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LIFE SCIENCE II EXAM #3 KEY WORDS/CONCEPTS HEART/BLOOD: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, HEART BLOOD VESSELS, BLOOD; FUNCTIONS: CARRY GASES, NUTRIENTS, WASTES, IMPORTANT FOR RESPIRATORY, DISGESTIVE, URINARY SYSTEMS; BLOOD: RED, WHITE CELLS, PLATELETS, NUTRIENTS, VITAMINS, MINERALS, WATER, WASTES, GASES (O2, CO2), HORMONES, PROTEINS (HEMOGLOBIN), CELLS VS. PLASMA, O2 NEEDED FOR CELL RESPIRATION; CO2- WASTE FROM CELL RESPIRATION, LUNGS, EXHALATION; BLOOD CELLS- RED BLOOD CELLS; RED BLOOD CELLS- NO NUCLEUS, STEM CELLS, WHITE CELLS: IMMUNE SYSTEM, PLATELETS: CLOTTING: NORMAL VS. ABNORMAL, PLASMA: PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, FIBRINOGEN, IMMNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES), LIPOPROTEINS, BLOOD VESSELS: ARTERY, ARTERIOLE, CAPILLARY, VENULE, VEIN, CIRCULATION: HEART ARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS HEART; VASOCONSTRICTION, VASODILATION, PULSE, RESTING HEART RATE, BE ABLE TO TRACE BLOOD FROM CAPILLARY BED THROUGH HEART BACK TO CAPILLARY BED; ATRIA, VALVES, VENTRICLES, PULMONARY ARTERIES, VEINS, AORTA, OXYGENATED VS. DEOXYGENATED BLOOD, HEART MURMURS, HEART SOUNDS, CAPILLARY BED: EXCHANGE OXYGEN, GLUCOSE INTO TISSUES, CO2 OUT OF TISSUES INTO CAPILLARIES: DIFFUSION, CONCENTRATION GRADIENT: IN/OUT BLOOD, IN/OUT LUNGS, IN/OUT TISSUES; WATER DIFFUSION BY OSMOSIS IN CAPILLARY BED; VEINS HAVE VALVES- PREVENT BACKFLOW, VARICOSE VEINS, WILLIAM HARVEY, CARDIAC CYCLE: PUMPING AND FILLING; DIASTOLE; ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES; SYSTOLE, SEMILUNAR VALVES; HEART MURMURS; SYSTOLIC VS. DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VELOCITY; CARDIAC MUSCLESINHERENT ABILITY TO CONTRACT; NERVES AND HORMONES AFFECT HEART RATE; PACEMAKER (SINOATRIAL NODE); ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; HEART APEX; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG); ARRHYTHMIAS; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; DEFIBRILLATORS; ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKERS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; MYOCARDIUM, CORONARY ARTERIES, FATTY STREAKS/THICKENINGS IN CHILDREN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS (CHOLESTEROL, PROTEIN, CALCIUM, SCAR TISSUE BUILDUP IN ARTERIES), PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE, HEART ATTACKS, CAROTID ARTERY BLOCKAGE, STROKEBRAIN ARTERIES, HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS: MEN VS. WOMEN, FAMILY HISTORY, AGE, GENETICS, SMOKING, LDL VS. HDL, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, DIABETES, OBESITY, SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE, JOB STRESS, SATURATED FAT, TRANS FAT, CHOLESTEROL, SALT, FIBER, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, EXERCISE; HYPERTENSION: 140/90, SYSTOLIC/DIASTOLIC, HIGH DIETARY SODIUM (MAJOR SOURCE PROCESSED FOODS): HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART ATTACK, STROKE, HEART AND KIDNEY FAILURE; RECOMMENDED LIMIT/DAY OF SODIUM (1500 MILLIGRAMS); KIDNEY STONES IN CHILDRENHIGH SODIUM INTAKE; POTASSIUM: ANI-SALT: RECOMMENDED: 4700 MILLIGRAMS/DAY- REDUCED RISK OF ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE, 1 STROKE, KIDNEY STONES, BONE LOSS; GOOD SOURCE POTASSIUM: FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: DEFINITION RESPIRATION, O2 INTO LUNGS METABOLISM; CO2: METABOLIC WASTE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY: NOSE, MOUTH, PHARYNX, LARYNX, VOCAL CORDS, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI (GAS EXCHANGE); CILIA, MUCUS, LUNG BLOOD SUPPLY, VENTILATION: AIR IN (INHALATION), AIR OUR (EXHALATION), THORACIC CAVITY, CHANGES IN DIAPHRAGM, RIB MUSCLES DURING BREATHING, O2 UPTAKE BY TISSUES, CO2 REMOVAL BY LUNGS; BREATHING CENTER IN MEDULLA OBLOGATA RESPONDS TO CO2 IN BLOOD- REACTS WITH H2O TO FORM CARBONIC ACID, DROP IN PH; IMPULSES TO RIBS AND DIAPHRAGM: INCREASE INHALATION- EXHALE CO2, RESTORE NORMAL PH; BREATHING RATE AND CELL RESPIRATION CLOSELY COORDINATED; WHY YOU CAN’T HOLD BREATH VERY LONG: BUILD UP OF CO2 IN BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BATHING BRAIN; SECONDARY O2 SENSORS IN AORTA AND CAROTID ARTERIES: DETECT LOW O2 IN BLOOD, IMPULSES GO TO MEDULLA OBLONGATA, INCREASE BREATHING RATE; FETUS DOESN’T BREATH AIR; O2 COMES TO PLACENTA FROM MOM’S BLOOD- DIFFUSES INTO FETAL CAPILLARIES IN PLACENTA; CO2 WASTE FROM FETAL METABOLISM DIFFUSES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION. MOM BREATHING FOR HERSELF AND FETUS; AT BIRTH, SEPARATION OF PLACENTA FROM WOMB, CO2 BUILDS UP IN FETAL BLOOD, MEDULLA OBLONGATA RESPONDS, BABY TAKES FIRST BREATH; SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY DANGER: REDUCE O2 TO FETUS BLOOD, CARCINOGENS PASS INTO PLACENTA FROM MOM’S CIGARETTES; PNEUMONIA- INFLAMMATION, CAUSES; ASTHMA: BRONCHOSPASM, MUCUS IN AIRWAYS, ASTHMA CAUSES: OCCURS IN FAMILIES, ALLERGIES, CHEMICAL IRRITANTS, COCKROACHES; EMPHYSEMA: ALVEOLI WALLS OVERSTRETCHED/RUPTURE; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS: BRONCHIAL TUBE INFLAMMATION; LUNG CANCER: MEN AND WOMEN, PASSIVE SMOKING; COPD- EMPHYSEMA + BRONCHITIS; LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION THERAPY; SLEEP APNEA, CPAP, SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: “BACK TO SLEEP”; CRUCIFIXION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: HYPOVOLEMIA, SHOCK, INTERFERENCE WITH EXHALATION, CO2 BUILDUP, ACIDOSIS, EXHAUSTION ASPHYXIA (LOW O2, HIGH CO2). EXCRETORY SYSTEM: DEFINITION OF EXCRETION; FILTERING, RECLAIMING; UREA (WASTE) COMES FROM BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS, KIDNEYS, DIALYSIS MACHINE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS, GOOD DONOR MATCH; KIDNEY FUNCTIONS: CLEANSE BLOOD OF WASTES, CONTROL BLOOD VOLUME, CONTROL SODIUM/POTASSIUM BALANCE; KEEP BLOOD PH NORMAL; KIDNEYS URETERS URINARY BLADDER URINE URETHRA OUTSIDE OF BODY; RENAL ARTEY INTO KIDNEYS, RENAL VEINS CARRY BLOOD OUT FROM KIDNEYS; NEPHRONS: FILTERING UNITS; BOWMAN’S CAPSULE, COLLECTS FILTERED PLASMA; TUBULES, COLLECTING DUCTS, RENAL PELVIS (CAVITY); GLOMERULUS= BALL OF CAPILLARIES INSIDE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE; CREATININ = WASTE FROM MUSCLE CONTRACTION; FILTRATION: FIRST ACTIVITY OF KIDNEY; SECOND ACTIVITY: REABSORPTION: SAVE (GOOD) THINGS RETURN TO BLOOD; 2 SODIUM + H2O (OSMOSIS): RETURN TO CAPILLARIES SURROUNDING TUBULES; THIRD ACTIVITY: SECRETION: HYDROGEN IONS (H+), POTASSIUM, POISONS: CAPILLARIES TUBULES URINE; FOURTH ACTIVITY: CONCENTRATION AND EXCRETION (REMOVAL OF WASTE): RETURN MORE WATER TO BLOOD, CONCENTRATE WASTES; IMPORATNT FOR LAND ANIMALS- SAVE WATER; OUR KIDNEYS EVOLVED TO CONSERVE SODIUM AND EXCRETE POTASSIUM (CAVEMEN DIET) (HOMEOSTASIS); TODAY’S DIET: KIDNEY’S OVERLOADED WITH SODIUM: RESULT- HYPERTENSION; DIETARY APPROACHES TO STOP HYPERTENSION (DASH): EATING PLAN: FRUITS, VEGETABLES, LOW FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS, LESS RED MEAT, LESS PROCESSED FOODS; DESERT CONDITIONS: BODY LOSING WATER; BRAIN HYPOTHALAMUS DETECTS CHANGE IN BLOOD VOLUME PITUITARY ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH); DIURETIC= INCREASED URINE SECRETION; ADH CAUSES KIDNEYS TO REABSORB MORE WATER BACK INTO BLOOD; DRINK BOTTLES OF WATER, DECREASE RELEASE OF ADH AS BLOOD VOLUME INCREASES; KIDNEYS REABSORB LESS WATER: RESULT INCREASED URINE SECRETION; URETHRA SURROUNDED BY PROSTATE IN MEN; ENLARGED PROSTATE, DIFFICULTY URINATING; URINATION: BLADDED MUSCLES CONTRACT, EXTERNAL SPHINCTER RELAXES; KIDNEY STONES: CALCIUM (OXALATE), URIC ACID; RISK FACTORS FOR KIDNEY STONES; SURGERY, MEDICINE TO RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLES, SHOCK WAVES; GOOD BACTERIA (OXALOBACTER) BREAK DOWN OXALATE IN DIETARY FOODS, REDUCE RISK KIDNEY STONES; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, E. COLI, BLADDER INFECTION (CYSTITIS), URETHRA INFECTION (URETHRITIS); CRANBERRY JUICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE: INSULIN DEFICIENCY (PANCREAS), DECREASED INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN TISSUES (INSULIN RESISTANCE); HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE: KIDNEY FILTRATION OF GLUCOSE > REABSORPTION BACK INTO BLOOD; RENAL THRESHOLD SURPASSED: GLUCOSE SPILLS INTO URINE, FREQUENT URINATION, EXCESSIVE THIRST; FAT BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY KETONES, KETOACIDOSIS. IMMUNOLOGY: IMMUNE SYSTEM- CELLS AND PROTEINS; KILL INVADING MICOORGANISMS (MICROBES); ANTIGEN, IMMUNITY, MACROPHAGES ATTACK BACTERIA; VACCINATIONS, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNE SYSTEM “MEMORY”; ACTIVE IMMUNITY, PASSIVE IMMUNITY, GAMMA GLOBULIN SHOTS, PATHOGEN, FIRST LINES OF DEFENSE: EPITHELIUM, TEARS, SALIVA, CILIA, GASTRIC JUICE/ACID, LOW PH- URINE; SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: WHITE BLOOD CELLS (PHAGOCYTES): MACROPHAGES, MICROPHAGES, LYMPH NODES; GENERAL IMMUNE RESPONSE: INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INVASION OF BACTERIA: SKIN PUNCTURE, HISTAMINE RELEASE, VASODILATION, SWELLING/REDNESS, COMPLEMENT PROTEINS: CUT HOLES IN BACTERIAL MEMBRANES; FIBRIN CLOT SEALS PUNCTURE; SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE: ANTIBODY IMMUNE RESPONSE (B CELLS); CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE (T CELLS); “B” CELLS PRODUCED IN BONE MARROW, MIGRATE TO SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES; ON B CELL’S MEMBRANE: ANTIBODIES- BIND TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; 1 TYPE OF B CELL FORMS CLONES (EXACT GENETIC COPIES)- PROVIDES “MEMORY” FOR 3 FUTURE MICROBE ATTACKS (INVASIONS); OTHER TYPE OF B CELL: RELEASES ANTIBODIES INTO BLOOD; CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE: “T” CELLS PRODUCED ALSO IN BONE M,ARROW THYMUS GLAND TO BECOME SPECIALIZED: ATTACK VIRUSES HIDING INSIDE CELLS; VIRUS ATTACK COORDINATED BY HELPER T CELLS (CD4 CELLS); AIDS, HIV: ATTACKS CD4 CELLS; WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM; PERSON SUSCEPTIBLE TO OTHER VIRUSES, BACTERIA, FUNGI, PARASITES, PNEUMONIA, CANCER; HIV= RNA VIRUS, RETROVIRUS USES RNA TO MAKE DNA, VIRUS REPLICATION INSIDE CD4 CELLS USING CD4’S OWN DNA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; AIDS VACCINE PROBLEMS: HIV MUTATES, REPLICATES QUICKLY; AIDS COCKTAIL, AIDS PATIENTS- SURVIVORS: MEDICAL CONDITIONS WITH AGE DUE TO ORIGINAL DAMAGE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM + COCKTAIL OF DRUGS- MEDICAL CONDITIONS WITH AGE; HOW YOU DO/DON’T GET AIDS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE: SELF VS NON-SELF; ANTIBODIES ATTACK NORMAL TISSUEEXAMPLES: RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, TYPE 1 DIABETES, LUPUS; ALLERGIES- HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; GENETICS; ANTIGENS= ALLERGENS; EXAMPLES OF ALLERGENS: TREE, GRASS, WEED POLLEN, SPORES, DUST MITE/COCKROACH DROPPINGS, ANIMAL DANDER, MOLD; OVERPRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY (IGE); HAY FEVER, MAST CELLS: HISTAMINE RELEASE, INFLAMMATION RESPONSE, DUST MITES: ASTHMA ATTACKS, ANTIHISTAMINES; ALLERGY TESTING, IMMUNOTHERAPY (ALLERGY SHOTS); ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK, EPIPEN; PEANUT ALLERGIES; ORGAN TRANSPLANTS; REJECTION; DONOR-RECIPIENT MATCH (CELL SURFACE PROTEINS); TISSUE TYPING; ID TWINS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS; AUTOGRAFTS; BONE MARROW, DONOR PROGRAMS (WORLDWIDE); ANIMAL TO HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANTS: XENOTRANSPLANTATION; TRANSGENIC PIGS; SUPERBUGS- ANTIBIOTIC DRUG RESISTANCE; WAYS TO CONTROL SUPERBUGS IN HOSPITALS; HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS; HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHILDREN. 4