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Third Nova Scotia Energy Research & Development Forum 2008 Antigonish, Nova Scotia Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into Energy and Value Added Products A.E. Ghaly Professor Biological and Environmental Engineering Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada May 21-22,2008 Energy Uses in Canada – 2007 Residential 16% Industrial 38% Commercial 14% Transportation 29% Agricultural 3% Total = 11139 x 1015 Joules CRUDE OIL NATURAL GAS COAL Fossil Fuels Uses in Canada - 2007 Energy Content (Peta Joules) Fuel Amount Oil 803 million barrels 4914 3.4 trillion cubic feet 3587 31.5 million metric tonnes 923 Natural Gas Coal 9424 Total 1 Peta Joule = 1015 Joules Fossil Fuels 84.61% of Energy Demand Alternative Sources Of Energy Hydro Nuclear Wind Biomass Geothermal Tidal Solar Alternative (Non-conventional ) Sources Uses in Canada - 2007 Source GWh Peta Joules 360027 1296.2 Nuclear 86830 312.7 Wind 16250 58.5 Biomass (Wood & Others) 12089 43.5 Geothermal 876 3.2 Tidal 175 0.6 Solar 88 0.3 Total 476335 1715 Hydro 1 Peta Joule = 1015 Joules Alternative Sources 15.39 % of Energy Demand Current Uses Source % Oil 44.15 Natural gas 32.31 Coal 8.30 Hydro 11.63 Nuclear 2.31 Wind 0.81 Biomass 0.40 Geothermal 0.05 Tidal 0.007 Solar 0.003 Total 100 Need for Alternative Energy Sources No single fuel source is likely to meet future energy needs Great diversity of options is desirable Development of domestic energy reserves is a national priority Energy consumption at present levels must depend on renewable sources Minimize Environmental problems (CO2 and Sox) Provide a continuous supply of various forms of energy Can These Alternative Sources Replace Fossil Fuels? Alternative Sources Of Energy Hydro Nuclear Wind Geothermal Tidal Solar ENERGY Biomass ENERGY + VALUABLE PRODUCTS Energy Value added products CRUDE OIL Fuels Petroleum gas (LPGs) Gasoline Kerosene Jet fuels Diesel oil Fuel oil Resins/ Adhesives Lubricants Poly-α-olefins Diesters Alklylated napthlenes Alkyklated benzenes Polyolesters Glycerol Epichlorohydrin Epoxy resins Polyurethane Acrylic Cyanoacrylate Paraffin wax Solvents Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol Benzene Acetone Toluene Xylenes Cyclohexane Fibers/ Polymers Styrene Nylon Polyvinyl chloride Acrylonitrile Polypropylene 1,3-butadiene NATURAL GAS Chemical Feedstocks Fuels Electricity generation Steel plants Automobile/ Transportation Home/commercial appliances Fuel cell Hydrogen generation Fabrics Glass Paint Plastics Fertilizer Plants Urea Hydrogen Heating requirement COAL Chemical Feedstocks Fuels Electricity Coke generation Coal tar Syngas Ammonia Gasoline Food Diesel Methanol preservatives Insecticides Industrial Uses Clay and glass Dyes Fertilizers Synthetic fibers Explosives Synthetic rubber Biomass All organic matters (except fossil fuels) Agricultural Crops and Plant residues Forest materials Microbial mass Any other renewable residuals/by products Fish processing waste Food processing wastes Municipal solid waste Animal products/wastes Agricultural Biomass Crops vs Wastes ? Wheat Barley Rice Oats Rye Corn Sorghum Rape Sugar cane Corn stover Soy beans Flax Corn cobs Corn stalks Sugar cane tops Bagasses Groundnut shells Sea weeds Olive husks Cotton gin trash Wood chips Saw dust Oat hulls Rice husk Biomass Fuels Agriculture (and Forestry) is an energy conversion process through photosynthesis (biomass fuels) Lower emission CO2 nutralization Production of other value added products Cereals Straws Straw 60x106 tons in Canada 360x106 tons in USA 60‐80% of the straw is available Canada replaces 14% of the total energy use (1.56x1012 MJ) 90% of coal used for power generation (0.44x1012MJ) Emission Form District Heating (mg/MJ) Solid particulates Fuel SOx NOx CO2 PAH Oil 750 150 80,000 0.1 60 60 0 Coal 600 200 90,000 0.1 11,000 20 5,000 0 100 60,000 0.1 0 0 0 100 130 0 0.1 1,100 20 3,000 Natural Gas Straw Unfiltered Bag Filter Ash Automobiles Electricity Power plant Agriculture/ forestry Biomass Transportation Alcohol plant Carbon Dioxide Cycling and Bioenergy Production What are the Problems/Solutions ? Sustainability of production/consumption Systems Biorefinary (Energy + Valuable products) Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to obtain their own needs. Integration of environmental issues with economic development in order to meet the immediate needs of the population today without undermining the aspirations of future generations. The term includes a) fairness and interdependence between generations countries b) social, cultural, economic and natural environments Sustainability Most industrial production and consumption systems are not sustainable The natural indigenous systems provide models that should be mimicked Linear Mode of Industrial Production Resources Extraction Production Waste Consumption Waste Waste Natural Ecosystem at Equilibrium Species interaction is common (waste of one species is the food supply for another) Cycle Mode of Production Resource Extraction Limited Waste Production Consumption Residual Sustainable Development (Industrial Ecology) Involves design of industrial infrastructures as they were a series of interlocking manmade ecosystems Maximizing resources use efficiency (Sustainability) Maximizing energy use efficiency (Energy) Reducing cost (Economics) Reducing risk (Environmental problems) Identifying new opportunities (Value added products) Coconut Production System in Trinidad Raw Materials • Copra • Bleaching Earth • Bottles Energy Water Oil Production System Coconut oil Wastewater Waste energy Air emissions Solid waste Free fatty acids Spent bleaching earth Shells Coconut meal Coconut husk Coconut Oil Production Materials Bleaching Earth Water Energy Copra Oil Bottles Heat Exchange Processing Operation Meal Husk Waste Energy Shells Charcoal Fatty Acid Biodiesel Fuel Wastewater Anaerobic Digestion Sludge Oil Animal Feed Cushions Activated Carbon Fertilizer Biogas Energy Value added products Competing uses The routes of Energy Recovery from Crop Residuals Biomass Biochemical Thermochemical Transesterification Anaerobic digestion Alcoholic fermentation combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Biodiesel Methane Ethanol Heat Gas Oil and Char Extraction Straw Possibilities for the Extraction of Chemicals from Straw Biomass Competing Uses Crop Residue Agricultural Uses Farm Animals Feeding Animals Bedding Materials Production of Energy Agricultural Fields Erosion Control Incorporation into the soil Organic Chemicals Field Burning Industrial Uses Building Materials Papers Fish Processing Waste Cheese Whey Fish Processing Waste Handling and Pretreatment Extraction Fish Oil Chemical Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Conventional Biodiesel Production Process from Fish Processing Waste Fish Processing Waste Handling and Pretreatment Extraction Chemicals Fish Oil Thermal Energy Environmental Problems Loss of value added Products Chemical Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Problems Associated with Conventional Process Fish Processing Waste Characterization Handling and Pretreatment Extraction Fish Oil Chemical Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Characterization of Fish Processing Waste Fish oil Neutraceuticals Collagen Protein Amino acids Enzymes Fish Processing Waste Characterization Fish Meal Handling and Pretreatment Proteins Extraction Amino acids Collagen Proteases, lipases, collagenases Nutraceuticals Fish silage Fish Oil omega-3 fatty acids carotonoids, isoflavones, lutein Low energy requirement Biological Transesterification Biodiesel High quality glycerol Glycerol Extraction of high value co-products from fish processing waste Fish Processing Waste Characterization Handling and Pretreatment Fish Meal Collagen Proteins Extraction Proteases, lipases , collagenases Amino acids Nutraceuticals omega-3 fatty acids carotonoids, isoflavones, lutein Fish Oil Fish silage Biological Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Fermentation Hydrogen Ethanol Dihydroxyacetone Lactic acid Methanol Production of value added products from glycerol 1,2-propanediol 1,3-propanediol Cheese Manufacturing‐Canada Cheese Manufacturing (10 kg milk) Cheese Whey (9 kg) Cheese (1 kg) Biogas Ethanol Biodegradable Plastics Organic Acids Chemical Industry Anti-icing Agents Single Cell Protein Human Food Animal Feed Pharmaceutical
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