* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Stray insensitive switched capacitor composite operational amplifiers
Oscilloscope wikipedia , lookup
Crystal radio wikipedia , lookup
Spark-gap transmitter wikipedia , lookup
Flip-flop (electronics) wikipedia , lookup
Surge protector wikipedia , lookup
Distributed element filter wikipedia , lookup
Transistor–transistor logic wikipedia , lookup
Power electronics wikipedia , lookup
Time-to-digital converter wikipedia , lookup
Phase-locked loop wikipedia , lookup
Wien bridge oscillator wikipedia , lookup
Analog-to-digital converter wikipedia , lookup
Index of electronics articles wikipedia , lookup
Radio transmitter design wikipedia , lookup
Zobel network wikipedia , lookup
Regenerative circuit wikipedia , lookup
Oscilloscope history wikipedia , lookup
Resistive opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Schmitt trigger wikipedia , lookup
Negative-feedback amplifier wikipedia , lookup
Current mirror wikipedia , lookup
Two-port network wikipedia , lookup
RLC circuit wikipedia , lookup
Operational amplifier wikipedia , lookup
Valve audio amplifier technical specification wikipedia , lookup
Switched-mode power supply wikipedia , lookup
Integrating ADC wikipedia , lookup
Opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Power MOSFET wikipedia , lookup
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 1993-03 Stray insensitive switched capacitor composite operational amplifiers Bingham, Eldon Wade Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24229 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION UNCLASSIFIED 2a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY Approved PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 4 NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6a 6b OFFICE (If ADDRESS (City. State, ADDRESS (City. State, NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION ADDRESS Monterey, 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9. TITLE (Include Security and ZIP Code) (City. Sfafe. CA 93943-5000 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER applicable) and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS Program Element No 1 1 unlimited 7a 7b (If is Naval Postgraduate School and ZIP Code) NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING ORGANIZATION distribution MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) EC 8a release 5 CA 93943-5000 Monterey, 8c SYMBOL for public REPORT applicable) Naval Postgraduate School 6c DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF 3 DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 2b RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 1b. 1a Protect Task No No Work unit Accession Number Classification) STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Eldon Wade Bingham 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 12. 13b TIME COVERED 14 From Master's Thesis DATE OF REPORT (year, month, day) 15 PAGE COUNT March 1993 To 178 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION 16. The views expressed S Government in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U 17. COSATI CODES 18. GROUP FIELD SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) SUBGROUP Composite Operational Amplifiers, Switched Capacitor Networks, Toggle Switched Capacitor Network, Modified Open-Circuit Floating Resistor Network 19. ABSTRACT In this (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) research, analog active circuits are designed combining the properties of switched capacitors and composite operational amplifiers finite dc gain, smaller bandwidth, lower slew rate, finite input impedance performance The switched capacitor is implemented using both the toggle switch capacitor and the modifed opencircuit floating resistor techniques The composite operational amplifier is implemented using the C20A-1 and C20A-2 designs from the CNOA-i possibilities These four designs are evaluated in a finite-gam circuit and their results are compared with the results obtained from the This combined design improves upon the single operational amplifier's and less than continuous ideal output circuits of the same design. 20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED 22a OF ABSTRACT SAME AS REPORT NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL Sherif Michael DD FORM 1473, 21. O OTIC USERS ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Unclassified 22b TELEPHONE (408) 656-2252 JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete S/N 0102-LF-014-6603 (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE EC/Mi SYMBOL SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified 1260213 Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited. Stray Insensitive Switched Capacitor Composite Operational Amplifiers by Eldon W Bingham Captain. United States Marine Corps B.S.. United States Submitted Naval Academy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 1993 ABSTRACT In this research, analog active circuits are designed combining the properties of switched capacitors and composite operational amplifiers This combined design improves upon the single operational amplifier's finite dc gain, smaller bandwidth, lower slew less than ideal output impedance. The switched capacitor switched capacitor and the operational amplifier implemented using possibilites. is modified open-circuit floating These four designs the is rate, finite implemented using both resistor techniques. C20A-1 and C20A-2 are evaluated in a finite-gain circuit and with the results obtained from the continuous circuits of the same design. in input impedance, and the toggle The composite designs from the their results are CNOA-/ compared 1,1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I II INTRODUCTION .... 1 A OVERVIEW 1 B EXISTING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 2 C THESIS ORGANIZATION 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS . THE BEGINNING A. IN B WHY THE OPERATIONAL C LIMITATIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 1 D Finite DC 3 3 AMPLIFIER Gain 3 4 4 2 Limited Bandwidth 4 3 Slew Rate 5 4. Finite Input 5 Nonzero Output Impedance 6 Finite Linear 7 Offset Voltage 8. Common-Mode Impedance 5 5 Range 6 Rejection Ratio COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS IV 6 6 III COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 7 A THE NEED FOR THE COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER B. THE THEORY BEHIND THE COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER IV 7 8 C. C20A-1 10 D. C20A-2 12 E. C20A-3 14 F C20A-4 16 G ESTABLISHING ACCEPTABLE VALUES FOR a AND K H INCREASED BANDWIDTH WITH THE C20As I SENSITIVITIES OF THE COMPOSITE . 18 . 18 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 20 J. INPUT OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGES 21 K. SLEW RATES 22 L. SUMMARY 23 SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS 24 A. THE RC TIME CONSTANT 24 B TWO PHASE NONOVERLAPPING CLOCK 29 C. NONIDEAL PROPERTIES OF SWITCHED CAPACITORS D SWITCHED CAPACITOR VERSUS IMPLEMENTATION . . 31 DIGITAL 31 V 1. Limited Accuracy 32 2. Dynamic Range 32 3. Flexibility 4 Nonstandard Microprocessor Technology and Programmability 32 ... 33 STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS A. OVERVIEW B. STRAY CAPACITANCE C NULLIFYING D ... 34 34 IN STRAY THE MOS CAPACITOR CAPACITANCE IN A 34 LOSSLESS INTEGRATOR 37 A STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORK 43 1. Switched Capacitor Network Design and Layout Precautions 43 2. A 44 3. A Stray Insensitive Stray TSC Insensitive Implementation of the Lossy Integrator mOFR Implementation of the Lossy 55 Integrator E SUMMARY STRAY INSENSITIVE VI 66 SWITCHED CAPACITOR COMPOSITE AMPLIFIERS 67 A DESIGN OF THE STRAY INSENSITIVE C20A-1 AND C20A-2 67 B TOGGLE SWITCHED CAPACITOR C20A-1 67 1. 67 C20A-1 VI C 2. TSC C20A-1 3 TSC C20A-1 with Stray Capacitances 4. TSC C20A-1 with 5 TSC C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 6. TSC C20A-1 with 7. TSC C20A-1 with 8 TSC C20A-1 with Even Phase Active 9. TSC C20A-1 10 Stray Insensitive with Combined Stray Capacitances Odd Phase O O 71 73 75 Active 77 Active and Effective Stray Capacitances c Active and Effective Stray Capacitances e 79 81 TSC C20A-1 83 85 TOGGLE SWITCH CAPACITOR C20A-2 87 C20A-2 87 2. TSC C20A-2 89 3 TSC C20A-2 with Stray Capacitances 4. TSC C20A-2 with 5. TSC C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 6 TSC C20A-2 with 7. TSC C20A-2 8. TSC C20A-2 with Even Phase Active 9. TSC C20A-2 with 10. Stray Insensitive 1. D 69 Combined 93 Stray Capacitances Odd Phase 95 97 Active Active and Effective Stray Capacitances with O e TSC C20A-2 C20A-1 99 101 Active and Effective Stray Capacitances MODIFIED OPEN-CIRCUIT FLOATING RESISTOR C20A-1 1. 91 103 105 . 107 107 vn E 2. M0FRC20A-1 3 MOFR C20A-1 with Stray Capacitances 4 MOFR C20A-1 with 5 MOFR C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 6 MOFR C20A-1 with 7 MOFR C20A-1 with O, Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 1 8 MOFR C20A-1 with Even Phase Active 121 9 MOFR C20A-1 with 10 Stray Insensitive Combined Stray Capacitances Odd Phase O e MOFR Active Ill 113 115 117 19 Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 123 C20A-1 125 MODIFIED OPEN-CIRCUIT FLOATING RESISTOR C20A-2 127 C20A-2 127 2 MOFR C20A-2 129 3 MOFR C20A-2 with Stray Capacitances 4 MOFR with 5 MOFR C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 6 MOFR C20A-2 with Odd Phase 7. MOFR C20A-2 with O 8 MOFR C20A-2 with Even Phase Active 141 9 MOFR C20A-2 with O, Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 143 10 Stray Insensitive MOFR C20A-2 145 1 VII 109 C20A-2 Combined Stray Capacitances Active Active and Effective Stray Capacitances EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS vui 1.31 133 135 137 139 147 A DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION 147 B THEORETICAL VALUES 153 1 C Finite-Gain Resistor Values 153 . 2 Quality Factor 154 3 Capacitor Ratio 154 4. Switched Capacitor Equivalent Resistance 155 5. Power Supply Voltage 155 6 Negative Feedback Capacitors 155 7 Input Signal Frequency 156 8 Clock Frequency 158 .' EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS CONCLUSIONS VIII. . .... 159 AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 163 A CONCLUSIONS 163 B RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 163 LIST OF REFERENCES 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY 166 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 167 IX INTRODUCTION I. OVERVIEW A. The operational amplifier (OA) It is used in most the industry, the compromise, all OA speed The composite It will is the Though electronic designs is is not without most important analog integrated its the OA traded for accuracy, accuracy operational amplifier improve the bandwidth, is (CNOA-/) sensitivity, accuracy, The switched capacitor network has a widespread use throughout An OA, by limitations definition, is a lesson in traded for bandwidth, etc is a circuit with great flexibility and speed over the single will decrease the size component values during manufacturing. This circuit today OA and improve the accuracy of size reduction and increased accuracy allow more designs to be implemented on a single integrated circuit (IC) than is will possible otherwise. Combining the composite operational amplifier with parasitic free switched capacitor technology will produce an OA that has a considerable bandwidth extension over the single and D/A conversion, digital OA This combination has direct applications communications, processing, modulator-demodulator circuitry, to name a performance improvement and filtering, HDTV, signal processing, in A- D speech and neural network implementation few This thesis proposes to combine the composite operational amplifier and the switched capacitor network into a single stray insensitive design This new design should produce an OA with an increased bandwidth and a decrease The removal of continuous and active elements in sensitivity to both passive resistors in the circuit using switched capacitors will decrease the area needed to implement this design on an IC B. EXISTING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS The accuracy of the switched capacitor network can be degraded by unpredictable error caused by parasitic capacitances found Two an IC in the inherent and parasitic free, switched capacitor topologies, the Toggle Switched Capacitor (TSC) and the modified Open-circuit Floating (mOFR), provide Resistor a means to eliminate these stray capacitances C. THESIS ORGANIZATION The goal of this thesis is composite operational amplifier second chapter to implement a will (parasitic free) switch capacitor insensitive The operational amplifier Composite operational amplifiers Switched capacitor networks stray be discussed networks will will be discussed four designs used designs and it in this thesis. chapter The seventh chapter contains in the will draw in the chapter Stray insensitive chapter The development of sixth the the schematics for the four includes the experimental results obtained from those The eighth chapter research. in the third in the fifth chapter will pictonally display the ten step process utilized capacitor be discussed will be discussed in the fourth switch same four designs the necessary conclusions and will develop ideas for future OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS II. A. THE BEGINNING IN During the 1950's the made from vacuum tubes, furnace, and required large first operational amplifiers (OAs) began to appear, they were were larger than a breadbox, emanated more heat than power supplies. More a small importantly, however, they were both unreliable and expensive The early 1960's brought about the transistor and solid state circuits and for the first time reliability was added to the operational amplifier equation The advances that resulted from circuit. By 1965 Fairchild One of 1960's also brought about the space race. a race to space this was the the many technological development of the integrated commercially available integrated operational amplifier appeared - the uA709 Today OAs can be purchased in no less than 150 different types for specific applications as needed. B. WHY THE OPERATIONAL The widespread use of The OA behaves so much the like OA its that one already can be traced to the ease of understanding ideal characteristics that thus easy to implement in a design. good chance AMPLIFIER With so many exists that will it is different its parts easy to comprehend and OAs available there meet your design requirements is a LIMITATIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER C. The OA impedance, zero output impedance and are too numerous maximize the weaknesses The a voltage controlled voltage source is OAs infinite voltage gain itself is quite a robust finite dc gain, limited bandwidth, slow slew ideal output resistance The differences between an OA has infinite input Designs using the op amp Electronic designers have gone to great lengths to strengths in their designs as well OA The mention to ideal and ideal as work around their inherent building block that has limitations such as rate, finite a practical input impedance, and less than OA are many, in the next eight subsections a few of the differences that do exist will be touched upon as they have far reaching effects later on DC Gain OAs have Finite 1. Ideal in this thesis gain, typically in the range An ideal a 6 This 20 to to OA dB 1 have a more modest million has unlimited gain across the entire bandwidth As frequency have a limited useable bandwidth stray capacitances have from 100 OAs Limited Bandwidth 2. OAs however, practical infinite gain, and finite carrier mobility (BW) Practical increases the gain decreases due Additionally, internally compensated OAs dB per octave gain rolloff due to the pole created by the compensating capacitor dB per decade rolloff will reduce an OA's gain from typically 100 typically somewhere between 1 and 10 MHz. dB at 10 Hz Slew Rate 3. Slew rate If a large input step limited. the transistors in the completely cut voltage OA the at the few volts per which practical OA is ideal OAs are not slew rate OA, some of OA their saturation regions, or possibly output can no longer follow the applied input was applied output is The maximum called the slew rate. rate of change that an Typically slew rate is in micro second range. input Impedance impedance of an typically in the ideal OA is infinite The input impedance of a low Mfi range. Nonzero Output Impedance 5. OAs with a buffering output stage have a nonzero output resistance typically few kQ, which prevents the to a also limits the speed with which, its it OAs, applied to the input of a practical is might be driven out of rate at Finite Input The voltage Therefore the off. same OA can effectively transfer to 4. up a limiting factor in practical is in effect, 6. which an OA OA from operating as an ideal voltage source can charge a capacitor connected to its This output determines the highest useable signal frequency Finite Linear Range The output of a practical OA input voltages multiplied by the gain of the a limited range of output voltage is determined by the difference between the OA, however The maximum value this relationship only holds for for the output voltage is usually maximum limited to the dc supply voltage applied, or even a few volts less an applied dc voltage of ± 15 volts the output voltage might be limited to Thus, with ± 12 volts. Offset Voltage 7. An of zero volts ideal OA whose In a practical voltage differential inputs are tied together will produce an output voltage OA at the inputs with the inputs tied together there will which voltage needed to be applied to the be magnified by the gain will OA output voltage to null the at the is still be some output The called the offset voltage Common- Mode 8. Rejection Ratio The common-mode how much to the OA suppress noise common-mode at its inputs if the CMRR of a practical signals at the inputs is high It not is OA is a measure of This allows the uncommon to OA have a 60-100 dB COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS The gain bandwidth product, frequency, slew (CMRR) can suppress rejection in the range of D. rejection ratio is the product of the finite gain of the generally considered to be constant in a given rate limitations, OAs that will Composite of the single OAs OA and the 3dB Speed, determined by and accuracy, determined by the input offset voltage, are usually not a variable that can be adjusted in single multiple OA OA OA designs However, there exists designs of allow for greater user control over these same characteristics effectively extend the range of single limitations Chapter III OAs will discuss this in and lessen the impact some detail COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS in. THE NEED FOR THE COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER A. Composite Operational Amplifiers (CNOAs) were developed by W B. Mikhael References - 1 1981, their research and in 7. Their initial its S. N. Michael and applications have been published focus and subsequent development of CNOAs in provided a systematic technique for extending the operational frequency range (bandwidth) of linear active networks filter Active compensation was examined and applied to the design of active networks. The systematic technique for extending bandwidth (BW) the using CNOAs originated from using the nullator-norator pairing to create 136 possible circuit designs that were then subjected to the following performance criteria: The noninverting and inverting open-loop gains of each of the 136 C20As should show no change in sign in the denominator polynomial coefficients This satisfies the 1. necessary, but not sufficient, denominator coefficients conditions for stability. of the noninverting and should be realized through differences GBWPs matched and results in Also, none of the numerator or inverting polynomial coefficients This eliminates the need for single op amps with low sensitivity of the C20A with respect to its components. 2 The as possible, the three-terminal 3. To minimize phase shifts To justify frequency function. the increased operation with should resemble, as closely performance of the single OA. no right-half s-plane (RHS) zeros due pole were allowed in the closed-loop gains of the 4 C20A external three-terminal performance of the number of OAs, minimum to the single OA C20As. the C20A had to have an extended gain and phase deviation from the ideal transfer B. THE THEORY BEHIND THE COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER An operational amplifier is ideal case the input impedance, Z in would approach would approach and the open loop gain. A, would approach 0. A A norator is nullator is a infinity model using nullator and norator singular elements method of 1,4] These models can be seen CNOAs analysis of the original 136 possible designs met a current all numbered C20A-1 through C20A-4 (where N = 2) in Figure 3 Using the 1 Only four were developed four of the above performance criteria, they The resulting composite devices had three external terminals which resembled the input and output terminals of a single op the single pole C20As model open-loop gain of A A oi the single OAs used in the amp modeling of is A where , a one port which will sustain an arbitrary voltage and pass an arbitrary nullator-norator The Z out This can be one port which neither sustains a voltage nor passes independent current [Refs are In the output impedance, infinity, the , directly transferred to the idealized [Refs. 2,4] (VCVS). a voltage controlled voltage source , co Li , bandwidth product and CO- L_ = , are the dc open-loop gain, the cOj (GBWP) output relationships for the CO,- -2-J± = of the ith single OA, i or 2 3dB bandwidth, and respectfully C20A-1 through C20A-4 1 The open-loop can be described by (3.1) the gain input- (a) Nullator (b) Norator lo 00 'in (c) Nullor OA 'out A To Figure 3.1 (a) Nullator, (b) Norator, (c) Nullor OA (VCVS) 00 C20A-1 C. C20A-1 For Equation 3 the open-loop gain input-output relationship can be derived from 2 as AJl+AMl+a) AAJl+a) (3.3) A where a is M, + (1+a) the internal resistor ratio as shown References 1, 2, and 3 l in Figure + (1+a) 3 2. derive the 3db frequency equation and Q equation to be (3.4) co. G) (l + oc) 2 •d+*)N W where the a is GBWP the internal resistor ratio, for A, , and co ; is the co is p GBWP the for 3db A : (3.5) l point, k is the closed-loop gain, co is The Routh-Hurwitz criterion produces . the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability as + 1 (1 The C20A-1 in * a) k (3.6) < Figure 3.2 clearly shows the similarity of the three terminal configuration between the composite OA and that of a single OA. noninverting and inverting inputs for the composite OA 10 OA just Inputs a and b are the as they would be on a single Figure 3.2 C20A-1 11 C20A-2 D. C20A-2 For Equation the open-loop gain input-output relationship can be derived from 3 2 as y where a is VgO^O y = a A2 References 1, 2, and 3 + shown the internal resistor ratio as VjM % y _ (1+a) * Figure in (3.7) (1+a) 3 3. derive the 3db frequency equation and co Q equation to be co 1 (3.8) : co. l+k \ G), (1+co i/(l+*)N where the a is GBWP the internal resistor ratio, for A, , and co : is the is co p GBWP the 3db A for (3.9) w2 point, k is the closed-loop gain, The Routh-Hurwitz : to, is criterion produces the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability as + k 1 (1 The C20A-2 in Figure 3 3 configuration between the composite clearly OA (3.10) < + «) shows and that of a single noninverting and inverting inputs for the composite OA 12 the similarity of the three terminal OA just OA as they Inputs a and b are the would be on a single Figure 3.3 C20A-2 13 C20A-3 E. C20A-3 For Equation 3 2 the open-loop gain input-output relationship can be derived from as V v o3 where a is V v a = the internal resistor ratio as References 1, 2, and 3 AjA 2 Agl+AJ - (3.11) V, (1+oc) (1+a) ° shown Figure in 3 4 derive the 3db frequency equation and (x> <x> x 00. Q equation 2 Yd *)(!+«) the is GBWP the internal resistor ratio, for A, , and co : is the ca the is GBWP (3.13) w, \ a be (3.12) (!+*)(! ^a)o), where to for 3db A point, k is the closed-loop gain, The Routh-Hurwitz : co is criterion produces the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability as (1 The C20A-3 in Figure 3 > + a) 4 clearly configuration between the composite OA shows and that the 14 similarity of the three terminal OA Inputs a and b are the of a single noninverting and inverting inputs for the composite OA (3.14) \l\+k OA just as they would be on a single Figure 3.4 C20A-3 15 C20A-4 F. C20A-4 For Equation the open-loop gain input-output relationship can be derived 3 2 as A 2 (A^a) 04 where a is a 1, 2, and 3 A2 [A, shown * (1+oc)] (3.15) * (1+a) the internal resistor ratio as References (1+a) Figure in 3 5 derive the 3db frequency equation and co j co Q equation 2 p (l^)co (3.17) 1 (l+a)« 2 \| the is GBWP the internal resistor ratio, for A, , and co : is the the is co p GBWP be (l+*)(l+a) \| a to (3.16) co. where from for 3db A point, k is the closed-loop gain, o, The Routh-Hurwitz : is criterion produces the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability as (1 The C20A-4 in Figure 3 5 > + a) clearly configuration between the composite OA shows and that the 16 similarity of the three terminal OA Inputs a and b are the of a single noninverting and inverting inputs for the composite OA (3.18) + k) 4(1 OA just as they would be on a single Figure 3.5 C20A-4 17 16), the criterion Q equations (Equations equations compensation (Equations a resistor ratio The closed-loop 13, 3 5, 3 9, 3 3 6, 3 10, 3 and 3 17), as well as the and 14, 3 and Q and co p this a Routh-Hurwitz functions all and of the many implementations should allow for a great degree of freedom for the desired design requirements resistor ratio, a, can likewise be selected with a similar Thus are 18) gain, k, can be controlled by the designer in obtaining an acceptable 3 4, 3 8, 3 12, and the closed-loop gain k (as in a finite-gain configuration) and K should be noted that the 3db frequency equations (Equations It 3 a AND ESTABLISHING ACCEPTABLE VALUES FOR G. for each of the four C20As it in The compensation amount of freedom quite easy to select theoretical values for k is while ensuring that the required stability is maintained in each of the four implementations INCREASED BANDWIDTH WITH THE C20As H. A single OA in a finite-gain amplifier configuration has a approximately by a factor of 1/k relative to its GBWP When together in a finite-gain amplifier configuration, the maximally is obtained when each realize an overall gain The GBWP of amplifier. A, and of k. The A resulting C20A-1 and C20A-2 : , flat, that decreases OAs are cascaded thus optimum, has an individual gain of \fk, BW shrinks by approximately can be designed 18 two BW to in GBWP order .66 ,< to V'X shrink by only a factor of 1 / v^ for Q p = 0.707 (maximally flat) [Ref. 4] These theoretical BWs are shown more clearly in Figure 3.6. dB {20 Log (VJVtfk | | } f 20 40 T) Single 1 00 OA 2) Two Cascaded 3) C2QA-1 OA, Two Cascaded GBWP = 80 single OAs Theoretical responses of negative finite-gain amplifiers realized using Figure 3.6 Single 60 kHz 1 Single OAs, and C20A-1 for negative gain of 100, and MHz 19 SENSITIVITIES OF L THE COMPOSITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER In addition to significant bandwidth improvements, the C20A offers a decreased sensitivity to active and passive components. the first performance criteria equations (Equations 3.4, 3 13, and 3 17) are compensation The mentioned 3 8, 3 12, functions of the resistor ratio in the and earlier in this chapter GBWPs composite Q and the 16) 3 This configuration also is The a direct result of 3 dB frequency equations (Equations of the single OAs (A, and A 3 5, 3 9, and a, the ;) OA C20As finite gain transfer functions for the have the general form + as 1 (3.19) + 1 b s + { b^ 1 where b —±— = t <* P (3.20) Q and b2 -L = (3.21) Neither the a or b coefficients are realized through differences, for single OAs respect to its with matched GBWPs components [Refs and results in 3, 4] 20 low this eliminates the need C20A with sensitivity of the INPUT OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGES J. Operational amplifiers typically have large gains and will amplify any voltage differential at its of zero volts An inputs. All OAs in OA ideal the real with both inputs grounded would have an output world have (V off). inputs referred to as the input offset voltage gain of the amplifier is a small DC voltage differential This voltage at the when amplified by referred to as output offset voltage [Ref 8 pp 133 - the This 138] input voltage differential can be attributed to a voltage difference applied to the two inputs of the OA (ideal OAs), or it can be attributed to a voltage difference due having different gains and different internal transistor pairs in the input differential stage impedances [Ref. 8:pp. 500-504], or both (real world). Input offset voltage places an artificial OA can detect and amplify the input signal are found in the few millivolt range will be amplified The possible lower limit on the The smaller accurately detected and amplified. however OA by the be used and the OA select a high V otf for later is voltage that can be more accurately This small voltage differential composite rate that not solution typically OA for OAs shown A in . : at the inputs gain and could produce a degraded output signal all OA many but the most common are to with a smaller offset voltage The designs will allow a input bias resistor to comes at a cost - a slower slew rate allows for yet another solution, select a small offset voltage slew the Offset voltages are fairly small and normally solutions to voltage offset problems are problem with the former solution DC the offset voltage, the use an input bias resistor, or to simply select an composite to the OA for A, The and This can more easily be shown from the values for Table 3.1. 21 Notice that V otf is for all practical purposes a function of V otfl alone and not of divided by the open loop gain (A I) V off2 . from OA This value A,. a as long as remains relatively large then the overall value of in Table 3.1 V olf V off In the case . of either C20A INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGES Input Offset Voltages C20A-1 V olT C20A-2 V off C20A-3 V off C20A-4 V off= Vofc / V oft /Al (V ofl2 (l+a)/Al). (V ort2 (l+a)/Al) = V om - ( = V ofn + ( = V om + V, tn + , a ) ) SLEW RATES Slew [Ref V will not play a substantial part ,., C20A-/ K. is (Al) will always be very large yielding an extremely small effect on the overall value of C20A-1, C20A-4 V otC For C20A-2, C20A-3, and 8:p. rate (SR) 124]. is the Slew maximum rate is possible rate of change of the offset voltage Most OA output voltage dependent upon the bias current and the internal compensation capacitor value [Ref 8:pp 771 most applications, however, a OA faster slew rate - 772] comes A faster at the designs either incorporate a fast slew rate is preferable in expense of an increase SR in input design or they incorporate a small offset voltage design. The composite OA voltage for a composite offers an alternative OA is It has already been shown that the offset determined by the A, op amp, thus, choosing an 22 OA with an extremely small offset voltage along with will not hinder the its output of the composite op and dynamic range limitations, distortion amp due A dependent upon the characteristics of the output op amp, The output op amp, A rate, OA can now wide bandwidth, can be chosen for high slew its [Refs. rate, I, 2, 9, 10]. wide bandwidth, and OA The be designed with a low offset voltage input stage and a high slew fast settling output stage for superior performance, needed. if SUMMARY L. CNOAs this in value of chapter, N be chosen OAs for A, and A : any The generation of C20As was shown made to N > OA single produce a C30A. will can be > 2 to fill (A, or A :) C20A a in This method can by used for any 2 can be found in References 1 - 7 exacting design specifications by choosing the and careful consideration of the value for cannot precisely meet any specification then a CNOAs low replacing Details of proven designs for appropriate C20A C20A OA N for any value of simply by but The composite the made can be configuration with a a , : time thus improving the overall performance of the composite fast settling composite : composite's output being to the CNOA with N a as well > 2 can If easily the need. have an extremely low offset voltage of op amps A, and and high slew A : sensitivity, a high rate GBWP, can be tailored to provide and can handle the mismatch between the . 23 GB WPs IV. SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS THE RC TIME CONSTANT A. The resistors RC time constant is and capacitors are made cannot not track one another resistors a little modern the limiting factor in in different steps in Additionally, the temperature and voltage coefficients of will always vary with temperature and signal level. solution is make- the time constant a factor solely of resistance to either or solely of capacitance, but not a combination of both accurately, at less expense, and they occupy a than a resistor would. constant set The choice then is much Capacitances can be made more smaller area on an integrated circuit obvious, replace the RC time constant with a c. Frequency be Since the fabrication process, their errors and capacitors are not correlated, therefore, the time constants The obvious to active filter design. is determined by the by the constant on an IC chip c in RC time constant. We order to be more accurate and to save valuable real estate Starting with the RC time constant we have — RC 1 gi Converting this are looking for frequency = expression to strictly a capacitive one leads to 24 (4.1) u We use fc ensure that to the expression for a) c subsequently solving for we have in R = cfc CR —f = (4.2) c the correct units for (J, which Equation 4.2 into the variable (x> 1/time. is Equation 4 in (4.3) C> Equation 4.3 simply implies that a resistor can be replaced by a circuit that in is and 1 = fc expression 1 yields R above expression. The Substituting circuit or network that replaces the resistor called the switched capacitor (SC) and satisfies the that satisfies this The switched capacitor circuit is shown Figure 4.1 below 4> R AAV 4> o- v: v, v, v, c T cR (a) Figure 4.1 (a) Resistor, (b) (b) Switched Capacitor equivalent, 25 (c) (c) Circuit Diagram Figure 4 la is generic resistor a circuit that can be replaced by the circuit in in Figure 4.1b, a generic switched capacitor equivalent circuit Figure 4 lb we have CR connected capacitor to the left Taking a closer look node with voltage V, , at thusC^ stores charge Ql CR Subsequently connecting capacitor that was The switching of switched capacitor C R between The Q = the { from V, Q2 two nodes it to V, follows that becomes V2 ) - { is - (4.5) C R (V = 4 4) (4.6) handled by a switch, S, hence the name switch, S, can be flipped periodically with a clock period, T, now such that the clock frequency can be defined as sufficiently greater than the signal frequency, f, fc then the voltage sources V, The node with voltage V, C R V2 = actually transferred *Q < \ to the right Q2 The charge CR V = and definition for current V : » 2/ fc = l/T If fc is kept such that (4.7) can be assumed to be constant over the period T is i - ** dt 26 (4.8) or on the average what we have really is but we had previously defined fc = (4.9) 1/T, so A(?/c " / it *Q _ r (4.10) follows from Equation 4 6 that or by rearranging we have (V. 1 - K) (4.12; recalling Equation 4.3 leaves us with This derivation ends with Equation 4 13 which shows us that Figure 4 la and Figure 4 lb are indeed approximately equivalent. Figure 4. 1 c depicts the circuit nonoverlapping clock signals, equivalent of the switch capacitor and O between the two voltages without any same time. The two clock This arrangement is best e , to ensure that the capacitor Here we have two is in in switched possibility of both switches being closed at the signals are generated from a single clock for the shown fact Figure 4.2. 27 same reason Clock A (a> t O o (b> t O. (c> Figure 4.2 t (a) Qock, (b) Odd Phase Oock 28 Signal, (c) Even Phase Oock Signal The switched capacitor implementation of the continuous most troublesome problems with the parameters are now set as a function r. and that the required idea as to real estate how much RC of the - time constant namely ratio ± pF capacitor will will area was saved let's the assume kHz that CR was lpF results in an R To give in : 25% chip area of approximately \im z . Thus the area of the resistor us some Using size value of 10 occupy a chip area of approximately 2500 u.m and the 10 6 frequency }£ on an IC has been reduced drastically occupy a chip area of approximately 10 B. that two of two capacitors and a clock frequency - Equation 4.3 and a nominal frequency of 100 1 resistor has solved the MQ. The MQ resistor the capacitor only requires a it replaces TWO PHASE NONOVERLAPPING CLOCK The two phase nonoverlapping clock requirement implemented. Figure nonoverlapping clock 4 3 It is shows a for a switched capacitor simple circuit that will this circuit that will needed clocks. The input clock frequency, f c , be used will 29 easily produce a two phase this thesis to produce the be maintained sufficiently above the signal frequency, f, by using a signal frequency of 10 MHz in is kHz and a clock frequency of 1 CLK° Figure 4.3 Circuit Diagram for a Two Phase Nonoverlapping 30 Gock NONIDEAL PROPERTIES OF SWITCHED CAPACITORS C. The switched capacitor equivalent circuit These switches, when clocked, switches. namely clock feed through will shown in Figures 4 lb and 4.1c contain produce some undesirable side Clock feed through is effects, one of four main challenges when using switched capacitor networks, the other three are: 1 Offset Error and Noise 2. Nonlinear P-N Junction Capacitance. 3 Incomplete Transfer of Charge. Offset error was discussed in Chapter III. Clock feed through, nonlinear P-N junction capacitance, and incomplete transfer of charge will be discussed Chapter V SWITCHED CAPACITOR VERSUS DIGITAL IMPLEMENTATION D. Switched capacitor networks and and disadvantages compared To always say that one digital signal processor in in some is to digital signal processors (DSPs) have advantages one another depending upon the desired implementation. better than the other would be foolish indeed, however, the does possess some advantages over the switched capacitor network arenas. The switched capacitor network disadvantages include 1. Limited Accuracy 2. Dynamic Range 3. Flexibility 4. Nonstandard Microprocessor Technology and Programmability. 31 Limited Accuracy 1. The its ratio of capacitors that so crucial to successful is SC implementation biggest weakness Currently, these capacitors can be accurately built to within a tolerance of their nominal values This truly remarkable, is an approximate 10-bit floating point accuracy enough for applications requiring 16, 32, or The SC network combination that limits even 64-bit accuracy its requires the use of dynamic range There is originating from the switches and the from supply lines exceeds 100 dB in the Flexibility 3. SC digital characteristics 4. and switches a very large Add OAs. much It is this amount of noise in the configuration and typically ranges in the in very every more modest noise that 70 - seldom ever 90 dB range higher dynamic range and Pro gram inability Switched capacitor a OAs and the clock and we end up with a dynamic range Digital signal processors maintain a to equates to This accuracy certainly would not be SC network hard this also 0.1% Dynamic Range 2. which however, is signal circuits can be processor can be made programmable, however, made programmable and changed simply by selecting different coefficients from a then the ease at have ROM its will be match any time soon. Nonstandard Microprocessor Technology Digital signal processors are built with the same technology doubling our clock speeds and doubling our transistors per 32 CPU that has every three years been There is a concentrated and continuous effort to increase this technology even it, so will All bias DSPs is power more and with see an increase in performance, accuracy, and flexibility not lost however, whenever simplicity, speed, limited IC real estate, small dc are required or when the input or output signals are inherently analog in nature then switched capacitor implementation would be the preferred choice More often than not, what will be seen mixing of analog and digital in the Designers are trying to use the As long as is the melting of the same configuration advantages of each humans hear with analog in is two technologies The happening more and more today order to improve overall product. ears then analog implementations will be required. 33 V. A. STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS OVERVIEW Switched capacitor networks require an accurate ratio of capacitors, provides the necessary time constant as well as the capacitance needed continuous resistor found in the original This ratio to replace the Currently capacitors can be circuit 1% achieve a ratio accuracy of about a This accuracy in made to capacitor manufacturing provides the same comparative accuracy to the ratio of capacitors, a Practical capacitors inherently have internal stray Practical capacitors are not ideal (parasitic) capacitances Additionally, switched capacitor circuits also have an inherent stray capacitance built into the all them These parasitic capacitances are unpredictable performance of any switched capacitor network The and can significantly affect parasitic capacitances found switch capacitor networks cannot currently be eliminated, however, they can be in made ineffective by using an appropriate switched capacitor topology B. STRAY CAPACITANCE Figure 5 1 is IN a silicon realization a similar figure found in Reference capacitance the MOS CR . THE MOS CAPACITOR 1 1 of a MOS capacitor that has been redrawn from In this case the MOS capacitor represents the This figure clearly shows the stray capacitances that are capacitor 34 to be found in Figure 5.1 Silicon Realization of a MOS Capacitor 35 There are three parasitic capacitances shown Cb in Figure 1. Bottom 2. Metal Routing Parasitic Capacitance, 3 Voltage Dependent Nonlinear Parasitic Capacitance, Plate Parasitic Capacitance, Bottom plate parasitic between the bottom plate and the . Cm . Cb capacitance, 5.1. substrate. the parasitic capacitance that exists is , Cr Metal routing parasitic capacitance, Cm , is the accumulated parasitic capacitance formed by top plate to the various components. Voltage dependent nonlinear parasitic capacitance, all the metal routing The associated with the source-drain diffusions of the switches Cj, is which connects the effects of metal routing parasitic capacitance and of voltage dependent nonlinear parasitic capacitance are- normally lumped together into a single parasitic capacitance called top plate parasitic capacitance. Bottom plate parasitic capacitance, Cb , has typical values between percent of the total design value of the capacitor capacitance, total C (where C = C m + t t Cj design value of the capacitor One common method used capacitance is to source, or to an but it will ), output. Top . 1 and plate parasitic percent of the 5 CR nullify connect the bottom plate of OA CR has typical values between itself, to itself, 10 and 20 the CR to effects ground, This connection will not help reduce the accumulated parasitic capacitances 36 to of bottom to plate parasitic an independent voltage produce a more accurate C R at the OA virtual ground Parasitic capacitances are also manifested into the to-source and the gate-to-drain switching in the network. This MOS capacitor through the gate- capacitance from the gates is perform that also the path for clock feed through source and and O Though problem the clocks used in switched capacitor networks are not a part of the signal switches that produce the two phase nonoverlapping clocks, e , of the all itself, the use this gate-to- gate-to-drain paths to introduce clock feed through into the circuit which causes signal contamination C NULLIFYING STRAY CAPACITANCE A simple lossless integrator circuit SC implementation of capacitances shown the lossless integrator in this circuit. A LOSSLESS INTEGRATOR in Figure 5.2. Figure 5.3 shows the Figure 5.4 shows the possible parasitic After simplification and combination of these capacitors the effective parasitic capacitance, parasitic capacitance is IN Cp can be clearly shown in Figure was found by switching the clock through 5 5 its The effective two phases while applying the following three rules for nullifying stray (parasitic) capacitance: 1. Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential 2 Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential Figure 5.5 shows that not all of the parasitic capacitance has been removed using the above three rules to nullify parasitic capacitance remains. Even though there exists still some some After stray capacitance still the effects of most of the stray capacitance has been nullified, stray capacitance in this lossless integrator circuit. 37 I\ V..O- Figure 5.2 -A/ ' Lossless Integrator 38 <t> vh <J> O c, Figure 5.3 / Switched Capacitor Implementation of the Lossless Integrator 39 c„= -C *. v„0 c„ c_ c„ —/ c„ 1/ Figure 5.4 Switched Capacitor Lossless Integrator with 40 Parasitic Capacitances out *. f c, Figure 5.5 SC Lossless Integrator with Effective Parasitic Capacitance 41 The change in the transfer be quite detrimental It equation due to this effective parasitic capacitance can can be easily shown that the transfer equation for the lossless integrator with parasitic capacitance is c c, -- Vout (5.1) Kn The transfer capacitance - 1 1 equation for the lossless integrator without the effective parasite is C Vout -(5.2) = y„ The z- 1 -z~ l error introduced by the effective parasitic capacitance therefore is C -£ (5.3) c2 It may ensuring that still C : be possible is to reduce this error kept sufficiently large. value of C, so keeping it switched capacitor circuitry The for C can be Cp circuit Any change kept small or by as high as in the topology can be altered Many is p value of Clearly there must be a better effects of this lasting parasitic capacitance will focus The value small cannot be done the integrator circuit characteristics by ensuring that in way to 20% of the C changes : implement order to nullify the such circuit topologies exist, this thesis on two, the toggle switched capacitor (TSC) and the modified open-circuit floating resistor (mOFR) 42 A STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORK D. of the remaining parasitic capacitance, the In order to eliminate the effect mOFR the Switched Capacitor Ne two tic Design and Layout Precautions The following seven design and layout precautions networks were found on pages 562 through 564 OAs must not be operated nonlineanties and saturation. At a feedback loop 2 No circuit in A in Reference open-loop fashion at 1 switched capacitor for 1 any time, order to avoid in switched capacitor alone should not be used minimum add stray charge around an nodes must be completely isolated by capacitors accumulations can be discharged. OA A path must exist As explained at the earlier, the summing node The noninverting connected OA that in leading to saturation of the order to avoid OA bottom plate of every capacitor should be connected either directly or through a switch to 4 ground so This implies that a the feedback path must be closed by a switched capacitor (dc feedback) charge accumulation in the an unswitched capacitor to the feedback loop. either directly or through a switched capacitor to a voltage source to 3. and topologies combined with the seven guidelines listed below will be utilized. 1. 1 TSC ground or to a voltage source input should be kept at ac ground to a signal voltage, the circuit tends to become If this input sensitive to terminal all is parasitic capacitors from switches, signal lines, and the substrate 5 Provide separate bias lines for the analog and capacitor circuit. digital circuitry in the switched This will help prevent the switching noise from infiltrating the SC circuit. 6 Lines with digital signals should be kept as far away as possible from lines that carry the analog signal. 7 Due to sampling, clock feed through usually aliases offsets of the OAs. Its origin is overlap capacitors of the switches minimized by maximizing the found at in down 43 dc and adds to the dc the gate-to-source or the gate-to-drain the inputs to the size of the to OAs This effect can be unswitched feedback capacitor 2. A Stray Insensitive Using both the TSC seven Implementation of the Lossy Integrator switched capacitor network design and layout precautions and the three rules for nullifying stray capacitance, coupled with the toggle switched capacitor topology, the lossy integrator circuit will be transformed into a stray insensitive switched capacitor network Figures 5.6 through The This transformation performed pictonally in 5 15. transfer equation for Figure 5 15 is - c Vout i = v* l This equation clearly shows as does Figure capacitor lossy integrator can be made. is is one approach used to overcome z2 (5.4) -z- 5 15 that 1 a stray insensitive toggle switched The toggle switched capacitor (TSC) topology the effective parasitic capacitance problem, another the modified open-circuit floating resistor (mOFR) 44 topology. is R, v. Figure 5.6 Lossy Integrator 45 *. *„ 4>. Figure 5.7 <t> Toggle Switched Capacitor Implementation of the Lossy Integrator 46 <J>. <t> -c sw Figure 5.8 TSC c — -c m Lossy Integrator with Stray Capacitances 47 c- -c.w c,, c comb c comb *,— — a *. c„— <t> ; comb ''comb — c, *„ *. *, r t> <t>. Figure 5.9 TSC Lossy Integrator with Combined Stray Capacitances 48 'comb ''comb <*>„— ''comb c — ''comb *„ V;„ <t>„ <t> Figure 5.10 TSC Lossy Integrator with Reduced Combined Capacitances 49 *. c comb v c ^comb c. c comb ''comb V.. I Figure 5.11 TSC i Lossy Integrator with Odd 50 Phase Clock Active c, v„ Figure 5.12 TSC Lossy Integrator with <& Active and Effective Capacitances 51 c comb 'comb C ^comb ''comb a c, ± Figure 5.13 n(b TSC Lossy Integrator with Even Phase 52 Qock Active Ci Figure 5.14 TSC Lossy Integrator with O e 53 Active and Effective Capacitances 4> <t>e Ci *- <f>. Figure 5.15 <f> Stray Insensitive Toggle Switched Capacitor Lossy Integrator 54 3. A Stray Insensitive Using both the mOFR seven Implementation of the Lossy Integrator switched capacitor network and design layout precautions and the three rules for nullifying stray capacitance, coupled with the modified open-circuit floating resistor topology, the lossy integrator circuit will be transformed into a stray insensitive switched capacitor network This transformation is performed pictonally in Figures 5.16 through 5.25. The transfer equation for Figure 5.25 is c Vout 1 This equation clearly shows as does Figure in be studied in this thesis to (5.5) -z- 5 .25 that circuit floating resistor lossy integrator can be will 1 i' = v* approach that - made 1 a stray insensitive modified open- The mOFR topology is the last eliminate the effects of parasitic capacitance switched capacitor networks. 55 R v,. Figure 5.16 Lossy Integrator 56 <t> c *„ t v„ ; *. *. Figure 5.17 MOFR Implementation of the Lossy Integrator 57 <t>„ <t> <t> 4W C sw SW ~c_ C C, <t> V.. c "C.wC^ * Figure 5.18 ra — ^« MOFR — c b- v sw c.sw w c A Lossy Integrator with Stray Capacitances 58 b — c.|W w c "!W ccomb *„ Figure 5.19 MOFR — 'comb C. Lossy Integrator with Combined Stray Capacitances 59 <*>o c comb c comb <t> c comb <J> "'comb C, <t> — C^ * *„ c, *. *e \S Figure 5.20 MOFR Lossy Integrator with Reduced Stray Capacitances 60 *o com b 'comb a n ^comb ''comb H a 1 i \_ i iv„ Figure 5.21 MOFR Lossy Integrator with 61 Odd Phase Oock Active Ci v, Figure 5.22 1M0FR Lossy Integrator with <t> 62 Active and Effective Capacitances ''comb "'comb ^nTb ''comb ''comb I c, Figure 5.23 MOFR Lossy Integrator with Even Phase 63 Cock Active c, Figure 5.24 MOFR Lossy Integrator with <D e Active and Effective Capacitances 64 4> <t> *. 4> / 4> Figure 5.25 4>. Stray Insensitive MOFR Lossy Integrator 65 <t> E. SUMMARY Stray insensitive implemented using a switched total capacitor networks can be easily designed of ten guidelines and an effective circuit topology and The toggle switch capacitor and the modified open-circuit floating resistor are two such topologies. In the next chapter the four designs introduced earlier in this thesis of the composite operational amplifiers that were will be pictonally developed into stray networks 66 insensitive VI. STRAY INSENSITIVE SWITCHED CAPACITOR COMPOSITE AMPLIFIERS A. DESIGN OF THE STRAY INSENSITIVE C20A-1 AND C20A-2 The stray insensitive switched capacitor will be developed pictonally will be implemented in circuit floating resistor in the C20A-1 and C20A-2 implementation of next four sections Each of the two composite OAs both the toggle switched capacitor (TSC) and the modified open- (mOFR) designs These four designs will be pictonally displayed ten separate figures with letters depicting each of the ten steps, therefore, similar in lettered figures in each of the four designs- will be at the The four designs will be presented in the same stage of development following order 1 Toggle switched capacitor implementation of C20A-1 2. Toggle switched capacitor implementation of C20A-2. 3 Modified open-circuit floating resistor implementation of C20A-1 4 Modified open-circuit floating resistor implementation of C20A-2 B. TOGGLE SWITCHED CAPACITOR C20A-1 1. C20A-1 Figure 6 la on the next page depicts C20A-1 in its original form as designed from nullator and norator modeling and having passed the four required performance criteria as set forth in Chapter III The three-terminal equivalent right. 67 is shown to the upper Figure 6.1a C20A-1 68 2. TSC C20A-1 Figure 6 lb realizes the toggle switched capacitor equivalent for the two resistors to from the basic C20A-1 form Chapter IV detailed this avoid nonhneanties and saturation, two capacitors, labeled 69 transformation C nfb , were added. In order Figure 6.1b TSC C20A-1 70 TSC C20A-1 3. with Stray Capacitances Figure 6 lc reflects the design with the circuit as discussed in Chapter nor will all capacitor artificially of them remain design will introduced V Not all if not in the design. 71 possible stray capacitances added to of these stray capacitances actually in the circuit if the remove most, all design all, is well made A good exist, switched of the stray capacitances that were Figure 6.1c TSC C20A-1 with Stray Capacitances 72 4. TSC C20A-1 with Combined Stray Capacitances Figure 6 Id combines the stray capacitances than any of the so that they might present themselves each node into a single stray The combined capacitors have been placed capacitance in order to simplify the circuit in the figure at a different position at more uncombined capacitors previously held readily. 73 Figure 6. Id TSC C20A-1 with Combined Stray Capacitances 74 5. TSC C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances Figure 6 le removes some of the stray capacitances from the design. reduction in stray capacitances was detailed 1. in Chapter Capacitors between the inverting input of the V OA and is This summarized here below: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential. 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential The capacitances remaining stray capacitances The TSC topology must first are not be allowed capacitances 75 necessarily to further effective stray reduce these parasitic Figure 6.1e TSC C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 76 TSC C20A-1 6. Figure leaves the four goal here is O e 6. with If has the Odd Phase O c Active clock active. This closes the four switches open and eliminates to ascertain which some of the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can 77 switches and be eliminated. The Figure 6.1f TSC C20A-1 with Odd Phase 78 Active TSC C20A-1 7. with <I> Active and Effective Stray Capacitances Figure 6 lg removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the clock active 1 This reduction in stray capacitances uses the familiar Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA O criteria: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential. 2 Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential In this particular case, switch capacitor implementation all of stray capacitances that originated C20A-1 have been capacitances that were eliminated from the stray capacitances be eliminated from the entire from the <J> clocked TSC C20A-1 from the toggle eliminated. <t> 79 stray clocked circuit will only circuit if they can additionally circuit. These be eliminated Figure 6.1g TSC C20A-1 with <D Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 80 8. TSC C20A-1 Figure leaves the four goal here is 6. 1 with Even Phase Active h has the <t> e clock active switches open and eliminates to ascertain which This closes the four some of O e switches and the circuit's complexity. stray capacitances, if any, can be eliminated. 81 The Figure 6. In TSC C20A-1 with Even Phase Active 82 TSC C20A-1 9. Figure 6 li with <I> e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the clock active. 1 This reduction in stray capacitances uses the Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA <t> e familiar criteria: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential 2 Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential In this particular case, all stray capacitances that originated switch capacitor implementation of C20A-1 have been eliminated from the toggle These stray capacitances that were eliminated from the stray capacitances O, clocked circuit will be eliminated from the entire from the O,, clocked TSC C20A-1 circuit circuit. 83 because they were previously eliminated Figure 6.1i TSC C20A-1 with O e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 84 10. Stray Insensitive Figure 6 implemented lj TSC C20A-1 depicts the final TSC C20A-1 as the first design in this thesis. This circuit circuit is This circuit will be only missing the two phase nonoverlapping clock design for completeness, but the actual design for The wiring diagram shown in for the two phase nonoverlapping clock Chapter IV. this clock was for this circuit as well as the wiring will be 85 shown in Chapter VII diagram Figure 6.1j Stray Insensitive TSC C20A-1 86 C. TOGGLE SWITCH CAPACITOR C20A-2 1. C20A-2 Figure 6.2a on the next page depicts C20A-2 in its original form as designed from nullator and norator modeling and having passed the four required performance criteria as set forth in Chapter III The three-terminal equivalent right. 87 is shown to the upper Figure 6.2a C20A-2 88 2. TSC C20A-2 Figure 6.2b realizes the toggle switched capacitor equivalent for the two resistors to from the basic C20A-2 form Chapter IV detailed this avoid nonlineanties and saturation, two capacitors, labeled 89 transformation C nft , were added. In order Figure 6.2b TSC C20A-2 90 TSC C20A-2 3. with Stray Capacitances Figure 6 2c reflects the design with the circuit as discussed in Chapter V. nor will all capacitor artificially of them remain design will introduced Not all if not in the design. 91 possible stray capacitances added to of these stray capacitances actually in the circuit if the remove most, all design all, is well made. of the stray A good exist, switched capacitances that were Figure 6.2c TSC C20A-2 with Stray Capacitances 92 4. TSC C20A-2 with Combined Stray Capacitances Figure 6 2d combines the stray capacitances the figure at a different position than any of the so that they might present themselves each node into a single stray The combined capacitors have been placed capacitance in order to simplify the circuit in at more uncombined capacitors previously held readily. 93 Figure 6.2d TSC C20A-2 with Combined Stray Capacitances 94 5. TSC C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances Figure 6.2e removes some of the stray capacitances from the design reduction in stray capacitances was detailed 1 in Chapter Capacitors between the inverting input of the V OA and is This summarized here below: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted. OA and ground are inconsequential 2 Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential The capacitances. remaining stray capacitances The TSC topology must first are not necessarily effective stray be allowed to further reduce these parasitic capacitances. 95 Figure 6.2e TSC C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 96 TSC C20A-2 6. with Figure 6.2f has the leaves the four goal here is O e Odd Phase O Active clock active. This closes the four switches open and eliminates to ascertain which some of switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can 97 <t> be eliminated. The Figure 6.2f TSC C20A-2 with Odd Phase 98 Active TSC C20A-2 7. with 3> Active and Effective Stray Capacitances Figure 6 2g removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the clock active This reduction in stray capacitances uses the familiar Capacitors between the inverting input of the ground and thus always shorted 1 OA OA criteria: and the switch are Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential switch capacitor implementation all of stray capacitances that originated C20A-2 have been capacitances that were eliminated from the stray capacitances be eliminated from the entire from the O. clocked TSC C20A-2 at virtual and ground are inconsequential 2. In this particular case, O eliminated. from the toggle These stray clocked circuit will only circuit if they can additionally be eliminated circuit. 99 Figure 6.2g TSC C20A-2 with O Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 100 8. TSC C20A-2 with Even Phase Active Figure 6 2h has the O. clock active leaves the four goal here is O c switches open and eliminates to ascertain which This closes the four some of O e switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can be eliminated. 101 The Figure 6.2h TSC C20A-2 with Even Phase Active 102 TSC C20A-2 9. with <t> e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances Figure 6.2i removes some of the stray capacitances from the design. This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the O, clock active This reduction in stray capacitances uses the Capacitors between the inverting input of the 1. OA familiar criteria: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential In this particular case, all stray capacitances that originated switch capacitor implementation of C20A-2 have been capacitances that were eliminated from the stray capacitances eliminated from the entire from the O a clocked TSC C20A-2 circuit circuit. 103 eliminated. O e from the toggle These stray clocked circuit will be because they were previously eliminated Figure 6.2i TSC C20A-2 with d> e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 104 10. Stray Insensitive Figure 6 implemented as the 2j TSC C20A-2 depicts the final second design TSC C20A-2 in this thesis This circuit will be circuit This circuit is missing only the two phase nonoverlapping clock design for completeness, but the actual design for was shown in Chapter IV The wiring diagram diagram for the two phase nonoverlapping clock 105 this clock for this circuit as well as the wiring will be shown in Chapter VII. Figure 6.2j Stray Insensitive TSC C20A-2 106 D. MODIFIED OPEN-CIRCUIT FLOATING RESISTOR C20A-1 1. C20A-1 Figure 6 3a on the next page depicts C20A-1 in its original form as designed from nullator and norator modeling and having passed the four required performance criteria as set forth in Chapter III The three-terminal equivalent right. 107 is shown to the upper Figure 6.3a C20A-1 108 MOFR 2. C20A-1 Figure 6 3b realizes the modified open-circuit floating resistor equivalent for the two resistors In order to from the basic C20A-1 form Chapter IV detailed this transformation. avoid nonhneanties and saturation, two capacitors, labeled 109 C n(h were , added. Figure 6.3b MOFR C20A-1 110 MOFR 3. C20A-1 with Stray Capacitances Figure 6 3c reflects the design with the circuit as discussed in Chapter nor will all of them remain capacitor design artificially will introduced V if not possible stray capacitances added to of these stray capacitances actually all in the circuit if the remove most, in the Not all design all, design. Ill is well made. A good exist, switched of the stray capacitances that were Figure 6.3c MOFR C20A-1 with Stray Capacitances 112 4. MOFR C20A-1 with Combined Stray Capacitances Figure 6 3d combines the stray capacitances capacitance in order to simplify the in the circuit. more each node into a single stray The combined capacitors have been placed figure at a different position than any of the so that they might present themselves at uncombined capacitors previously held readily. 113 Figure 6.3d MOFR C20A-1 with Combined Stray Capacitances 114 5. MOFR C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances Figure 6.3e removes some of the stray capacitances from the design reduction in stray capacitances was detailed 1. in V Chapter Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA and is This summarized below: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted. OA and ground are inconsequential 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3 Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential The capacitances remaining The mOFR stray capacitances topology must first are not necessarily effective stray be allowed to further reduce these parasitic capacitances. 115 Figure 6.3e MOFR C20A-1 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 116 MOFR 6. C20A-1 with Figure 6.3f has the Odd O Phase Active clock active leaves the four O, switches open and eliminates goal here is to ascertain which This closes the four some of <I> switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can be eliminated. 117 The Figure 6.3f MOFR C20A-1 with Odd Phase 118 Active MOFR 7. C20A-1 with Active and Effective Stray Capacitances <t> Figure 6 3g removes some of the stray capacitances from the design. reduction in stray clock active This capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the This reduction in stray capacitances uses the familiar criteria: 1. Capacitors between the inverting input of the ground and thus always shorted OA OA and the switch are Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential all stray capacitances that originated open-circuit floating resistor implementation of stray capacitances that were eliminated from the only be eliminated from the entire eliminated from the <I> clocked C20A-1 have been stray capacitances mOFR C20A-1 circuit. 119 at virtual and ground are inconsequential 2. In this particular case, O <t> circuit if they from the modified eliminated These clocked circuit will can additionally be Figure 6.3g MOFR C20A-1 with O Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 120 8. MOFR C20A-1 with Even Phase Active Figure 6 3h has the O. clock active leaves the four goal here is <J> switches open and eliminates to ascertain which This closes the four some of O e switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any. can be eliminated. 121 The Figure 6.3h MOFR C20A-1 with Even Phase Active 122 MOFR 9. C20A-1 Figure 6 reduction in stray clock active 1 3i with <J> e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the This reduction in stray capacitances uses the Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA <t> e familiar criteria: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted. OA and ground are inconsequential 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential. In this particular case, all stray capacitances that originated open-circuit floating resistor implementation of stray capacitances that were eliminated from the stray capacitances be eliminated from the entire mOFR C20A-1 eliminated from the O. clocked circuit. 123 C20A-1 have been circuit <t> e from the modified eliminated These clocked circuit will because they were previously Figure 6.3i MOFR C20A-1 with 4> t Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 124 10. Stray Insensitive Figure 6 implemented 3j MOFR C20A-1 depicts the final mOFR C20A-1 This circuit as the third design in this thesis circuit. is This circuit will be missing only the two phase nonoverlapping clock design for completeness, but the actual design for The wiring diagram shown in for the two phase nonoverlapping clock Chapter IV. this clock was for this circuit as well as the wiring will be shown 125 in Chapter VII diagram Figure 6.3 j Stray Insensitive MOFR C20A-1 126 E. MODIFIED OPEN-CIRCUIT FLOATING RESISTOR C20A-2 1. C20A-2 Figure 6.4a on the next page depicts C20A-2 in its original form as designed from nullator and norator modeling and having passed the four required performance criteria as set forth in Chapter III The three-terminal equivalent right. 127 is shown to the upper Figure 6.4a C20A-2 128 MOFR 2. C20A-2 Figure 6.4b realizes the modified open-circuit floating resistor equivalent for the two resistors In order to from the basic C20A-2 form Chapter IV detailed this transformation avoid nonlineanties and saturation, two capacitors, labeled 129 C nfb were , added. Figure 6.4b MOFR C20A-2 130 MOFR C20A-2 3. with Stray Capacitances Figure 6.4c reflects the design with circuit as discussed in will all Chapter of them remain capacitor artificially design will introduced in V Not of these stray capacitances actually the circuit if the design remove most, in the all possible stray capacitances added to the all if not all, design. 131 is well made of the stray A good exist, nor switched capacitances that were Figure 6.4c MOFR C20A-2 with Stray Capacitances 132 4. MOFR C20A-2 with Combined Stray Capacitances Figure 6 4d combines the stray capacitances capacitance in order to simplify the in circuit. more each node into a single stray The combined capacitors have been placed the figure at a different position than any of the so that they might present themselves at uncombined capacitors previously held readily. 133 Figure 6.4d MOFR C20A-2 with Combined Stray Capacitances 134 5. MOFR C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances Figure 6 4e removes some of the stray capacitances from the design. reduction in stray capacitances was detailed 1 in Chapter Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA V and is This summarized below: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted. OA and ground are inconsequential 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential The remaining The mOFR stray capacitances are not necessarily effective stray capacitances topology must first be allowed capacitances 135 to further reduce these parasitic Figure 6.4e MOFR C20A-2 with Reduced Stray Capacitances 136 MOFR 6. C20A-2 with Figure 6 4f has the leaves the four goal here is O e Odd O Phase Active clock active switches open and eliminates to ascertain which This closes the four some of switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can be eliminated. 137 The Figure 6.4f MOFR C20A-2 with Odd Phase 138 Active MOFR 7. C20A-2 with <D Active and Effective Stray Capacitances Figure 6.4g removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the clock active This reduction in stray capacitances uses the familiar Capacitors between the inverting input of the ground and thus always shorted 1 OA OA criteria: and the switch are and ground are inconsequential 2. Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential In this particular case, all stray capacitances that originated open-circuit floating resistor implementation of stray capacitances that were eliminated from the only be eliminated from the entire eliminated from the <t>, clocked C20A-2 have been stray capacitances mOFR C20A-2 circuit. 139 at virtual O from the modified eliminated These clocked circuit will circuit if they can additionally be Figure 6.4g MOFR C20A-2 with O Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 140 8. MOFR C20A-2 with Even Phase Active Figure 6 4h has the leaves the four goal here is <t> e clock active switches open and eliminates to ascertain which This closes the four some of O e switches and the circuit's complexity stray capacitances, if any, can be eliminated 141 The Figure 6.4h MOFR C20A-2 with Even Phase Active 142 MOFR 9. C20A-2 Figure 6 4i with O e Active and Effective Stray Capacitances removes some of the stray capacitances from the design This reduction in stray capacitances leaves only the effective stray capacitances with the O, clock active 1. This reduction in stray capacitances uses the Capacitors between the inverting input of the OA familiar criteria: and the switch are at virtual ground and thus always shorted OA and ground are inconsequential 2 Capacitances between the output of an 3. Capacitances that are driven by a voltage source are inconsequential. In this particular case, all stray capacitances that originated open-circuit floating resistor implementation of stray capacitances that were eliminated from the mOFR C20A-2 eliminated from the circuit. clocked 143 been eliminated stray capacitances be eliminated from the entire <t> C20A-2 have circuit from the modified O e These clocked circuit will because they were previously Figure 6.4i MOFR C20A-2 with <& t Active and Effective Stray Capacitances 144 10. Stray Insensitive Figure 6 implemented 4j MOFR C20A-2 depicts the final mOFR C20A-2 This circuit as the third design in this thesis. circuit is This circuit will be missing only the two phase nonoverlapping clock design for completeness, but the actual design for Chapter IV The wiring diagram shown in for the two phase nonoverlapping clock this clock was for this circuit as well as the wiring will be shown 145 in Chapter VII diagram Figure 6.4j Stray Insensitive MOFR C20A-2 146 VII. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION A. The four networks developed as shown in in Figure 7 switched capacitor composite operational insensitive stray 1 Chapter VI will amplifier be implemented into a finite-gain configuration below R2 Rl V Strav [risen si live V I ut Switched Capacitor T^ Composite Amplifier + Figure 7.1 Finite-Gain Configuration The wiring diagrams operational amplifiers are for the four stray insensitive switched capacitor shown in Figures 7 2, 7.3, 7.4, 147 and 7.5 composite on the next four pages 7V Figure 7.2 Stray Insensitive Toggle Switched Capacitor 148 C20A-1 <fc * -7V $ 7V In e 1 Out Ctrl 1 Out 2 1 Ctrl 4 In 2 In 4 Ctrl 2 Out Ctrl 3 Out 3 V„ $ 4 In 3 4066B "Cr In V__ 1 Out Ctrl 1 Out 2 1 Ctrl 4 In 2 In 4 10 Ctrl 2 Out Ctrl 3 Out 3 4 8 V. In 3 4066B 'ntb b Null o- Invt NC V a; Nonlnvt Out VE Null 741 o -o Figure 7.3 Stray Insensitive Toggle Switched Capacitor 149 C20A-2 <*> Figure 7.4 Stray Insensitive Modified Open-Circuit Floating Resistor 150 +7V <&. C20A-1 <l> 7V <f> 3>c g Q In + 7V 3> o Vv DD 1 Out Ctrl 1 Out 2 1 Ctrl 4 In 2 1 In 4 Out ICtrl 2 V 4 Out 3 Ctrl 3 In 3 4068B <*c R In 1 •'dd Out I Ctrl Out 2 Ctrl 4 In 2 1 In4 Ctrl 2 Out Ctrl 3 Out 3 4 In 3 4066B 'nfb b Nu NC o- Invt Vcc Nonlnvt Out V,EE Null 741 'nfb NC Null O Invt Out Nonlnvt V. Figure 7.5 -o Null 741 Stray Insensitive Modified Open-Circuit Floating Resistor 151 C20A-2 The wiring diagram for the two phase nonoverlapping clock is below QOO CLK +7V -7V NC 16 A In A OutF 15 InF 14 OutB NC 13 OutE 12 V DD Out InB OutC InE Out D InC 11 10 InD Vcc 4049B " DD In LA a> o In2A In 2D A In ID Out o <D. OutB Out D In IB OutC In2B In2C V cc In 1C 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 4001 Figure 7.6 Two Phase Nonoverlapping Clock 152 shown in Figure 7 6 THEORETICAL VALUES B. In order to implement the stray insensitive networks the following theoretical values must be determined; Finite-Gain Resistors, R, and 1 : 2. Quality Factor, Q. 3 Capacitor Ratio, 4. Switched Capacitor Equivalent Resistance, 5. Power Supply Voltage, V DD or V cc 6 Negative Feedback Capacitors, C nfb 7. Input Signal Frequency, fs 8 Clock Frequency, The with R, = kQ 1 approximately less than 3 than 2 fc and CR V ss or V EE . . . finite-gain circuit used to test the four and R : = 100 kQ. 100 OAs kHz MHz In order to avoid as we OAs warping to approximately 1 and this to have a gain of 100 kHz kHz approximately 300 would require will see shortly, the clock by the settling time of the OAs. bandwidth will This gain of 100 will allow for practical testing and single for the MHz, however, networks Using a gain of 10 would increase the bandwidth of the design. verification composite a Finite-Gain Resistor Values 1. the R for to the a clock frequency of no frequency is limited to less Increasing the gain to 1000 would decrease for single 153 OAs and to approximately 30 kHz for composite OAs but the very high gain will require an impractical small input signal level with very low signal to noise ratio Quality Factor 2. A quality factor of 7071 used so that a maximally is flat gain response will be observed. Capacitor Ratio 3. For C20A-1, a theoretical value for which is a determined using is Equation 3 5 repeated here G) (l + cc) QP 2 (7.1) v'(i^) N "l In this thesis, the gain bandwidth product, bandwidth product, clk for LM741 op amps op amp Solving for a Since Q p and k are A ; known we conclude a = for op amp A,, because both op , a we now = co,, amp is equal to the gain A, and op amp A : are have Qp /TTT - (7.2) 1 that 0.7071 /( 1 + 154 100 ) - 1 * 6.1 (7J) For C20A-2, a theoretical value for which is a and using the same arguments 9 (7.4) as before, a was co N 2 found also to be equal to 6 1 Switched Capacitor Equivalent Resistance 4. Now that a pF capacitor was chosen to be 1000 pF and aC R was as the base element size 100 pF capacitors were only accurate of 1000 pF were accurate 5. to within 2 % to due within to the 5 A accuracy with which 1000 it was % of stated value and capacitors Power Supply Voltage for a large signal to noise ratio in this thesis has a of the chips used 6. forced to be 6100 pF of stated value Power supply voltage should be made was chosen C R and has been determined to be equal to 6.1, finding values for C R was chosen easy made. 3 CO, v'U + *) is Equation repeated here d + a) aC R determined using is to maximum in the (SNR) The quad as large as possible in order to allow bilateral switch, the voltage range of ± 7.5 design, in fact, it cut the V PEAK SNR in half 4066B chip, used This was the most limiting The power supply voltage be ± 7.0 V. Negative Feedback Capacitors The feedback capacitor values are anticipated to be small since they are equivalent to a large resistor value. The feedback capacitor is used to The exact value will have to be found experimentally avoid nonlineanties and saturation 155 It is anticipated that capacitors in the tens of pF range will suffice using feedback capacitors of 100 pF as designed, will operate, as by experimentation is The circuits By using 100 pF feedback were initially wired in capacitors, the circuits, Final values for the feedback capacitors can be obtained Inserting smaller and smaller valued capacitors (equivalent to larger and larger feedback resistance) until the design no longer behaves properlv and then increasing the value slightly 7. Input Signal Frequency The input signal frequency however, the oscilloscopes used that frequency kHz and easily found minds in initially chosen to test the circuits did not to be a sinusoid of kHz, 1 produce acceptable output at Synchronization was a problem and the signal could not be "locked" and could only be seen to 10 was the Slew in a problems were gone rate The input frequency was then increased flickering state at best. and its The amplitude of the input frequency associated problems must be keep Slew determining an acceptable amplitude rate is at the is not as forefront of our defined as the maximum rate of change of voltage that can accurately be followed by the op amp, or SR —2 = dt (7.5) max Let's define our input signal to be v V. r I 156 : in sinur ( 7 6> - The rate of change of this input signal is coK. coscof ( 7 7) - dt The change could become largest value that this rate of dv, K «« dt is ,7 81 - max Thus, the slew rate equation would become « »«»'— (7 91 - where K Koutmax and k is the closed-loop gain. frequency allowed (7.10) jfc in Rearranging Equation 7.9 we find that the maximum input is SR UM = (7.11) outmax or, in hertz, our full power bandwidth /„ is - -£our* 157 (7.12, Now substituting in the input voltage and the closed-loop gain we have 7— SR , fu - (7-13) Solving for the input voltage amplitude gives us V ^R = n \±\ 2nkfM Using typical values LM for the 741 op amp and computed maximum expected frequency of 100 kHz, we V. H" Q - MX ' 5K/ ^ SeC was chosen. will The make 8mK - limit finding the approximately be equal varied between 5 3 dB to 500 mV The bandwidths and 10 for all mV pp to 8 mV As an extra point easier, an input signal amplitude of 7 (a voltage that an input voltage of 7 mV pp (7.15) 2it(100)(100fcHz) anticipated output voltage will then be 700 Initially, conservatively find, Equation 7.15 limits our input signal amplitude precaution and to a very mV pp to test the is and the 3 dB voltage easy to see on an oscilloscope) was used BW mV mV The input voltage was then and the theoretical input voltage seven circuits did not change with this limited input signal variation Input signals above 10 input signal above 10 mV pp mV pp did change the bandwidth of the circuits caused slew rate error closely matches the theoretical limit of 8 mV pp 158 in the circuits An This 10 m\' jp limit It is this difficult to see slew rate error on the oscilloscope when using signals frequency range and magnitude The only show analyzer to detect nonlineanty, which would was not exceeded and multiple peaks, at the certain way would be in use a spectrum to a single peak if the slew rate range odd harmonics, nonlineanty occurs and the if slew rate forced the sinusoid into a triangular waveform Clock Frequency 8. The clock frequency had or the Nyquist Rate for sampling be no less than twice the input signal frequency to would not have been followed and In order to prevent warping, the clock frequency ensued input frequency The settling time for LM741, however, they all have a settling clock frequency to be less than 2 1MHz by with an amplitude of 14 the power supply voltage previously mentioned C. MHz. V pp was be at least ten times the vary between manufacturer even for the time of 0.5 usee (or better) and this forces the" Based on these values a sinusoidal clock of chosen. limitation to would have The amplitude of 14 V pp was determined of the 4066B chip (quad bilateral switch) power supply subsection EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table The in the OAs had aliasing first 7.1 contains the measured experimental results. Seven designs are listed three designs are the reference designs built using continuous resistors and are used only as a tool for making comparisons insensitive switched capacitor networks that entries in Table 7 1 are The last four designs are the stray were developed throughout measured values. 159 this thesis All EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Table 7.1 R Design Single LM / 99 90 741 a 3dB -N/A- 8 R, BW 57 kHz Continuous C20A-1 100 25 6 09 90.00 C20A-2 98 70 6 29 90 00 kHz Stray Insensitive TSC C20A-1 99 10 5 80 121 43 kHz Stray Insensitive TSC C20A-2 99 59 5 93 90 00 kHz Stray Insensitive mOFR C20A-1 98 40 5 88 88 00 kHz Stray Insensitive mOFR C20A-2 98 80 5 79 88 00 kHz Continuous The The : theoretical value for finite-gain theoretical dB theoretical 3 value for BW for the single was within experimental amplifiers bandwidths is limits [(V^)(3 dB for the a was BW 6 1 OA The was 100 and the actual values fair favorably and the actual values come was 9 9 kHz [Ref. 8 p theoretical value for the single OA)] 3 1 17] dB fairly BW composite amplifiers are well within tolerance. The close and the actual value or 99 kHz, where k = 160 kHz for the 100 composite The 3 dB The it to is 3 dB bandwidth for the TSC C20A-1 was above not an unrealistic value considering that the finite-gain the theoretical value and yet is 100. Extra care was taken ensure that slew rate was not exceeded for that design and several different input signal mV PP to amplitudes were used ranging from 5 Extending the amplitude above 10 mV pp , 10 mV pp and the bandwidth did not change however, showed signs of slew and rate error eventually saturation Noise and clock feed through were apparent were not a factor inserted between No significantly A luF V DD tantalum capacitor in parallel and ground and between V ss output waveforms, however, they with a 0.1 uT ceramic input voltage biasing on op and ground reduced noise levels some output amp A offset voltage present The C20A-ls required and the C20A-2s required input biasing on op amp : Input voltage biasing was performed using a potentiometer across pins op amp either or V ss amplifiers are stable by design any additional feedback to maintain in and 5, the as required The composite imposed 1 of the potentiometer was wired into null offset pins; the variable resistance pin V DD capacitor output filtering was needed to produce sharp signals All four designs had A,. in the stability their design using the four and Internally, neither op amp requires linearity as these requirements performance criteria. were The switched capacitor implementation of these composite op amps placed an unswitched capacitor across each of these op amps. An attempt was made to remove these unswitched capacitors 161 The unswitched capacitor in parallel 6 2j and Figure 6 4j cannot be removed. amp from going in Reference 1 1 into an with the switched capacitor, as in Figure These unswitched capacitors prevent the op open-loop configuration as discussed The removal of shown in Chapter V and as detailed these capacitors did, in fact, destroy the circuit integrity The following unswitched capacitors can be removed without any performance degradation. in Figure 6 lj The C20A-1 design does not need and Figure 6 3j, negative feedback capacitor, around op shown in amp A Figure 6 162 the negative feedback capacitor, shown The C20A-2 design does not need ; 2j and Figure 6 4j, the around op amp A, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH VIII. A. CONCLUSIONS The four shown stray insensitive switched capacitor implementation of the switched capacitor that a practical parasitic free operation designs show B. is in this thesis possible accomplished using stray insensitive topologies is great promise in filtering and the stray composite amplifier has A/D networks designed all the prerequisites for making have Their These four insensitive switched capacitor a superior building block for an converter RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH The four designed insensitive switched capacitor composite operational stray in this thesis advantages can be used A more need in to amplifiers be implemented onto a single IC so that their inherent various applications, not the least of which would be filtering rigorous project would be to rework the original composite operational amplifier designs The four C20A-/ designs of 1981 had to pass performance criteria that did not include using switched capacitor techniques and stray insensitive topologies that might have made more than four designs stand out from the rest In particular, the original nullator-norator pairing did not have the switched capacitor's ability to negative resistance. The switched capacitor's ability to should open up the Pandora's box of circuit design. 163 implement implement negative resistance OF REFERENCES LIST 1 Michael, S N Networks, Ph , Virginia, 2 Mikhael, W Composite Operational Amplifiers and Their Application in Active Dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West August 1983 D B and Michael, , "Composite Operational Amplifiers Generation S., and Finite-Gain Applications," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Sy stems, v CAS34, No 5, pp 449-460, May 1987 3 W Mikhael, B and , Michael, "Inverting S., Integrator Applications of Composite Operational Amplifiers," and Systems, 4 Mikhael, CAS-34, No v W B pp 461-470, and Active Filter Transactions on Circuits May 1987 "A Systematic General Approach for the some Useful Applications in Linear Active Proceedings of the 25th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and and Michael, S , Generation of Composite Networks," 5, IEEE in OAs , with, Systems, pp. 454-463, Houghton, Michigan, August 1982 5 B Mikhael, W. and , Michael, S "High-Speed, High Accuracy Integrated , Operational Amplifiers," Proceedings of the Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Morgantown, West Virginia, June 1984 6 Michael, N S , W and Mikhael, B , of "Generation Composite Operational Amplifiers and Their use in Actively Extending the Operational Frequencies of Linear Active Networks," Proceedings of the Circuits and Systems, Newport Beach, California, May 1983 Mikhael, W Amplifiers B 9 Mexico, June 1981. and Smith, S., Winston, Inc., R C , , New Sedra, A. Raisor, IEEE Symposium on and Michael, S "Actively Compensated Composite Operational Proceedings of the Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems. " Albuquerque, 8 Compensated , K C , Microelectronic Circuits. 2d ed., Holt, Rinehart and 1987 Parasitic Free Switched Capacitor Composite Operational A mplifiers. Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, June 1991 164 1 Kollomorgan, G S Generation of Programmable Composite Operational Amplifiers with a CMOS Integrated Circuit. Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, , Monterey, California, December 1986. 11 Schaumann, R. Passive. Active M S, and Laker, K R Design of Analog S, Ghuasi, RC. and Switched Capacitor. Prentice Hall, 1990 , 165 Filters BIBLIOGRAPHY Ghausi, M S , Laker, K. R Modem , Filter Design Active RC and Switched Capacitor. Prentice Hall, 1981 R Gregorian, John Wiley Horowitz, P , and Temes, & Sons, 1986 , and Hill, W G , C Analog , MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing, The Art of Electronics. 2d ed , Cambridge University Press, 1989 Sage, E S., Total Dose Radiation Effects on Bipolar Composite and Single Operational Amplifiers Using a 30 MEV Linear Accelerator. Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, June 1988 Yalkin, C , Digitally Programmable Active Switched Capacitor Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California March 1987 166 Filters. Master's Thesis, INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No 1 Defense Technical Information Center Cameron Copies 2 Station Alexandria, Virginia 22314-6145 2. Library, Code 52 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93943-5100 3 Chairman, Code EC 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93943-5000 4. Prof Shenf Michael, Code EC/Mi Department of Electrical 2 and Computer Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940-5000 5 Momque P Prof Department of Code EC/Fa and Computer Engineering Fargues, Electrical 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940-5000 6 Director of Training and Education 1 MCCDC Code C46 1019 Elliot Road Quantico, Virginia 22134-5027 7. Captain Eldon W. Bingham 459 Kincaid Road Madisonville, Tennessee 37354 3 8 Mr 2 Fred Kirby EMC Route Technologies I, Box 144 Centreville, Maryland 21617 167 t. OCMCO * ff^ 10-93