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10.9.2 Analyze the causes of the Cold War, with the free world on one side and Soviet client states on the other,
including competition for influence in such places as Egypt, the Congo, Vietnam, and Chile.
10.9.7 Analyze the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union, including the weakness of the command economy,
burdens of military commitments, and growing resistance to Soviet rule by dissidents in satellite states and the non-Russian
Soviet republics.
World History Unit 8 Benchmark Guide
Name __________________________________________ Period # _______ Date ___________
Page 531: Chapter 17 Section 1 Title: Cold War: _________________________________ Face Off
Main Idea: The opposing economic and political ____________________________ of the United
States and the Soviet Union led to _______________ competition.
Why it Matters Now: The conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union played a major
role in ______________________ the modern world.
Page 531: How did the U.S. alliance with the Soviet Union begin to unravel even before World War II
ended? ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________. What two things did Stalin agree to do at the
Yalta Conference? 1) ________________________________ and 2) __________________________
________________________________________.
Page 532: Interpreting Maps: What do the orange/rust areas on the map represent?
______________________ ________________ What does the thick black line represent? ________
____________________. Note: The countries outlined in white are called “satellite” countries
because they are in the Soviet Union’s orbit.
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Interpreting Charts: Superpower Aims in Europe: Fill in the blanks from the chart on page 532.
United States
Soviet Union
Encourage _________________________ in
Encourage __________________________ in
other countries to help prevent the rise of
other countries as part of a worldwide workers’
Communist governments.
revolution.
Gain ____________ to raw materials and markets
Rebuild its war-ravaged economy ___________
to fuel booming industries.
Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw
materials.
______________ European governments to
________________ Eastern Europe to protect
promote stability and create new markets for U.S.
Soviet borders and balance the U.S. influence in
goods.
Western Europe.
Reunite Germany to _____________________ it
Keep Germany __________________ to prevent
and increase the security of Europe.
its waging war again.
Page 532: Summarizing: Why did the United States and the Soviet Union split after the war? _____
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
Page 533: Shortly after President Truman replaced Roosevelt as president, what statement did Joseph
Stalin make concerning communism and capitalism? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 533: Interpreting Political Cartoons: What do you think the torch
in the cartoon is a symbolic representation of? ___________________.
What do you notice about the torch? ___________________________.
Page 533: Who coined the term “iron curtain? ___________________
_________________________.
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Page 533: Define containment: _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 534: What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine? _________________________________
_____________________________________________.
Page 534: What was the Marshall Plan? ________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Page 534: Making Inferences: What was President Truman's major reason for offering aid to
European countries in the Marshall Plan? (for assistance look at what happened to Czechoslovakia) _____
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Page 534-35: What led the Soviets to place a blockade on West Berlin? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 535: Summarizing: What Soviet actions led to the Berlin airlift? ________________________
_____________________________________________________.
Page 535: Study the History in Depth graphic to answer the following questions:
What is the title of the map? __________________________________________. The city of Munich
was occupied by which Allied power? ____________________________________. What does the
blue/purple arrows represent? ________________________________________. The city of Berlin is
located in the middle of Soviet controlled _____________________________. Look at the smaller
map of just Berlin. Why is Berlin divided into 4 colored areas, just like all of Germany is? _________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________.
Page 535: What action resulted in the formation of NATO? _________________________________.
Page 535: What was the name of the alliance established by European Communist nations in response
to NATO? _____________________________.
Page 535: What did the Berlin Wall symbolize? __________________________________________
_________________________.
Page 536: What is the difference between an atomic bomb and a hydrogen bomb? _______________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
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Page 536: What is brinkmanship? _____________________________________________________
_______________________. Who was the author of this war strategy? ________________________
_______________________. Page 536: Why did the CIA begin secret U-2 flights over the Soviet
Union? __________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 538: Chapter 17 Section 2 Title: ________________________________ Take Power in China
Main Idea: After World War II, Chinese Communists defeated Nationalist forces and _______
separate Chinas emerged.
Why It Matters Now: China ______________ a Communist country and a major power in the world.
Page 538: Which side did the United States support in the Chinese civil war? __________________
Page 539: Recognizing Effects: How did the outcome of the Chinese civil war contribute to Cold
War tensions? ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________ .
Page 539-40: What caused resentment between India and China? _____________________________
___________________________________________________.
Page 540: Analyzing Issues: What aspects of Marxist socialism did Mao try to bring to China?
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
Page 540: What does it mean to nationalize private companies? _____________________________
___________________________________. Large collective farms are called __________________.
Page 540: Describe life in a commune: _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 540: Who profited from the labor performed on communes? _________________________.
Page 540: What was the result of the Great Leap Forward? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Page 540: What issue began to fade cooperation between China and the Soviet Union? ___________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 541: What were the long-term effects of the Cultural Revolution? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
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Page 542: Chapter 17 Section 3 Title: Wars in Korea and Vietnam
Main Idea: In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the _______________
Why It Matters Now: Today, Vietnam is a __________________________ country, and Korea is
split into Communist and non-Communist nations.
Page 542: What is the 38th parallel? ____________________________________________________
_____________________________. Who supplied North Korea with military equipment? ________
___________________________. The North Korean attack put Truman’s policy of
________________________ to the test. Who was the commander of the International force against
North Korea? ___________________________________________________________.
Page 543: Geography Skillbuilder: What do the red arrows represent? _______________________
___________________________________________. Where did the U.S. Marines strike in
September, 1950? _________________. What was the northernmost Korean city UN troops had
reached by November 1950? ________________. Did North or South Korean forces advance farther
into the other’s territory? ____________________________________________________________.
Page 543: What did General MacArthur do that caused president Truman to view his actions as
reckless? __________________________________________________________________________.
Page 543-44: Explain the differences between North and South Korea today? __________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
The Vietnam War
Page 544: What was the principle goal of United States foreign policy following World War II?
__________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 544: What theory became the justification for United States foreign policy in Vietnam? ______
___________________________________.
Page 545: Geography Skillbuilder: Besides Vietnam, what country does the Ho Chi Minh trail pass
through? _________________________. How much of South Vietnam was controlled by the
Vietcong in 1973? _______________________________.
Page 546: What two difficulties did U.S.troops face in Vietnam? 1) _________________________
__________________________________________ and 2) _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
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Page 546: What other countries were helping the Vietcong? _______________________________
_______________________.
Page 546: What was the major reason why president Nixon began withdrawing American troops from
Vietnam? _________________________________________________________________.
Page 547: What happened in Cambodia following the Vietnam War? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Page 547: What happened in Vietnam following the Vietnam War? ___________________________
_______________________________________________.
Page 548: Chapter 17 Section 4 Title: The Cold War ____________________ the World
Main Idea: The superpowers supported ________________________ sides in Latin American and
Middle Eastern conflicts.
Page 549: History in Depth: Study the entire page to answer the questions below
Major Strategies of the Cold War:
How did the two superpowers try to win allies to their side? ________________________________.
The Cuban Missile Crisis is an example of what Cold War strategy? __________________________.
What did Radio Free Europe do? ______________________________________________________
_________________________________.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact are examples of: ___________________________________________.
Map questions:
What do the purple colored countries on the map represent? _________________________________.
Which two nonaligned countries lay between NATO and the Warsaw Pact? ____________________
and _________________________________________. What was the northernmost NATO member
shown on this map? _____________________. Why was an airlift needed to overcome the Soviet
blockade of West Berlin? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________.
Which country on the map is the westernmost NATO member? ______________________.
Why was it relatively easy for the Soviets to cut off highway and rail traffic into West Berlin in 1948
and 1949? ________________________________________________________________________.
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Page 550: What led president Eisenhower to place a trade embargo on Cuba? __________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
Page 551: How did the "Bay of Pigs" failure lead to the Cuban missile crisis? __________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Page 551: How did the Cold War cause a change in U.S. policy toward Nicaragua? ______________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________.
Page 552: Analyzing Motives: Why did the United States support the shah of Iran? _____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 552: What type of government did the Ayatollah Khomeini establish in Iran following the shah’s
departure? _____________________________________________________________________.
Page 552: Why did the Ayatollah allow Islamic revolutionaries in Iran to seize Americans hostages
and hold them for more than one year? __________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Page 553: Why did the United States arm rebels in Afghanistan? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Page 554: Chapter 17 Section 5 Title: The Cold War Thaws
Page 554: What was Kruschev’s opinion of his predecessor Stalin? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 554: The goal of the Soviet policy known as destalinization was to: ______________________
____________________________________________.
Page 554: How did the Hungarian revolt end? ___________________________________________
________________________________.
Page 554-55: How did Brezhnev's leadership of the Soviet Union differ from that of Khrushchev? ___
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ .
Page 555: What was the Brezhnev Doctrine? _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
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Page 555: In the summer of 1968, forces from Warsaw Pact nations invaded:
__________________________________________________.
Page 556: Why did the United States shift from a policy of brinkmanship to détente? ____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________.
Page 556: The policy of détente was mainly intended to: ___________________________________
__________________________________.
Page 557: What was the Strategic Defense Initiative? _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Page 612: Chapter 19 Section 3 Title: The __________________________ of the Soviet Union
Page 612: What is glasnost? _________________________________________________________.
Page 613: What is perestroika? _______________________________________________________.
Page 613: How was the Soviet Union's foreign policy changed by Mikhail Gorbachev? ___________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________ .
Page 614: The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil (read here)
Explain how nationalism triggered the events that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union? _________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ .
Page 615: Geography Skillbuilder: What do the 15 color-coded countries on the map represent? ___
__________________________________________________________________________________
Of the 15 newly independent republics, which one is the farthest north? ________________________.
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The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956 (Paperback)
Editorial Reviews
Book Description
Drawing on his own incarceration and exile, as well as on evidence from more than 200 fellow
prisoners and Soviet archives, Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn reveals the entire apparatus of Soviet
repression -- the state within the state that ruled all-powerfully.
Through truly Shakespearean portraits of its victims -- men, women, and children -- we
encounter secret police operations, labor camps and prisons; the uprooting or extermination of
whole populations, the "welcome" that awaited Russian soldiers who had been German prisoners
of war. Yet we also witness the astounding moral courage of the incorruptible, who, defenseless,
endured great brutality and degradation. The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956 -- a grisly indictment
of a regime, fashioned here into a veritable literary miracle -- has now been updated with a new
introduction that includes the fall of the Soviet Union and Solzhenitsyn's move back to Russia.
Reviewer: Jeffrey Leach (Omaha, NE USA) - See all my reviews
It is a rare occurrence in the history of the human race when a truly great man rises up from the
masses and passes on to the rest of us an eternal truth or knowledge that will serve as a
testament against the forces of evil. Alexander Solzhenitsyn must certainly rank as one of these
great men. All people who live in freedom should speak his name with reverence, and all should
read the unabridged edition of "The Gulag Archipelago," the author's indictment against the most
evil creation mankind ever fashioned: Marxist-Leninist Communism.
Like other great men, Solzhenitsyn's early life gave little indication of the monumental importance
he would one day achieve. But one day, while serving as an officer in the Soviet army during
WWII, something happened to our author that happened to so many others under the Soviet
regime: Solzhenitsyn was arrested for insubordination, sentenced to eight years, and thrown into
the gaping maw of the Gulag prison system. Unfortunately for the memory of the "Great Father"
(read Joey Stalin), this obscure army officer lived to tell the tale of all he saw and heard during
his imprisonment. The result is the voluminous three volume series presented here in translation.
"The Gulag Archipelago" serves as both an indictment of the evil Soviet regime and as a memorial
for the untold millions who died in the camps.
The overarching theme of this book is the process, from start to finish, of internment in the Gulag
system. Starting with the dreaded "knock in the middle of the night," the author traces the
nightmare of incarceration through the interrogation, the sentencing, the transportation to the
prison camps, the grinding work conditions of the camps, and the eventual release into eternal
exile or tentative freedom. Solzhenitsyn repeatedly delves into historical analysis, biography,
journalism, philosophical musings, and literature to present his account. What emerges is page
after page of heartrending suffering that is nearly incomprehensible to any sane human mind. The
endless accounts of cruelty sicken the soul and should strike anyone who thinks communism is a
great system of government deaf and dumb.
Volume one begins the harrowing odyssey into madness, outlining Solzhenitsyn's own arrest, the
endless waves of people that fed the prison system, the interrogation procedures used to elicit
false confessions to meaningless crimes, the dreaded Soviet criminal code containing the
notorious "Article 58" under which millions went to jail as political prisoners, the disintegration of
the Soviet legal system to what basically amounted to a rubber stamp type of sentencing, and the
transportation of prisoners via train to the eastern reaches of the Soviet empire.
Volume two deals mainly with camp life, with all of the trials and travails a person faced and how
people struggled to survive. It is here we learn about Stalin's canal building projects and the
thousands who died to fulfill the sick dreams of a ruthless sociopath. We see the horrible rations
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prisoners were forced to survive upon while having their ears filled with disgusting propaganda
about how their work was important in helping to create the worker's paradise. The second
volume also contains a history about how the gulag system emerged and how it spread, a
discussion about loyal communists who so internalized the party belief system that they refused
to believe Stalin sold them out, and chapters about the different types of people confined to the
gulag (trusties, thieves, kids, women, and politicals).
Volume three focuses mostly on prisoner defiance of the terrible conditions in the prisons,
discussing escape attempts (especially Georgi Tenno, a hero to the human race and indefatigable
in his disobedience of the Soviet authorities), and outright prison revolts where the entire
population of a prison banded together against the common evil. We then see Solzhenitsyn's
release into exile and his ultimate "rehabilitation" after the death of Stalin and the rise of
Khrushchev and his "moderate" reforms. The series ends with a call for more investigations into
Soviet atrocities committed in the gulags.
No summary could completely outline the scope of this book; so enormous is the amount of detail
held in these pages. The reader is tirelessly assailed with the names of those butchered under the
hammer and sickle. Predictably, most of the blame for these murders falls on Comrade Stalin,
author of the kulakization pogroms, the endless political purges, and the continuous sufferings
inflicted on the various peoples under his control. Always referring to this beast in the most
insolent and sarcastic tones imaginable, Solzhenitsyn rightly calls Stalin "Satan." Hitler was a
mere schoolboy when held up to the unholy terror of the "great" Dzhugashvili.
Still, one gets the sense of the majesty and power of the great Russian people in these accounts.
Nothing will keep these people down for long. Everything the camps threw at these many of these
wondrous creatures failed to break their spirit. They figured out how to lessen the back breaking
labor of the camps, learned how to stay alive on rations barely fit for a dog, struggled to escape
the chains that bound them to the death camps. Although the author laments the docility of those
serving sentences, there are enough tales of bravery and defiance to warm the most cynical
heart.
I highly recommend reading the unabridged version of "The Gulag Archipelago." There used to be
an abridged version of some 900 pages floating around, but only the 2000-page edition brings
home the full scope of the evils of communism. Accessibility is a problem, but stare into the eyes
of Yelizaveta Yevgenyevna Anichkova on page 488 in the first volume and tell me her memory
does not deserve an effort on your part to read every page of one of the most important books
ever written.
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