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SOME FACTS TO REVIEW FOR SKELETAL TEST Study Chapter 7 questions, all notes, diagrams, worksheets, labs, words on the Bingo card,etc….. CHAPTER 7 1. TYPES OF BONES-EXAMPLES 2. LABEL DIAGRAM OF LONG BONE 3. LABEL AN OSTEON 4. DIPLOE 5. TYPES OF BONE CELLS 6. BONE MARROW/MYELOID TISSUE—RED/YELLOW MARROW 7. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON 8. FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM-KNOW DIAGRAM WITH THYROID AND PARATHYROID 9. ENDOCHONDRAL AND INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION->TYPES OF BONES 10. APPOSITONAL AND LENGTHWISE GROWTH 11. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE/EPIPHYSEAL LINE 12. FRACTURE REPAIR 4 STEPS 13. CHART OF 3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE 14. BONE NEOPLASMS- OSTEOSARCOMA 15.SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES OF BONE DISEASES-OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOMYELITIS CHAPTER 8 1. AXIAL SKELETON-CRANIUM, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON-ARMS, LEGS, AND THE GIRDLES 3. BONE MARKINGS 214-KNOW ONES WE MARKED! 4. SINUSES-LIGHTEN SKULL 5. SUTURES-KNOW ONES WE STUDIED 6. FONTANELS-“SOFT SPOTS”-OSSIFICATION INCOMPLETE AT BIRTH ALLOW COMPRESSION OF SKULL AT BIRTH 7. CRIBRIFORM PLATE-GREAT CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE SEPARATES NASAL AND CRANIAL CAVITIES REAL HAZARDS: IF DAMAGED, INFECTIOUS MATERIAL MAY PASS FROM NASAL CAVITY INTO CRANIAL CAVITIES IF FRAGMENTS OF FRACTURED NASAL BONE ARE PUSHED THRU CRIBRIFORM PLATE, MAY TEAR COVERINGS OF BRAIN OR ENTER BRAIN ITSELF 8. HYOID BONE-ONLY BONE THAT ARTICULATES WITH NO OTHER BONES ATTACHES TO EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLES AND CERTAIN MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH 9.SESAMOID BONES—APPEAR IN TENDONS—PATELLA IS AN EXAMPLE 10. COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE PELVISES MALE FEMALE NARROWER WIDER DEEPER SHORTER/ROOMIER OUTLET RELATIVELY SMALL OUTLET RELATIVE LARGE SACRUM:LONG/NARROW SACRUM:SHORT/WIDE COCCYX:LESS MOVABLE COCCYX:MORE MOVEABLE PUBIC ARCH: LESS THAN 900 ANGLE PUBIC ARCH: MORE THAN 900 ANGLE ISCHIAL SPINE: TURNED INWARD ISCHIAL SPINE: TURNED OUTWARD 11. BONE FRACTURES/OPEN AND CLOSED REDUCTION PAGE 248-9 SIMPLE, COMPOUND, GREENSTICK FRACTURES 12. ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINE A. SCOLIOSIS (LATERAL CURVATURE) B. KYPHOSIS (EXTREME DORSAL CURVATURE OF THORACIC VERTEBRAE) C. LORDOSIS (EXTREME VENTRAL CURVATURE OF LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) ALL INTERFERE WITH NORMAL BREATHING, POSTURE, AND OTHER VITAL FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 9 1. ARTICULATION -JOINT-POINT OF CONTACT BETWEEN BONES 2. LIGAMENTS HOLD BONES TOGETHER 3. TENDONS HOLD MUSCLE TO BONE 4. 2 WAYS TO CLASSIFY JOINTS A. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION-TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PRESENT (CARTILAGINOUS OR FIBROUS JOINTS) OR PRESENCE OF FLUID-FILLED JOINT CAPSULE B. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION-TYPE OF MOVEMENT FUNCTIONAL SYNARTHROSES JOINT CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURAL DEGREE OF MOVEMENT FIBROUS IMMOVABLE AMPHIARTHROSES CARTILAGINOUS SLIGHTLY MOVABLE DIARTHROSES SYNOVIAL FREELY MOVABLE 5. STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Joint Capsule-formed by extensions of periosteum Synovial membrane-produces synovial fluid Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage covering bone ends Joint cavity Menisci-articular disc of fibrocartilage-pads between bones in some joints Ligaments Bursae-closed pillow like structures which are filled with synovial fluid- 6. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS—PICTURES ON PAGE 261 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hinge Joints-(flex/extend)—humerus/ulna—knee---phalanges Pivot Joints-C-1/C-2—neck Saddle Joints-only 2 in body-thumbs-makes opposable thumb possible Ball and Socket Joints- shoulder joints and hip joints Gliding Joints-articular surfaces between vertebrae EXAMPLE SUTURES, DISTAL ENDS OF RADIUS AND ULNA, TOOTH ROOT SOCKET PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, COSTAL CARTILAGE, VERTEBRAL DISCS SHOULDER, HIP 7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOVEMENT 1. FLEXION 2. EXTENSION 3. ROTATION 4. CIRCUMDUCTION 5. ABDUCTION 6. ADDUCTION 7. SUPINATION 8. PRONATION 9. DORSIFLEXION 10. PLANTAR FLEXION 11. INVERSION 12. EVERSION 8. JOINT DISORDERS Non inflammatory Disease 1. Osteoarthritis-Degenerative Joint Disease Wear and Tear-Articular cartilage no longer acts as “shock absorber” Bony spurs form, synovial membranes thicken, and ligaments calcify No known cause-no treatment to stop degeneration-NSAIDs-Nonsteroidal Inflammatory Disease 1. Arthritis-LOOK AT PICTURES ON PAGE 274 (1) Rheumatoid Arthritis-Autoimmune disease-Systemic disease-affects many organs-BV, lungs, eyes, heart…Corticosteroids (Cortisone) (2) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis—similar but more severe than RA More common in girls-Destroys growth of cartilage and long bones (3) Gouty Arthritis-Metabolic disorder where excess blood levels of URIC ACID are deposited in joints and other tissues (TOPHI)-Need drug to inhibit synthesis of uric acid BONE LAB-CALCULATE % WATER LOSS FUNCTION OF WATER FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM??? BLOOD CLOTTING, STRONG BONES, MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION, MITOSIS, CELL MEMBRANE FORMATION