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Year 10 GCSE Revision 2013/14 League of Nations & Peacekeeping Hitler’s Foreign policy NAME _______________________________ Topic 2: Peacemaking 1918–1919 and the League of Nations Key issue: How did the Treaty of Versailles establish peace? The Paris Peace Conference: the aims of Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson: the Fourteen Points The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles: Diktat; territorial changes; military restrictions, war guilt and reparations The strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles: why Germany objected to it. What was the Paris Peace Conference? Aims of the Allies Name and country Attitude towards Germany and aims for Conference Reasons why Fourteen Points The Fourteen points were made by Woodrow Wilson, the American president, and were announce to convince that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. Many people welcomed his ideas however most of his allies were skeptical about how Woodrow would apply his idea of idealism. The speech made by Wilson laid a policy, mainly consisting of self-determination, free trade, democracy & open arrangements. •Open covenants of peace •Freedom of the seas •The removal so far as possible of all economic barriers •The reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety •Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims •The evacuation of all Russian territory •The evacuation and restoration of Belgium •The liberation of France and return to her of Alsace and Lorraine •Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy to conform to clearly recognisable lines of nationality •The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development •Evacuation of occupation forces from Romania, Serbia and Montenegro; Serbia should be accorded free and secure access to the sea •Autonomous development for the non-Turkish peoples of the Ottoman empire; free passage of the Dardanelles to the ships and commerce of all nations •An independent Poland to be established, with free and secure access to the sea •A general association of nations to be formed to guarantee to its members political independence and territorial integrity (the genesis of the League of Nations) The speech was made without prior consultation with Wilson's counterparts in Europe. Clemenceau, on hearing of the fourteen points, was said to have sarcastically claimed ‘The good Lord only had ten!’ The report was made as negotiation points, and later the Fourteen Points were accepted by France and Italy on November 1, 1918, the day of the armistice. Britain later signed off on all of the points except the freedom of the seas. Britain also wanted Germany to make reparation payments of 6.6 billion for the war, and thought that that should be added to the Fourteen Points. The speech was delivered 10 months before the armistice with Germany and became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles had little to do with the Fourteen Points and was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. Key issue: Why did the League of Nations fail in its aim to keep peace? Membership 1919–1939: why and how it changed; implications for the LoN Organisation, powers and peace keeping role: the Assembly; the Council; the Permanent Court of Justice; military and economic sanctions The Manchurian Crisis 1931–1933: events; action taken by the League; effect on the League as a peace keeping force The Abyssinian Crisis 1935–1936: events; action taken by the League; effect on the League as a peacekeeping force The reasons for the collapse of the League. Organisations Within the League The Assembly The assembly was the league’s parliament. Every country had a representative in the assembly. They recommended actions to the council but the decisions had to be unanimous. They also had the responsibility of dealing with the league. They met once a year. The Permanent Court Of Justice The court of justice had the job of settling disputes between countries. However it had no way of making sure the countries followed the rules they set. It was made up of judges from the members. The Council The council met five times a year Military and Economic sanctions The leagues members were able to refuse trade against an aggressor and members countries armed forces could act against an aggressor if needed. 1919-1920 Treaty of Versailles after WW1 ratifies formation of League of Nations. Main members were UK, Canada, France, Australia, Italy, Japan, China, South Africa, and many African and South American countries. Outcomes of Leagues Actions 1919 USA does not join and Germany excluded at this time. Treaty of Versailles deemed as unfair by countries made to pay reparations. First assembly held in Geneva in 1920 1922-1926 Geneva Protocols were developed to prevent members from undermining League by having a world court where disputes would be dealt with. Main weakness of this was that it was not ratified and enabled members to do their own thing with no repercussions to them 1922 League of Nations mandates lands to UK and France. Hungary admitted into League 1924 Geneva Protocols adopted to strengthen League 1926 Germany admitted to League Brazil leaves 1933 Hitler’s rise to power in Germany gave him power to leave League as he was angry over reparations on Germany had been ratified by Treaty of Versailles, where league had begun 1933-1937 !935 unable to impose sanctions on Italy as members took no notice, Germany ally of Italy. 1933 Germany leaves League. 1935 League of Nations places sanctions on Italy after invasion of Ethiopia League had no army of its own so could not send help to Abyssinia, showed great weakness at this point 1936 Emperer Haile Sellasie of Abyssinia appeals to League for help after Italys invasion. 1937 Countries and civilians ignored League’s ban on fighting, saw it as way of fighting fascism. People volunteered independently, League could do nothing as did not have army of its own or could not impose sanctions 1937 League bans foreign nationals from fighting in Spanish Civil War. 1937-1946 1937 Italy great friend was Germany whose leader Hitler was challenging the league and Europe in his rise of power. 1937 Italy leaves League after 2nd invasion of Abyssinia. 1938 League bans “ intentional bombing of civilian populations. 1938 Hitler was invading countries to seize back lands and in the far east Japan and China were also causing problems, the league could not cope again no forces or peace keepers and could not prevent bombings 1939 Soviet Union expelled for invading Finland. 1940 World War 2 begins 1945 League collapses United Nations formed 1945 1939/40 WW2 began and many member states were fighting each other so league was further weakened. The Manchurian crisis Manchuria was invaded by the Japanese after trade had been stopped. The Japanese wanted a bigger empire and saw china with its economic crisis as easy to get to so they invaded Manchuria because apparently the Chinese soldiers interfered with the Japanese railway in Manchuria. The civilian government in Japan told the army to stop but it was then made clear that the army was in charge. The league had to interfere because China asked for help but they had to be very careful because Japan was a major power in the League of Nations. The leagues officials sailed around the world to assess the situation. They took a year (September 1931 - September 1932) for the league to make a decision. They decided that Japan was in the wrong and told them to withdraw. They refused but there was nothing the league could do because Japan's army and navy were too big and they could not defend china with the army the league had. The league was too weak to stop the Japanese army which caused people to doubt it and also Japan left the League of Nations and because it is one of the biggest powers because it is not recovering from WW1. The league failed because it could not agree on what actions to take (like sanctions or even a ban on weapon sales). Britain and France did not want a war so nothing was done. The league was shown as being powerless in the face if a determined aggressor. This cartoon from 1933 by the British cartoonist David Low , is entitled 'the doormat'. What is the cartoonist suggesting about the league during the Manchurian Crisis ? Abyssinian Crisis December 1934 - After a dispute with Ethiopian soldiers at the wal wal oasis (80km inside Abyssinian) Mussolini decided to claim that Abyssinian was Italian territory. He demanded an apology or prepared to invade. The Abyssinian emperor Haile Selanie appealed to the league for help. September 4th, 1935 - The league decided that neither side was to blame so that made a plan where Mussolini got some of Abyssinia. October 1935 - (they) did not oil banned, Suez canal, water owned by Britain and France was not closed to Italian supply ships. This was Mussolini main supply route closing it could have ended the situation. Though not closing it would result in war. January 1935 - Abyssinia issue not raised at meeting, ballot taken by the L.O.N union Britain. It showed British people thought military force was needed to defend Abyssinia. because of an election politicians decided to "get through", At an assembly of the League the British foreign minister, Hoare, made a ground speech about Abyssinia to the delight of the league's members and all the smaller nations. There was much talking and negotiating but nothing happened to discourage Mussolini. January 1935 - Mussolini was shipping his army ready to invade. January 1935 - Failed to take the situation seriously. They wanted good relations with Mussolini because they seemed to be their strongest ally against Hitler, ballot taken by the L.O.N union Britain. It showed British people thought military force was needed to defend Abyssinia because of an election politicians decided to "get through". September 4th, 1935 Mussolini rejected the leagues plan. October 1935 - the league saw that Mussolini was in the wrong, so they enforced an arms ban sales to Italy. Banned all loans to Abyssinia. Banned Italian exports and imports to Italy. October 1935 - Mussolini launches a fall scale invasion December 1935 - foreign ministers plan to give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia to stop the invasion. French minister wanted to put this plan to Mussolini before showing it to the league or Haile Selanie. It was leaked to the press and this lead to a league debate about it. Hoare and Lavel who made the plan were sacked. Mussolini (Italy) February 1936 - the committee decided that if they stopped selling oil to Mussolini they would have 2 months’ supply even with America supplying them. It was too late. Britain and France The League of Nations What was the effect on the league as a peacekeeping force? Which Event Undermined The League of Nations More: Abyssinia or Manchuria? In the 1930s there was a worldwide depression which Japan tried to overcome by building up its empire. In 1932, the Japanese army invaded Manchuria and threw out the Chinese. They set up their own government there and called it Manchukuo. It was at this point that China asked the League to help. Many countries had important trading links with Japan and the League could not agree on sanctions or even a ban on weapon sales. In spite of further requests from the League to leave Manchuria, Japan continued its refusal to vacate the area. The other League members felt it necessary for Japan to leave the League of Nations, even if this meant losing a part of its vast empire, because Japan continuing to ignore demands undermined the League and made it look weak. Britain and France did not want war, so nothing was done in retaliation towards Japan. The Japanese stayed in Manchuria and the League had failed to assert its authority. America’s constant refusal to do nothing more than speak words of support to the League of Nations had shown just how toothless and helpless the international community was when it came to enforcing and upholding the peace. A dangerous precedent had been set. Mussolini took advantage of the League’s hesitation by sending his army to Africa. He felt able to ignore the League and invaded Abyssinia because he was after war and the glory that came with it. The League had banned weapon sales and even placed sanctions upon rubber and metal. The Abyssinian emperor Haile Selassie went to the League of Nations to appeal for help, but no help was given - in fact, Britain and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to Italy (the Hoare-Laval pact). Italy conquered Abyssinia. The league had failed again. This was also a cause of why Italy walked out on the League of Nations and some even say this was a cause of World War 2. Sources and questions Answer questions 4 and 5 below Key issue: How did Hitler challenge and exploit the Treaty of Versailles 1933– March 1938? Hitler’s aims in foreign policy The return of the Saar, 1935 The beginning of rearmament in Germany: withdrawal from the Disarmament Conference 1933; non-aggression Pact with Poland 1934; reintroduction of conscription from 1935; Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935 The remilitarisation of the Rhineland 1936 The Anschluss with Austria 1938. What were the aims of Hitler? Source A The Versailles Treaty is worthless. 60 million German hearts and minds are on fire with anger and shame. They will cry out ‘We want war!’ Mein Kampf (a book written by Hitler, 1924). Source B It will be the duty of German foreign policy to get large spaces to feed and house the growing population of Germany. Destiny points us towards Russia. Hitler, Mein Kampf (1924). Source C The menace of Russia hangs over Germany. All our strength is needed to rescue our nation from this international snake. Hitler, Mein Kampf (1924). The return of the Saar 1935 In _________1935 a plebiscite was held in the____ deciding who should be in control of it. Mostly German people lived in the Saar so ___ of votes were to re-join Germany,___ to stay with the league and ___ to join France. This ______ was treated with great celebration in Germany and _______ support for Hitler who announced there were now no issues between France and Germany. Hitler_______ in the terms of the treaty of Versailles and got closer to achieving his aim of all _________ German speaking people. 8% victory raised Saar stayed 90% January 2% reuniting Label this source using the questions to help you What does the paper in Hitler’s hand represent? Who do the ghosts represent? The Remilitarisation of the Rhineland – 7th March 1936 Introduction: Fill in the blanks with the words below On 7th March 1936 _______ soldiers marched into the _____________. This was against the _______ of __________ and the __________ pact, which the German government had willingly signed in 1925. _______ followed up the remilitarisation with promises that Germany would sign a 25-year ___________________ pact and had no further ________ ambitions in Europe. Britain, France and the ________ ___ _______ should have acted against Germany. All that happened was that German action was condemned by the League but, when a vote was cast, only Soviet Russia voted in favour of imposing __________ on Germany. Sanctions Hitler German Versailles Territorial Non-aggression Locarno Treaty League of Nations Rhineland Exam Question (Jan 2013) Source C: A Nazi photograph of German troops marching into the Rhineland, March 1936. 8) Study Source C. Source C shows German soldiers marching unopposed into the Rhineland in March 1936. Do you agree that the strength of the German army was the main reason why there was no opposition to Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland? Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its content and your knowledge. (6 marks) Outcomes of the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland: Fill in the diagram Outcomes of the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Other Notes: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ The Anschluss with Austria The Anschluss (spelled Anschluß at the time of the event and is German for "connection" or union, political annexation), also known as the Anschluss Österreichs was the occupation and incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.This was in contrast with the Anschluss movement (Austria and Germany united as one country), which had been attempted since as early as 1918 when the Republic of German-Austria attempted union with Germany but was forbidden the Treaty of Versailles peace treaty. Wednesday 9th March 1938 On the 9 March 1938, in a desperate act, Schuschnigg announced a referendum whereby the Austrian people would decide for themselves if they wanted to be a part of Hitler's Germany. Hitler was furious. If the Austrians voted against joining Germany his excuse for invasion would be ruined. Thursday 10th March 1938 Hitler told his generals to prepare for the invasion of Austria. He ordered Schuschnigg to call off the referendum. Knowing he would receive no help from Italy, and that France and Britain would not interfere in Hitler's plans, Schuschnigg conceded. He called off the referendum and resigned. The Nazi Austrian Interior Minister, Seyss-Inquart, was ordered by Hitler to ask for German help in restoring order in Austria. Friday 11th March 1938 Hitler reassured Czechoslovakia that they had nothing to fear. On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the border to Austria. Austria in the first days of the Third Reich had many contradictions: at one time, Hitler's regime began to tighten its grip in every area of society, beginning with mass arrests as thousands of Austrians tried to escape; yet other Austrians cheered and welcomed the German troops entering their territory. Many Austrian political figures announced their support of the Anschluss and relief that it happened without violence. Question Annotate the source This cartoon was drawn by the British cartoonist Bernard Partridge for the satirical magazine Punch in February 1938. It shows Hitler as a poacher, stealing Austria. Mussolini is shown as a bad gamekeeper, failing to stop him; ‘I never heard a shot, Adolf’’, he is saying.