Download Body Systems

1
Body Systems
Chapters 14-17 plus Nervous &
Endocrine notes
2
Defining a system
• What is a body system?
• A combination of organs
working together to maintain
life and homeostasis.
▫ ____________________
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▫ ________  ________ 
________  ________
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Defining a system
• What are the 11 body systems?
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Skeletal System (pages 443-449)
• What is the skeletal system?
(page 443)
• What are the 4 function of the
skeletal system? (pages 443444)
• The system that contains
bones as well as other
structures that connect and
protect the bones and that
support other functions in the
body.
•
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•
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
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Skeletal System (pages 443-449)
• Draw a cross section of a
typical bone and draw in the
following parts (pgs 445-446):
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Compact bone tissue
Spongy bone tissue
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Periosteum
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Skeletal System (pages 443-449)
• What are the 3 types of movable
bone joints and how do each one
of them move? (pg 447)
• What is a broken bone called?
(pg 448)
• What is arthritis? (pg 448)
• What is osteoporosis? (pg 448)
• ______________________
______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________
• Disease in which joints become
irritated or inflamed, such as
when cartilage in joints is
damaged or wears away.
• ______________________
______________________
______________________
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Skeletal System (pages 443-449)
• How can you keep your bones
healthy? (pg 449)
• _____________________
_____________________
• How does the skeletal system
help to maintain homeostasis?
(pg 449)
• _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Bones also help you to respond
to unpleasant stimuli by
working with your muscles.
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Muscular System (pgs453-457)
• What is a muscle? (pg 453)
• What are the 4 functions of the
muscular system? (pg 453454)
• Describe the 3 types of muscle
tissue: (pg 455-456)
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Muscular System (pgs453-457)
• How can you keep your
muscles healthy? (pg 457)
• How can muscles help to
maintain homeostasis? (pg
457)
10
Integumentary System (pages 461-466)
• What is the integumentary
system? (pg 461)
• What are the 5 functions of the
integumentary system? (pg
461-462)
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Integumentary System (pages 461-466)
• Draw and label the layers of
the skin. Describe the
following layers: (pg 463)
▫ Epidermis
▫ Dermis
▫ Fatty Layer
• How can you keep your skin
healthy? (pg 466)
• How does your skin help to
maintain homeostasis? (pg
466)
12
Digestive System (479-493)
• Name and describe the 2 types
of digestion. (pgs 488-489)
• List the organs that food will
pass through in your digestive
system and describe what
happens at each organ. (490493)
Organ
Function
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Digestive System (479-493)
• How is bacteria used in
digestion? (pg 493)
• How does the digestive system
help to maintain homeostasis?
(pg 493)
14
Digestive System (479-493)
• Why do you eat? (pg 479)
• What are the 6 main types of
daily nutrients your body
needs? (pgs 480-482)
15
Excretory System (pages 497-502)
• What is the excretory system?
(pg 497)
• What substances are excreted
or eliminated from your body?
(pg 498)
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Excretory System (pages 497-502)
• What are the organs of the
urinary system and what does
each organ do? (pgs 499-501)
• How does the excretory system
help to maintain homeostasis?
(pg 502)
Organ
Function
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Respiratory System (pages 515-519)
• What are the 2
functions of the
respiratory
system? (pg
515)
• List and
describe the
pathway of air
once it passes
through the
nose/mouth.
1. Taking in oxygen
2. Breathing out carbon dioxide
Organ/
location
Function
Pharynx
Tube-like passage at the top of the throat that
receives air, food, and liquids. Has the epiglottis
that keeps food and liquids from entering the
resp. system
Larynx
Voice box (triangle area)
Trachea
Tube hold open by C-shaped cartilage
Bronchi
Narrow tubes branching from the trachea
Lungs
Main organ of the resp. system
Alveoli
Microscopic pouches, where gas exchange
occurs
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Circulatory System (pages 523-529)
• Describe the 2
functions of the
circulatory
system. (pg 523)
1.
Transportation of food, water, oxygen,
and other materials throughout the body.
2. Carry wastes away from cells.
From body
• Describe or draw
the pathway of
blood through the
heart. (pg 525)
To
body
To lungs
To lungs
From
lungs
From body
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Circulatory System (pages 523-529)
• What is the function of
arteries? (pg 526)
• Carry blood away from the
heart
• What is the function of veins
(pg 526)
• Carry blood towards the heart
• What is the function of
capillaries? (pg 526)
• Exchange of materials -deliver oxygen & food to the
cells and pick up wastes from
the cells.
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Circulatory System (pages 523-529)
• Describe the
following
circulatory diseases:
(pgs 528-529)
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Hypertension
Artherosclerosis
Heart Attack
Stroke
Heart Failure
• How does the
circulatory help to
maintain
homeostasis? (pg
529)
• Hypertension – high blood pressure (higher
than 140/90 mm Hg). Normal is 120/80 mm
Hg)
• Artherosclerosis – buildup of fatty material
within the walls of the arteries
• Heart attack – part of the heart muscle dies,
usually due to a lack of oxygen to the cardiac
muscle
• Stroke – blood clot blocks blood flow to part
of the brain
• Heart failure – heart doesn’t work efficiently
due to previous heart attacks, damage, or bad
valves
• Transport food & oxygen, rids body of CO2,
helps in immune response, controls body
temperature.
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Circulatory System (pages 523-537)
• What are the 3 functions of
blood tissue? (pg 533)
• Transportation
• Protection
• Temperature regulation
• What are the 4 parts of
blood? (pg 534-535)
•
•
•
•
• How does someone get
their blood type? (pg 536)
• Blood types are inherited from your parents
– A, B, or O – one from each parent.
• What are the 4 ABO blood
types? (pg 536)
• Blood types are AO, BO, AB, or OO.
• What is an Rh factor? (pg
537)
• Rh – a chemical marker protein found on
your RBC’s. A person can be + or – for Rh
factor
Plasma (liquid part)
Platelets
Red Blood cells
White Blood cells
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Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541573)
• What is the
lymphatic system?
(pg 541)
• Part of the immune system, helps destroy
microorganisms that enter the body
1.
• What are the 4
functions of the
lymphatic system?
(pg 541)
Absorbs extra tissue fluid that collects
around cells
2. Absorbs fat from digestive system and
transports it to the circulatory system
3. Filters dead cells, bacteria, viruses, and
unneeded particles from tissue fluid
(then returns the fluid to the circulatory
system)
4. Fights off illnesses & infections &
develops white blood cells
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Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541-573)
• Describe
the parts
of the
lymphatic
system.
(pgs 542544)
Organ/
tissue
Function
Lymph
Left-over 10% of fluid found around tissue
Lymph
Vessels
Network of tubes that absorb & transport lymph;
pumped by skeletal muscle)
Lymph
nodes
Cluster of spongy structures that filter particles
from lymph; store white blood cells
Bone
marrow
Produce white blood cells & lymphocytes (B-cells
& T-cells); B-cells mature here
Thymus
Develop T-cells (T-cells identify & destroy
infected cells)
Spleen
Recycles red blood cells, stores lymphocytes
Tonsils
Clusters of lymph tissue, trap & destroy bacteria
& pathogens that enter your nose & mouth
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Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541573)
• What is the
main function
of the immune
system? (pg
567)
• Describe the
first line of
defense
provided by
the 5 different
body systems
(pgs 568-570)
• Protect the body from foreign and harmful
substances that enter the body (pathogens)
System
Defense description
Integumentary
Outer barrier
Respiratory
Hairs, cilia, & mucous trap pathogens
Circulatory
Moves pathogens to organs that fight
infections, can increase body
temperature (fever) to fight infections
Nervous
Brain triggers fever (with circ. system)
Digestive
Stomach acid can destroy some
pathogens; mucous can trap
pathogens; vomit to remove pathogens
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Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541573)
• What are the
two responses in
the second line
of defense? (pgs
570-571)
• What is the
third line of
defense in the
immune
system? (pg
572)
1.
White blood cells – attack and destroy
pathogens in fluid outside circulatory system
2. Inflammation – increases blood flow to the
area and prevents the infection from
spreading
•
Antigen (substance that causes and immune
response) is identified
B cells produce antibodies
•
▫
•
Antibodies mark the target cell for
elimination or neutralize its abilities to
invade or spread
T cells help to destroy the target cells
▫
▫
Killer T-cells
Helper T-cells
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Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541573)
• What is the difference
between an active
immunity and a
passive immunity?
(pg 573)
• Active – your body produces its own
antibodies
• Passive – antibodies come from outside
your body
• What is a
vaccination? (pg 573)
• A weakened or dead pathogen
purposefully introduced into the body to
create an immune response.
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Nervous System
• What is the
nervous system?
• Fast-acting control system that triggers
muscle contraction or gland secretion.
• What are the
functions of the
nervous system?
1.
Senses changes occurring inside and
outside the body
2. Processes and interprets the sensory
input and decides what should be done at
each moment
3. Causes a response by activating muscles
or glands
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Nervous System
• How is the
nervous
system
organized?
• The nervous system can be
divided into two basic parts:
▫ Central nervous system
 Brain
 Spinal cord
▫ Peripheral nervous system
 Sensory neurons – input,
nerves travelling towards
the central nervous system
 Motor neurons – output,
nerves travelling away from
the central nervous system
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Nervous system
• What is a
neuron?
• Neurons = nerve cells
• Divided into 3 parts:
▫ Dendrite – receives
stimuli
 Stimuli is something
that is sensed or
causes a reaction
▫ Soma – cell body,
location of the
nucleus and most of
the organelles
▫ Axon – transmits the
signal to the next
neuron
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Nervous System
• How do
neurons
transmit
information?
• Neurons create electrical
impulses after receiving
chemical stimuli
• Impulses begin at a
synapse.
▫ Synapse – where an
axon meets a dendrite
▫ Space in between is
called a synaptic cleft
or gap
▫ Molecules called
neurotransmitters are
released from the axon,
cross the synaptic cleft,
and are received by the
dendrite.
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Nervous system
• What
are the 5
special
senses?
• Touch – Pressure, pain, temperature
• Taste (tongue)– Sweet, sour, bitter, & salty
▫ Chemoreceptor –taste buds
• Smell (nose)
▫ Chemoreceptor – Olfactory receptors
▫ Special sense most closely wired to emotions
▫ Humans = 10,000 different chemical smells
• Sight (eyes)
▫ Photoreceptor: rods (light) & cones (color)
• Hearing (cochlea in ear) – senses vibrations in the air
▫ Inner ear – malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), & stapes
(stirrup)
• ***Balance (vestibular apparatus in ear)
▫ Senses movement of fluid in inner ear
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Endocrine System
• What is the endocrine
system?
• An organ system of glands in the body
that secrete hormones that help to
regulate the body.
▫ Hormone – a chemical messenger
released into the bloodstream to
create a response in the body;
 Daily maintenance
 Long-term changes
• How is the endocrine
system different from
the nervous system?
• The nervous system is a fast-acting
communicator (email) using electrical
charges while the endocrine system
acts slower (postal service) sending
chemical packages.
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Endocrine System
• What are
some of
the
important
glands?
• Hypothalamus
▫ Connects the endocrine & nervous systems
▫ Sends “releasing” or “stopping” hormones to the
pituitary gland.
• Pituitary gland
▫ Controls many body activities
▫ Regulates development from infancy to adulthood
• Adrenal glands
▫ “Stress” hormones – epinephrine, norepinephrine,
cortisol
• Pancreas
▫ Regulates sugar w/ insulin & glucagon
• Thyroid
▫ Metabolism regulation
▫ Calcium & vitamin-D regulation
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Endocrine System
• How do the
glands know
when to stop
releasing
hormones?
• Glands typically stop due to a negative
feedback system
▫ When the hormone levels get too high, the
hormone release is slowed down or stopped.