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Study Chapter 7 questions, all notes, diagrams, worksheets, labs, words on the Bingo card,etc…..
CHAPTER 7
1. TYPES OF BONES-EXAMPLES
2. LABEL DIAGRAM OF LONG BONE
3. LABEL AN OSTEON
4. DIPLOE
5. TYPES OF BONE CELLS
6. BONE MARROW/MYELOID TISSUE—RED/YELLOW MARROW
7. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON
8. FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM-KNOW DIAGRAM WITH THYROID AND PARATHYROID
9. ENDOCHONDRAL AND INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION->TYPES OF BONES
10. APPOSITONAL AND LENGTHWISE GROWTH
11. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE/EPIPHYSEAL LINE
12. FRACTURE REPAIR 4 STEPS
13. CHART OF 3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE
14. BONE NEOPLASMS- OSTEOSARCOMA
15.SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES OF BONE DISEASES-OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOMYELITIS
CHAPTER 8
1. AXIAL SKELETON-CRANIUM, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON-ARMS, LEGS, AND THE GIRDLES
3. BONE MARKINGS 214-KNOW ONES WE MARKED!
4. SINUSES-LIGHTEN SKULL
5. SUTURES-KNOW ONES WE STUDIED
6. FONTANELS-“SOFT SPOTS”-OSSIFICATION INCOMPLETE AT BIRTH ALLOW COMPRESSION OF
SKULL AT BIRTH
7. CRIBRIFORM PLATE-GREAT CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
SEPARATES NASAL AND CRANIAL CAVITIES
REAL HAZARDS:
IF DAMAGED, INFECTIOUS MATERIAL MAY PASS FROM NASAL
CAVITY INTO CRANIAL CAVITIES
IF FRAGMENTS OF FRACTURED NASAL BONE ARE PUSHED THRU CRIBRIFORM PLATE,
MAY TEAR COVERINGS OF BRAIN OR ENTER BRAIN ITSELF
8. HYOID BONE-ONLY BONE THAT ARTICULATES WITH NO OTHER BONES ATTACHES TO EXTRINSIC
TONGUE MUSCLES AND CERTAIN MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
9.SESAMOID BONES—APPEAR IN TENDONS—PATELLA IS AN EXAMPLE
10. COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE PELVISES
MALE
FEMALE
NARROWER
WIDER
DEEPER
SHORTER/ROOMIER
OUTLET RELATIVELY SMALL
OUTLET RELATIVE LARGE
SACRUM:LONG/NARROW
SACRUM:SHORT/WIDE
COCCYX:LESS MOVABLE
COCCYX:MORE MOVEABLE
PUBIC ARCH: LESS THAN 900 ANGLE
PUBIC ARCH: MORE THAN 900 ANGLE
ISCHIAL SPINE: TURNED INWARD
ISCHIAL SPINE: TURNED OUTWARD
11. BONE FRACTURES/OPEN AND CLOSED REDUCTION PAGE 248-9
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, GREENSTICK FRACTURES
12. ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINE
A. SCOLIOSIS (LATERAL CURVATURE)
B. KYPHOSIS (EXTREME DORSAL CURVATURE OF THORACIC VERTEBRAE)
C. LORDOSIS (EXTREME VENTRAL CURVATURE OF LUMBAR VERTEBRAE)
ALL INTERFERE WITH NORMAL BREATHING, POSTURE, AND OTHER VITAL FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 9
1. ARTICULATION -JOINT-POINT OF CONTACT BETWEEN BONES
2. LIGAMENTS HOLD BONES TOGETHER
3. TENDONS HOLD MUSCLE TO BONE
4. 2 WAYS TO CLASSIFY JOINTS
A. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION-TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PRESENT
(CARTILAGINOUS OR FIBROUS JOINTS) OR PRESENCE OF FLUID-FILLED
JOINT CAPSULE
B. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION-TYPE OF MOVEMENT
FUNCTIONAL
SYNARTHROSES
JOINT CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL
DEGREE OF MOVEMENT
FIBROUS
IMMOVABLE
AMPHIARTHROSES
CARTILAGINOUS
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE
DIARTHROSES
SYNOVIAL
FREELY MOVABLE
5. STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Joint Capsule-formed by extensions of periosteum
Synovial membrane-produces synovial fluid
Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
Joint cavity
Menisci-articular disc of fibrocartilage-pads between bones in some joints
Ligaments
Bursae-closed pillow like structures which are filled with synovial fluid-
6. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS—PICTURES ON PAGE 261
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hinge Joints-(flex/extend)—humerus/ulna—knee---phalanges
Pivot Joints-C-1/C-2—neck
Saddle Joints-only 2 in body-thumbs-makes opposable thumb possible
Ball and Socket Joints- shoulder joints and hip joints
Gliding Joints-articular surfaces between vertebrae
EXAMPLE
SUTURES, DISTAL
ENDS OF RADIUS AND
ULNA, TOOTH ROOT
SOCKET
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS,
COSTAL CARTILAGE,
VERTEBRAL DISCS
SHOULDER, HIP
7. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOVEMENT
1. FLEXION
2. EXTENSION
3. ROTATION
4. CIRCUMDUCTION
5. ABDUCTION
6. ADDUCTION
7. SUPINATION
8. PRONATION
9. DORSIFLEXION
10. PLANTAR FLEXION
11. INVERSION
12. EVERSION
8. JOINT DISORDERS
Non inflammatory Disease
1. Osteoarthritis-Degenerative Joint Disease
Wear and Tear-Articular cartilage no longer acts as “shock absorber”
Bony spurs form, synovial membranes thicken, and ligaments calcify
No known cause-no treatment to stop degeneration-NSAIDs-Nonsteroidal
Inflammatory Disease
1. Arthritis-LOOK AT PICTURES ON PAGE 274
(1) Rheumatoid Arthritis-Autoimmune disease-Systemic disease-affects
many organs-BV, lungs, eyes, heart…Corticosteroids (Cortisone)
(2) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis—similar but more severe than RA
More common in girls-Destroys growth of cartilage and long bones
(3) Gouty Arthritis-Metabolic disorder where excess blood levels of URIC ACID are
deposited in joints and other tissues (TOPHI)-Need drug to inhibit synthesis of
uric acid
BONE LAB-CALCULATE % WATER LOSS
FUNCTION OF WATER
FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM???
BLOOD CLOTTING, STRONG BONES, MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION, MITOSIS, CELL MEMBRANE FORMATION