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Year 10 GCSE Revision
2013/14
League of Nations &
Peacekeeping
Hitler’s Foreign
policy
NAME _______________________________
Topic 2: Peacemaking 1918–1919 and the League of Nations
Key issue: How did the Treaty of Versailles establish peace?
The Paris Peace Conference: the aims of Clemenceau, Lloyd George and
Woodrow Wilson: the Fourteen Points
The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles: Diktat; territorial changes; military
restrictions, war guilt and reparations
The strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles: why Germany
objected to it.
What was the Paris Peace Conference?
Aims of the Allies
Name and
country
Attitude towards Germany and aims for
Conference
Reasons why
Fourteen Points
The Fourteen points were made by Woodrow Wilson, the American president, and were announce to
convince that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. Many
people welcomed his ideas however most of his allies were skeptical about how Woodrow would apply his
idea of idealism.
The speech made by Wilson laid a policy, mainly consisting of self-determination, free trade, democracy &
open arrangements.
•Open covenants of peace
•Freedom of the seas
•The removal so far as possible of all economic barriers
•The reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety
•Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
•The evacuation of all Russian territory
•The evacuation and restoration of Belgium
•The liberation of France and return to her of Alsace and Lorraine
•Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy to conform to clearly recognisable lines of nationality
•The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development
•Evacuation of occupation forces from Romania, Serbia and Montenegro; Serbia should be accorded free
and secure access to the sea
•Autonomous development for the non-Turkish peoples of the Ottoman empire; free passage of the
Dardanelles to the ships and commerce of all nations
•An independent Poland to be established, with free and secure access to the sea
•A general association of nations to be formed to guarantee to its members political independence and
territorial integrity (the genesis of the League of Nations)
The speech was made without prior consultation with Wilson's counterparts in Europe. Clemenceau, on
hearing of the fourteen points, was said to have sarcastically claimed ‘The good Lord only had ten!’
The report was made as negotiation points, and later the Fourteen Points were accepted by France and
Italy on November 1, 1918, the day of the armistice. Britain later signed off on all of the points except the
freedom of the seas. Britain also wanted Germany to make reparation payments of 6.6 billion for the war,
and thought that that should be added to the Fourteen Points.
The speech was delivered 10 months before the armistice with Germany and became the basis for the
terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The Treaty of
Versailles had little to do with the Fourteen Points and was never ratified by the U.S. Senate.
Key issue: Why did the League of Nations fail in its aim to keep peace?
Membership 1919–1939: why and how it changed; implications for the LoN
Organisation, powers and peace keeping role: the Assembly; the Council; the
Permanent Court of Justice; military and economic sanctions
The Manchurian Crisis 1931–1933: events; action taken by the League; effect on
the League as a peace keeping force
The Abyssinian Crisis 1935–1936: events; action taken by the League; effect on
the League as a peacekeeping force
The reasons for the collapse of the League.
Organisations Within the League
The Assembly
The assembly was the league’s parliament.
Every country had a representative in the
assembly. They recommended actions to the
council but the decisions had to be unanimous.
They also had the responsibility of dealing with
the league. They met once a year.
The Permanent Court Of
Justice
The court of justice had the job of settling disputes
between countries. However it had no way of
making sure the countries followed the rules they
set. It was made up of judges from the members.
The Council
The council met five times a year
Military and Economic
sanctions
The leagues members were able to refuse trade
against an aggressor and members countries armed
forces could act against an aggressor if needed.
1919-1920
Treaty of Versailles after WW1 ratifies
formation of League of Nations. Main
members were UK, Canada, France,
Australia, Italy, Japan, China, South Africa,
and many African and South American
countries.
Outcomes of Leagues Actions
1919
USA does not join and Germany excluded at
this time.
Treaty of Versailles deemed as unfair by
countries made to pay reparations.
First assembly held in Geneva in 1920
1922-1926
Geneva Protocols were developed to prevent
members from undermining League by having a
world court where disputes would be dealt
with. Main weakness of this was that it was not
ratified and enabled members to do their own
thing with no repercussions to them
1922 League of Nations mandates lands to
UK and France.
Hungary admitted into League
1924 Geneva Protocols adopted to
strengthen League
1926 Germany admitted to League Brazil
leaves
1933 Hitler’s rise to power in Germany gave him
power to leave League as he was angry over
reparations on Germany had been ratified by
Treaty of Versailles, where league had begun
1933-1937
!935 unable to impose sanctions on Italy as
members took no notice, Germany ally of Italy.
1933 Germany leaves League.
1935 League of Nations places sanctions on
Italy after invasion of Ethiopia
League had no army of its own so could not
send help to Abyssinia, showed great weakness
at this point
1936 Emperer Haile Sellasie of Abyssinia
appeals to League for help after Italys
invasion.
1937 Countries and civilians ignored League’s
ban on fighting, saw it as way of fighting
fascism. People volunteered independently,
League could do nothing as did not have army
of its own or could not impose sanctions
1937 League bans foreign nationals from
fighting in Spanish Civil War.
1937-1946
1937 Italy great friend was Germany whose
leader Hitler was challenging the league and
Europe in his rise of power.
1937 Italy leaves League after 2nd invasion
of Abyssinia.
1938 League bans “ intentional bombing of
civilian populations.
1938 Hitler was invading countries to seize back
lands and in the far east Japan and China were
also causing problems, the league could not
cope again no forces or peace keepers and
could not prevent bombings
1939 Soviet Union expelled for invading
Finland.
1940 World War 2 begins
1945 League collapses United Nations
formed
1945
1939/40 WW2 began and many member states
were fighting each other so league was further
weakened.
The Manchurian crisis
Manchuria was invaded by the Japanese after trade had been stopped. The Japanese wanted a bigger empire and
saw china with its economic crisis as easy to get to so they invaded Manchuria because apparently the Chinese
soldiers interfered with the Japanese railway in Manchuria. The civilian government in Japan told the army to stop
but it was then made clear that the army was in charge.
The league had to interfere because China asked for help but they had to be very careful because Japan was a major
power in the League of Nations. The leagues officials sailed around the world to assess the situation. They took a
year (September 1931 - September 1932) for the league to make a decision. They decided that Japan was in the
wrong and told them to withdraw. They refused but there was nothing the league could do because Japan's army
and navy were too big and they could not defend china with the army the league had.
The league was too weak to stop the Japanese army which caused people to doubt it and also Japan left the League
of Nations and because it is one of the biggest powers because it is not recovering from WW1. The league failed
because it could not agree on what actions to take (like sanctions or even a ban on weapon sales). Britain and France
did not want a war so nothing was done. The league was shown as being powerless in the face if a determined
aggressor.
This cartoon from 1933 by the British cartoonist David Low , is entitled 'the doormat'. What is the cartoonist
suggesting about the league during the Manchurian Crisis ?
Abyssinian Crisis
December 1934 - After a dispute
with Ethiopian soldiers at the wal wal oasis (80km inside Abyssinian)
Mussolini decided to claim that
Abyssinian was Italian territory. He
demanded an apology or prepared
to invade. The Abyssinian emperor
Haile Selanie appealed to the league
for help.
September 4th, 1935 - The league
decided that neither side was to
blame so that made a plan where
Mussolini got some of Abyssinia.
October 1935 - (they) did not oil
banned, Suez canal, water owned
by Britain and France was not
closed to Italian supply ships. This
was Mussolini main supply route
closing it could have ended the
situation. Though not closing it
would result in war.
January 1935 - Abyssinia issue not raised at meeting,
ballot taken by the L.O.N union Britain. It showed British
people thought military force was needed to defend
Abyssinia. because of an election politicians decided to
"get through", At an assembly of the League the British
foreign minister, Hoare, made a ground speech about
Abyssinia to the delight of the league's members and all
the smaller nations. There was much talking and
negotiating but nothing happened to discourage Mussolini.
January 1935 - Mussolini was
shipping his army ready to invade.
January 1935 - Failed to take the
situation seriously. They wanted good
relations with Mussolini because they
seemed to be their strongest ally
against Hitler, ballot taken by the L.O.N
union Britain. It showed British people
thought military force was needed to
defend Abyssinia because of an election
politicians decided to "get through".
September 4th, 1935 Mussolini rejected the leagues
plan.
October 1935 - the
league saw that Mussolini
was in the wrong, so they
enforced an arms ban
sales to Italy. Banned all
loans to Abyssinia.
Banned Italian exports
and imports to Italy.
October 1935 - Mussolini launches a
fall scale invasion
December 1935 - foreign ministers
plan to give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia
to stop the invasion. French
minister wanted to put this plan to
Mussolini before showing it to the
league or Haile Selanie. It was
leaked to the press and this lead to
a league debate about it. Hoare
and Lavel who made the plan were
sacked.
Mussolini (Italy)
February 1936 - the
committee decided that if
they stopped selling oil to
Mussolini they would have
2 months’ supply even
with America supplying
them. It was too late.
Britain and France
The League of Nations
What was the effect on the league as a peacekeeping force?
Which Event Undermined The League of Nations More: Abyssinia or Manchuria?
In the 1930s there was a worldwide depression which Japan tried to overcome by building up its empire. In 1932,
the Japanese army invaded Manchuria and threw out the Chinese. They set up their own government there and
called it Manchukuo. It was at this point that China asked the League to help.
Many countries had important trading links with Japan and the League could not agree on sanctions or even a ban
on weapon sales. In spite of further requests from the League to leave Manchuria, Japan continued its refusal to
vacate the area. The other League members felt it necessary for Japan to leave the League of Nations, even if this
meant losing a part of its vast empire, because Japan continuing to ignore demands undermined the League and
made it look weak. Britain and France did not want war, so nothing was done in retaliation towards Japan. The
Japanese stayed in Manchuria and the League had failed to assert its authority. America’s constant refusal to do
nothing more than speak words of support to the League of Nations had shown just how toothless and helpless the
international community was when it came to enforcing and upholding the peace. A dangerous precedent had been
set.
Mussolini took advantage of the League’s hesitation by sending his army to Africa. He felt able to ignore the League
and invaded Abyssinia because he was after war and the glory that came with it. The League had banned weapon
sales and even placed sanctions upon rubber and metal. The Abyssinian emperor Haile Selassie went to the League
of Nations to appeal for help, but no help was given - in fact, Britain and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to
Italy (the Hoare-Laval pact). Italy conquered Abyssinia. The league had failed again. This was also a cause of why Italy
walked out on the League of Nations and some even say this was a cause of World War 2.
Sources and questions
Answer questions 4 and 5 below
Key issue: How did Hitler challenge and exploit the Treaty of Versailles 1933–
March 1938?
Hitler’s aims in foreign policy
The return of the Saar, 1935
The beginning of rearmament in Germany: withdrawal from the Disarmament
Conference 1933; non-aggression Pact with Poland 1934; reintroduction of
conscription from 1935; Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935
The remilitarisation of the Rhineland 1936
The Anschluss with Austria 1938.
What were the aims of Hitler?
Source A
The Versailles Treaty is worthless. 60 million German hearts and
minds are on fire with anger and shame. They will cry out ‘We want
war!’
Mein Kampf (a book written by Hitler, 1924).
Source B
It will be the duty of German foreign policy to get large spaces to feed
and house the growing population of Germany. Destiny points us
towards Russia.
Hitler, Mein Kampf (1924).
Source C
The menace of Russia hangs over Germany.
All our strength is needed to rescue our nation from this international
snake.
Hitler, Mein Kampf (1924).
The return of the Saar 1935
In _________1935 a plebiscite was held in the____ deciding who should be in control of it. Mostly German
people lived in the Saar so ___ of votes were to re-join Germany,___ to stay with the league and ___ to
join France. This ______ was treated with great celebration in Germany and _______ support for Hitler
who announced there were now no issues between France and Germany. Hitler_______ in the terms of
the treaty of Versailles and got closer to achieving his aim of all _________ German speaking people.
8%
victory
raised
Saar
stayed
90%
January
2%
reuniting
Label this source using the questions to help you
What does the paper in Hitler’s hand represent?
Who do the ghosts represent?
The Remilitarisation of the Rhineland – 7th March 1936
Introduction: Fill in the blanks with the words below
On 7th March 1936 _______ soldiers marched into the _____________. This was against the _______ of
__________ and the __________ pact, which the German government had willingly signed in 1925.
_______ followed up the remilitarisation with promises that Germany would sign a 25-year
___________________ pact and had no further ________ ambitions in Europe. Britain, France and the
________ ___ _______ should have acted against Germany. All that happened was that German action
was condemned by the League but, when a vote was cast, only Soviet Russia voted in favour of imposing
__________ on Germany.
Sanctions
Hitler
German
Versailles
Territorial
Non-aggression
Locarno
Treaty
League of Nations
Rhineland
Exam Question (Jan 2013)
Source C: A Nazi photograph of German troops marching into the Rhineland, March 1936.
8) Study Source C.
Source C shows German soldiers marching unopposed into the Rhineland in March
1936.
Do you agree that the strength of the German army was the main reason why there was no opposition to
Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its content and your
knowledge. (6 marks)
Outcomes of the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland: Fill in the diagram
Outcomes of the
Remilitarisation of
the Rhineland
Other Notes:
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The Anschluss with Austria
The Anschluss (spelled Anschluß at the time of the event and is German for
"connection" or union, political annexation), also known as the Anschluss
Österreichs was the occupation and incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany in
1938.This was in contrast with the Anschluss movement (Austria and Germany
united as one country), which had been attempted since as early as 1918 when the
Republic of German-Austria attempted union with Germany but was forbidden the
Treaty of Versailles peace treaty.
Wednesday 9th March 1938
On the 9 March 1938, in a desperate act, Schuschnigg announced a referendum
whereby the Austrian people would decide for themselves if they wanted to be a
part of Hitler's Germany. Hitler was furious. If the Austrians voted against joining
Germany his excuse for invasion would be ruined.
Thursday 10th March 1938
Hitler told his generals to prepare for the invasion of Austria. He ordered
Schuschnigg to call off the referendum. Knowing he would receive no help from
Italy, and that France and Britain would not interfere in Hitler's plans, Schuschnigg
conceded. He called off the referendum and resigned.
The Nazi Austrian Interior Minister, Seyss-Inquart, was ordered by Hitler to ask for
German help in restoring order in Austria.
Friday 11th March 1938
Hitler reassured Czechoslovakia that they had nothing to fear.
On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the border to Austria. Austria in the first days of the Third Reich
had many contradictions: at one time, Hitler's regime began to tighten its grip in every area of society, beginning with mass arrests as
thousands of Austrians tried to escape; yet other Austrians cheered and welcomed the German troops entering their territory. Many Austrian
political figures announced their support of the Anschluss and relief that it happened without violence.
Question
Annotate the source
This cartoon was drawn by the British
cartoonist Bernard Partridge for the
satirical magazine Punch in February
1938. It shows Hitler as a poacher,
stealing Austria.
Mussolini is shown as a bad gamekeeper, failing to stop him; ‘I never
heard a shot, Adolf’’, he is saying.