosm: Hypervolemia 3. Hypervolemia with effective circulating volume depletion: heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome ◦ Fluid restriction to below level of urine output, usually < 800 mL/day ◦ If very concentrated urine (>500 mOsm/kg), fluid restriction alone may be insufficient ◦ May require diuresis with loop diuretic ◦ Advanced renal failure (renal failure with hypervolemia and Una>20) may require hemodialysis for hypervolemia Hypertonic Saline: Emergencies Only 100 mL of 3% (hypertonic) saline bolus, only in patients with severe symptoms May repeat 1-2 more times at 10 min intervals ER or ICU setting While Treating in Inpatient Setting Monitor electrolyte levels every: ◦ 2 hr minimum if giving saline ◦ If fluid restriction alone, depends on change Monitor serum osmolality, urine sodium, and urine osmolality as needed to evaluate for: ◦ Suppression of ADH release and renin release after fluid resuscitation in true hypovolemia ◦ Response to diuretics in CHF, cirrhosis 7 Summary Diagnosis of hyponatremia: History, Physical, SosmUnaUosm Treatment of hyponatremia: ◦ Normal/high serum osmolality Treat underlying etiology ◦ Low serum osmolality Hypovolemia: isotonic saline Euvolemia: fluid restrict + correct underlying etiology Hypervolemia: fluid restrict Monitor closely Do not exceed 1-2 mEq/L/hour or 12 mEq/L in 24 hours (or max 9 mEq/L in 24 hr in high risk patients) 4-6 mEq/L improvement to reverse severe manifestations References: Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. 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