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1
Muscles Of Mastication
identification
origin
insertion
maxilla, zygomatic arch
Mandible
elevates & protracts mandible
Cat
Zygomatic Bone
Mandible
elevates mandible
Temporalis
Human/Cat
Temporal Bone
Mandible
elevates and retracts mandible
Digastric
Human
mandible & mastoid process
Hyoid Bone
depress mandible
occipital bone & mastoid process
Mandible
depress mandible
Mylohyoid
Human/Cat
Mandible
Hyoid bone
raises floor of mouth;
pulls hyoid forward
Human
Masseter
Cat
Muscles That Move The Head
identification
origin
insertion
action
clavicle, sternum
mastoid process
flexes and laterally rotates head
CAT ONLY
sternum
mastoid process
turns and depresses head
CAT ONLY
clavicle
mastoid process
pulls head laterally;
pulls clavicle craniad
Sternocleidomastoid
HUMAN ONLY
Sternomastoid
Cleidomastoid
action
2
Muscles Of The Hyoid, Larynx And Tongue
identification
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Geniohyoid
origin
insertion
Sternum
Hyoid
depresses hyoid bone
costal cartilage 1st rib
Hyoid
pulls hyoid caudally; raises ribs
and sternum
sternum
Throid cartilage of larynx
depresses thyroid cartilage
costal cartilage 1st rib
Throid cartilage of larynx
pulls larynx caudad
Human
thyroid cartilage of larynx
Hyoid
Cat
elevates thyroid cartilage and
depresses hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage of larynx
Hyoid
raises larynx
Mandible
Hyoid
pulls hyoid craniad
Human
Cat
Human
Cat
Human/Cat
action
3
Muscles That Attach Pectoral Appendages To Vertebral Column
identification
origin
Human
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
action
Cat (3)
Occipital bone; Thoracic and Cervical
Vertebrae
Scapula and clavicle
raises clavicle; adducts, elevates, &
depresses scapula
Human
Thoracic & Lumbar vertebrae,
sacrum & ilium, last 4 ribs
Humerus
extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially; pulls shoulder down and back
Cat
Thoracic & Lumbar Vertebrae
Humerus
pulls arm dorsad and caudad
Cervical 7 & Thoracic 1
Scapula
adducts scapula
Rhomboideus Minor
(smaller & superior)
Human
Thoracic 2-5 vertebrae
Rhomboideus Major Human
Thoracic vertebrae (major); Thoracic
(bigger & caudal)
Cat (3)
Rhomboideus
insertion
Levator Scapulae
HUMAN ONLY
Levator Scapulae Ventralis
CAT ONLY
vertebrae (minor); lamdoidal ridge
(capitis)
Scapula
scapula; scapula; scapula
moves scapula back and up and rotates
downward
pulls scapula dorsally & medially, same,
pulls scapula craniad
Cervical vertebrae
Scapula
elevates scapula
Occipatal bone & Atlas
Scapula
pulls scapula craniad (toward head)
4
Muscles Of The Shoulder
identification
Deltoid
(Cat 3)
(spinodeltoid)
(acromiodeltoid)
(clavodeltoid)
(Human)
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Human/Cat
Infraspinatus
Human/Cat
Teres Major
Subscapularis
Human
Cat
origin
insertion
action
scapula
humerus
flexes humerus & rotates outward
scapula
humerus
flexes humerus & rotates outward
clavicle & clavotrapezius muscle
humerus
flexes forearm
clavicle & scapula
humerus
abducts arm
scapula
humerus
h: abducts arm / c: extends humerus
scapula
humerus
h: rotates humerus lateral / c: rotates
humerus outward
scapula
humerus
extends humerus, adducts and rotates
arm
flexes forearm & rotates it inward
Human
scapula
humerus
rotates humerus medially
Cat
scapula
humerus
pulls humerus medially
Muscles Of The Upper Arm
identification
origin
insertion
action
Triceps Brachii
Human/Cat
scapula, humerus, humerus
Ulna
extends forearm
Biceps Brachii
Human/Cat
Scapula
radius
flexes & supinates forearm
Brachialis
Human/Cat
humerus
Ulna
flexes forearm
(long, lateral, medial)
(long, short head)
5
Muscles That Attach Pectoral Appendages To Ventral (Front) Body Wall
identification
origin
insertion
action
sternum
forearm
adducts arm
clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 2-6
Humerus
Flexes, Adducts & rotates arm medially
Cat
sternum
Humerus
adducts arm
Human
ribs 3-5
scapula
depresses scapula;
rotates shoulder upward
Cat
sternum
humerus
adducts arm
scapula
pulls scapula forward & rotates
it upward
Pectoantebrachialis
CAT ONLY
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Human
Serratus Anterior
Human
ribs 1-8,9
Serratus ventralis
Cat
ribs 1-10
Xiphihumeralis
CAT ONLY
xiphoid process
pulls scapula forward & depresses it
humerus
adducts arm
Muscles Of The Trunk /Thoracic Region
identification
External
Intercostals
Human
Internal
Intercostals
Human
Cat
Cat
origin
insertion
inferior border of rib above
superior border of rib below
caudal (bottom) border of 1 rib
cranial border of next rib caudad
(down)
superior border of rib below
inferior border of rib above
Cranial border of 1 rib
Caudal Border of next rib
action
Raise rib
draw adjecent ribs together;
lower ribs
6
Muscles Of The Trunk /Abdominal Region
identification
Rectus Abdominis
origin
action
Human
pubis
costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 and sternum
flexes vertebral column
Cat
pubis
costal cartilage 1-4 ribs
compresses abdomen
lower 8 ribs
ilium and linea alba
compresses abdomen
last 9 ribs
linea alba from sternum to pubis
compresses abdomen
sternum, linea alba, pubis
compresses abdomen
linea alba
compresses abdomen
Human
External
Abdominal Obliques
Cat
Human
Transversus
abdominis
insertion
Cat
ilium, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia,
costal cartilage last 6 ribs
costal cartilage false ribs,
L vertebrae, ilium
Muscles Of The Trunk /Back Region
identification
origin
Extensor Dorsi Communis
(cat)
CAT ONLY
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
extends vertebral column
Erector Spinae
HUMAN ONLY
(group)
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
extends vertebral column
Multifidus
Human
Cat
Semispinalis
Capitus
HUMAN ONLY
Semispinalis
dorsi
CAT ONLY
insertion
action
sacrum, ilium, lumbar & thoracic
& 4 cervical
superior vertebrae
extends vertebral column
lumbar vertebrae
anterior vertebrae
extends back
cervical 4 - thoracic 6
occipital bone
extends head, rotates face
last 4 thoracic vertebrae
thoracic & cervical vertebrae
extends vertebral column
7
Muscles Of The Hip
identification
Tensor Fascia
Latae
Caudofemoralis
origin
insertion
action
Human
ilium
iliotibial tract
flexes & abducts femur
Cat
ilium
patella & tibia
extends thigh; aids in abduction
and rotation
2 & 3 caudal vertebrae
patella
abducts thigh, extends shank
ilium, sacrum, coccyx
iliotibial tract & femur
extends and rotates femur laterally
last sacral and first caudal vertebrae
femur
abducts thigh
ilium
femur
abducts and rotates femur laterally
sacral and caudal vertebrae, ilium
femur
abducts thigh
CAT ONLY
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Human
Cat
Human
Cat
Muscles Of The Thigh (Dorsal Femaoral Group — Flexors) The Back Of The Thigh
What we call the Hamstrings
identification
Biceps Femoris
origin
insertion
action
ischium, femur
tibia & fibula
flexes knee, extends thigh
Cat
ischium
patella, tibia
adducts thigh, flexes shank
Human
ischium
tibia
flexes knee, extends thigh
Cat
ischium
femur
extends thigh
Human
ischium
tibia
flexes knee, extends thigh
Cat
ischium
tibia
flexes shank
Human
Semimembranosus
SemitendinosUs
8
Muscles Of The Thigh (Ventral Femoral Group — Quads) the front of the thigh
identification
What we call the Quads
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
origin
insertion
action
Human
ilium
tibia
Cat
ilium
patella
flexes knee; flexes thigh and rotates
it laterally
Human
ilium
patella
extends knee, flexes thigh
Cat
ilium
patella
extends lower leg
Human
femur
patella, tibia
extends knee
Cat
femur
patella
extends lower leg
Human
femur
patella, tibia
extends knee
Cat
femur
patella
extends lower leg
adducts and rotates femur, extends tibia
Muscles Of The Thigh (Medial Femoral Group)
identification
Gracilis
Adductor
Femoris (Magnus)
Adductor Longus
origin
insertion
action
pubic bone
tibia
flexes knee, adducts thigh
Cat
ischium and pubis
tibia
adducts thigh and pulls it caudad
Human
pubis and ischium
femur
adducts, flexes, and extends femur
Cat
pubis and ischium
femur
extends thigh
pubic bone
femur
adducts, rotates, and flexes femur
pubis
femur
adducts thigh
Human
Human
Cat
9
Muscles Of The Lower Leg
identification
Gastrocnemius
(calf)
origin
insertion
action
Human
femur
calcaneus
plantar flexes foot
Cat
femur
calcaneus
extends foot
tibia & fibula
calcaneus
plantar flexes foot
fibula
metatarsals
extends foot
tibia
first metatarsal & tarsal
flexes foot dorsally and inverts it
tibia & fibula
first metatarsal
flexes foot
Soleus (deep or under Human
the calf)
Cat
Tibialis Anterior
Human
Cat
Abduction
Extension
Pronation
Movement of a bone, and the limb of which it
is a part, away from the mid-line of the body.
Verb: To abduct
Increasing the angle between articulating
bones, often to restore a part of the body
to the anatomical position after it has been
flexed.
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is
turned backward or downward.
Flexion
Movement of a bone such that it revolves
around it’s own longitudinal axis (e.g. turning
the head from side to side at the joint between
the atlas and axis).
Abductor
Any muscle that moves one part of the body
away from another - or away from the midline
of the body.
Action
Movement (usually of skin or bone) caused by
muscle contractions.
Adduction
Movement of a bone, and the limb of which it
is a part, towards the mid-line of the body.
Verb: To adduct
Adductor
Any muscle that moves one part of the body
towards another - or towards the midline of
the body.
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion of a foot or hand, or of their
digits. That is, bending fingers or toes backwards towards the upper surface of the foot or
hand.
Put another way: Bending of the foot (or
hand) in the direction of the dorsum (superior
surface), e.g. when standing on ones heels.
Decreasing the angle between articulating
bones. For example, “Plantar Flexion” is the
bending of the toes (or fingers) downwards
towards the sole (or palm).
Flexor
A muscle that causes a limb or other body-part
to bend.
Examples include the mucles of the arms, legs,
fingers, and toes.
Insertion
The position at which the other end of the
muscle (i.e. from its origin) is attached, by
means of a tendon, to the moveable bone.
Origin
The attachment of muscle (by means of a tendon) to the stationary bone.
Plantarflexion
Flexion of a foot or hand, or of their digits.
That is, bending fingers or toes towards the
lower surface of the foot or hand. For example, bending the foot in the direction of the
plantar surface, as when standing on your
toes - as opposed to ones heels.
Rotation
Supination
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is
turned forward or upward.