Download Chapter 16 Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

Chapter 16 Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation Exam Study Questions
16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function
1. The main functions of respiration are
2. List the four processes of external respiration
1) ______________________________
2) ______________________________
3)
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4)
_______________________________
_______________________________
Define pulmonary ventilation.
16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System
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Upper airways include
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Airways from the larynx through the terminal bronchioles are called the __________________ zone. The
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The respiratory tract includes _____________________ zone and ____________________ zone.
function of this zone is to ______________________________________________
The______________ zone contains the sites of gas exchange. This zone consists of the ______________
bronchioles, terminate in ___________ ducts and lead to _____________.
Name the three types of cells in the alveolus:
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______________; simple squamous epithelium, part of respiratory membrane.
3)
______________; secretes surfactant. Surfactant (decreases or increases) surface tension which
2)
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______________; removes debris and microbes
prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
The thin respiratory membrane consists of the. The thin respiratory membrane consists of the
______epithelium, fused __________membrane and the capillary___________. This respiratory membrane
allows rapid ________.
16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation
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Choose the correct answer for each statement.
a. Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
b. Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)
c. Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
d. Transpulmonary pressure
1) The pressure of the outside air ____.
2) The pressure of air within alveoli___.
3) The pressure fluid inside the pleural space____.
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Palv-Pip=________________________
_____ indicates the distending force across the lungs.
What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated? ____. Its value is most
negative during normal breathing.
7) The difference between ___ and ____ is the pressure gradient that drives ventilation.
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What causes the pneumothorax?
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Define Boyle’s Law.
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How do you calculate the air flow rate?
According to Figure 16.10, during inspiration: breath volume ___ (↑ or↓), Palv ____ (↑ or↓); during
expiration: breath volume_____(↑ or↓), Palv _____ (↑ or↓),
(T/F) When Patm is greater than Palv , expiration occurs.
(Figure 16.12) Inspiration is initiated by ___________ neurons.
Which muscles groups are involved in quiet inspiration?
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Which muscles are involved in active or forceful inspiration ?
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Which one is the passive process?
a. quiet inspiration
b. quiet expiration
c. deep inspiration
d. forceful expiration
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Which muscles are involved in active expiration?
16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
1 Define lung compliance.
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Which of the following increases lung compliance?
a. Surface tension
b. Surfactant
c. Thickened lung tissue
d. Fibrosis
What happens to some premature infants who do not produce surfactant?
Three factors affecting airway resistance (page 464):
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Extrinsic and intrinsic control of bronchiole radius
Factors
Bronchioles
Resistance
constrict or dilate ( ↑ or ↓)
Parasympathetic NS
Air flow ( ↑ or ↓)
Sympathetic NS
Histamine
Epinephrine
Corticosteroids
Carbon dioxide
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