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04 - WWII and the Holocaust - REGULAR
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Outline of
Study Guide
LEADING UP TO WWII
EUROPEAN THEATER
HOLOCAUST
PACIFIC THEATER
Treaty of
Versailles
(1918)
- ended WWI
- many of Wilson's 14 points rejected
1) surrender of German Territory
2) reparations to Britain and France
3) occupation of Rhineland by Allies
4) Germany had to admit guilt for starting war
5) League of Nations established
Weimar
Republic
- the democratic government which ruled over
Germany form 1919 to 1933
- Germany's first democracy and it failed
miserably
- unpopular
- accepted the war reparations of the Treaty of
Versailles (both of which were unpopular)
- anger over the Treaty of Versailles and the
Weimar Republic helped Hitler come to power
AntiComintern
Pact (1936)
- signed by Japan and Germany (later ratified
by Italy)
- in opposition to Communism
- foundation for diplomatic alliance between
Japan, Germany and Italy
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi
Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (19331945)
- fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf
(1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and
after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator
- aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the
invasion of Poland (1939) and World War II
- exterminated of millions of people, especially
European Jews
- committed suicide when the collapse of the
Third Reich was imminent (1945) #notsad
Neville
- Great British prime minister who advocated
Chamberlain peace and a policy of appeasement
- famous for appeasing Hitler
- declared that Britain and France would fight
if Hitler attacked Poland
- said, "a peace in our time"
Edouard
Daladier
- a French Socialist politician
- Prime Minister of France at the beginning of
World War II
- French negotiator of the Munich Pact with
Hitler
- appeased Hitler
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appeasement
- a policy of making concessions to an
aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war
- associated with Neville Chamberlain's
policy of making concessions to Adolf
Hitler
- Great Britain and France allow Hitler to
build up fortifications in the RHINELAND
- Great Britain and France allow Hitler to
merge with AUSTRIA (called "Anschluss")
- Great Britain and France allow Hitler to
annex the SUDETENLAND (part of
Czechoslovakia) as part of the Munich Pact
Munich Pact
(1938)
- signed between Great Britain, Gemany,
and France that gave part of
Czechoslovakia to Germany
- Chamberlain famously said it guaranteed
"peace in our time"
Czechoslovakia - 1939 Hitler occupies Czechoslovakia and
violates Munich Pact / Agreement
World War II
- a war fought from 1939 to 1945 between
the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
and the Allies (France and Britain, and later
the Soviet Union and the United States)
- US remained neutral until Pearl Harbor
- US and Allies won due to: political and
military cooperation, industrial production,
and scientific advancements
- US emerged as a world power
- approximately 50 million killed (Soviet
Union suffered the most casualties)
EUROPEAN
THEATER
- area of heavy fighting across Europe
during WWII from September 1, 1939 to
May 8, 1945
- Allied forces fought the Axis powers in
three (sub)theaters:
1. the Eastern Front
2. the Western Front
3. the Mediterranean Theater
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Axis Powers
- alliance between Germany, Italy, Japan
(WWII)
- Soviet Union DID NOT become a member
as a result of their Non-Aggression Pact
with Germany
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Allied Powers
- France, Britain, USSR, United States, and
China as well as 45 other countries that
opposed the Axis powers in World War II
- didn't include Switzerland... Switzerland
always gets to be neutral
NonAggression
Pact (1939)
- Secret agreement between German
leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not
to attack one another and to divide Poland
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blitzkrieg
- "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare
used by German forces against Poland in 1939
- 3 phases:
1. plans
2. tanks
3. infantry
invasion of
Poland
- September 1, 1939
- Germany invaded, breaking their agreement,
so Britain and France declared war, starting
World War II
"phony
war"
- was a phase in early World War II marked by
few military operations in Continental Europe,
in the months following the German invasion of
Poland and preceding the Battle of France
- the great powers of Europe had declared
war on one another, neither side had yet
committed to launching a significant attack, and
there was relatively little fighting on the
ground
low
countries
- Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
- invading the low countries in northwestern
Europe helped Hitler attack France above the
Maginot line
Maginot
Line
- a fortification built before World War II to
protect France's eastern border against
Germany
Ardennes
- a heavily wooded region of Northeast France
that Hitler invaded through in order to bypass
the Maginot Line (was believed to be
impassable)
Dunkerque
(Dunkirk)
- the battle that took place in northern France,
thousands of English & French soldiers were
saved
- major mistake by Hitler (didn't send ground
troops to crush forces and stop escape)
- psychological victory for the Allies
Charles de
Gaulle
- French general and statesman who became
very popular during World War II as the leader
of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)
Battle of
Britain
- an aerial battle in World War II in 1940
between the German Luftwaffe (air force),
which carried out extensive bombing in Britain,
and the British Royal Air Force, which offered
successful resistance.
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Luftwaffe
- German air force
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The Blitz
- sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi
Germany between 1940 and 1941
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RAF
- British Royal Air Force
Winston
Churchill
- a noted British statesman led Britain for most
of World War II and along with Roosevelt
planned many allied campaigns
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Switzerland - remained neutral during World War II
- Western European country that specializes in
banking services
Suez Canal
- a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the
Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
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Irwin
Rommel
- top German general; "The Desert Fox"
El Alemein
- battle in North Africa
- turning point in North Africa
- Germans fight British --> Allies gradually win
Operation
Barbarossa
- June 22, 1941
- codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the
Soviet Union during World War II
- broke the Non-Aggression Pact
Battle of
Stalingrad
- Soviets finally halted the German advance
- city in Russia and site of a Red Army victory
over the Germany army in 1942-1943
- the Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point
in the Eastern Front (between Germany and the
Soviet Union)
Joseph
Stalin
- Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet
Communists after 1924, and dictator of the
Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953
- led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using
Five-Year Plans to increase industrial
production and terror to crush opposition
- head of the Soviet Union during WWII
Lend-Lease
Act (1941)
- allowed us to supply Great Britain before
entering the war
- act passed by the U. S. Congress in 1941 that
allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war
supplies to any country whose defense was
considered vital to the United States
Franklin
Roosevelt
- president during the Great Depression and
World War II
U.S. enters
war
- Battle of Britain had caused major damage to
British cities
- France had fallen to the Germans
- the British had defeated Germany at ElAlamein
- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor
- western Allies focused their attention on
battling the Axis powers in Northern Africa
after the U.S. entered the war
"soft- Winston Churchills term for what he
underbelly" considered the easiest way to invade Germany
(ITALY was alway the weakest link in the Axis
Powers)
D-Day
- June 6, 1944
- June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed
along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified
French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the
beaches of Normandy, France.
- Operation Overlord
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the
operation a crusade in which "we will accept
nothing less than full victory."
- more than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft
supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's
end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in
Normandy
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Operation
Overlord
(1944)
- code name for Battle of Normandy, allied
operation that launched successful invasion
of German-occupied west Europe during
WWI (D-Day)
Yalta
Conference
- 1945
- "The Big Three": FDR (U.S. president),
Churchill (British prime minister) and Stalin
(Soviet leader) met at Yalta
- Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after
the surrender of Germany and in return FDR
and Churchill promised the USSR concession
in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost
in the Russo-Japanese War
- Stalin (broke) promise for free elections and
representative government
Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
The Big
Three
Postdam
Battle of the
Bulge
VE-Day
- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
- leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to
coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan,
and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe
and settlement of Germany
- after the war, their armies occupied
Germany, each with a separate zone,
although governed as a single economic unit
- (1945) Attended by Truman, Stalin, Churchill,
and Churchill's replacement Clement Attlee
- agreed upon a policy of occupation for
Germany and Japan
Declaration made to Japan to surrender or be
destroyed.
- December, 1944-January, 1945 - after recapturing France, the Allied advance
became stalled along the German border->winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive
counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg
which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied
lines
- stopped the German advance and threw
them back across the Rhine with heavy losses
ghettos
- city neighborhoods in which European Jews
were forced to live
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Auschwitz
- Nazi concentration camp, later converted
to a death camp in Poland
- the largest center of mass murder during
the Holocaust
- close to a million Jews, Gypsies,
Communists, and others were killed there
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Gestapo
- German/Nazi secret police
- part of the SS notorious for terrorism
against enemies of the state
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Kristallnacht
- (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9-10,
1938, when mobs throughout Germany
destroyed Jewish property and terrorized
Jews
- 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to prison
camps
Henrich
Himmler
- a military commander and leader of the
Nazi party
- head of the SS (Schutzstaffel)
- architect of the Holocaust
- committed suicide
SS
- a special police force in Nazi Germany
founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf
Hitler in 1925
- from the German word "Schutzstaffel",
meaning protection squad
"Final
Solution"
- Hitler's program of systematically killing the
entire Jewish people
- 'The Final Solution for the Jewish Question'
= cover name for Hitler's plan to destroy all
the Jews in Europe
- began in December 1941
genocide
- deliberate extermination of a racial or
cultural group
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- May 8, 1945
- Victory in Europe Day when the Germans
surrendered
HOLOCAUST - a methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to
ensure German supremacy
- called for the elimination of Jews, nonconformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and
mentally and physically disabled
- killed over 6 million Jews
Nuremberg
Laws (1935)
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- laws defining the status of Jews and
withdrawing citizenship from persons of nonGerman blood
- placed severe restrictions of Jews,
prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending
schools or universities, holding government
jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing
books
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concentration - prison camps used under the rule of Hitler
camp
in Nazi Germany
- conditions were inhuman, and prisoners,
mostly Jewish people, were generally
starved or worked to death, or killed
immediately
- many were later converted into death
campus (famous example: Auschwitz)
PACIFIC
THEATER
- the part of World War II fought in Asia and
Oceania
Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main
U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
- in response, the U.S. declared war on Japan
and Germany, entering World War II
#bigdeal #sleepinggiant
Prime
Minister Tojo
- ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor on
Dec. 7, 1941
- the Japanese prime minister
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Isoroku
Yamamoto
- admiral that planned the Pearl Harbor attack
on December 7, 1941
Emperor
Hirohito
- emperor of Japan during WWII
- viewed as a god
- at the start of his reign, Japan was still a fairly
rural country with a limited industrial base
- militarization in the 1930's eventually led to
Japan's invasion in China and involvement in
WWII
Greater
Asian CoProsperity
Sphere
- Japans idea to remove Western influence
from the far east and establish its dominance
over the region
- used propaganda #notbuyingit
Executive
Order 9066
- 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced
into camps causing loss of homes &
businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship;
demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
- also used propaganda #notbuyingit
Doolittle
Raid
- America's first air attack on mainland Japan,
it did little damage but boosted American
(retaliatory for Pearl Harbor)
Douglas
MacArthur
- (1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S.
(later Allied) forces in the southwestern
Pacific during World War II
- accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and
administered the ensuing Allied occupation
- in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51,
before being forced to relinquish command
by President Truman
Bataan
Death
March
- during World War II, the forced march of
Filipino and American prisoners of war under
brutal conditions by the Japanese military
- 100 miles with little food and water
- most died or were killed on the way
- between 5-10 days depending on where you
were
Battle of
Midway
- 1942 World War II battle between the United
States and Japan
- a TURNING POINT in the war in the Pacific
- US won because they broke code and
intercepted key messages
Guadalcanal - first US land victory over a piece of
significant Japanese-controlled territory
island
hopping
- a military strategy used during World War II
that involved selectively attacking specific
enemy-held islands and bypassing others
Battle of the
Philippines
- October 1944-April 1945
- a decisive naval battle of WWII which
eliminated the Imperial Japanese Navy's ability
to conduct large scale carrier actions
- first battle where the Japanese used
kamikaze tactics
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kamikaze
- Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their
planes with explosives and crashed them into
American ships
- common misconception: NONE were used
during the attack on Pearl Harbor
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Iwo Jima
- a bloody and prolonged operation on the
island of Iwo Jima in which American marines
landed and defeated Japanese defenders
(February and March 1945)
- terrain made fighting difficult
- known for extraordinary bravery of the U.S.
marines
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Manhattan - code name for the U.S. effort during World
Project
War II to produce the atomic bomb
- much of the early research was done in New
York City by refugee physicists in the United
States
- carried out in great secrecy by a team
including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J.
Robert Oppenheimer
- first test took place on July 16, 1945, near
Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month
the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan
Okinawa
(April
1945)
- the U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing
an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north
from Australia towards Japan
- by the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945,
the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese
100,000
- known as the "Typhoon of Steel"
- last defensive position for Japan
Enola Gay
- the name of the American B-29 bomber,
piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped
the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug.
6, 1945.
Decision
to drop
the bomb
- military information indicated that many
American soldiers would die in an attempted
land invasion of Japan
- increased ferocity of Japanese resistance as
soldiers refused to surrender (example:
introduction of kamikaze tactics)
- feared invading Japan itself
- end the war (hopefully
- were no 100% positive it would work (a failed
test would be worse than none at all
- asked for an immediate unconditional
surrender from Japan and warned of a "rain of
ruin from the air"
- demonstrated US power
Harry S
Truman
- the 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon FDR's death in April 1945
- led the country through the last few months of World War II
- best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945
- implemented the Marshall Plan after the war, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery
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Hiroshima
- city in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945
- the bombing hastened the end of World War II
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Nagasaki
- Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).
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V-J Day
- "Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15,
1945
- end of World War II
MAP on
TEST: (no
map on
test 2017)
- Poland, France, Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Greece, Soviet Union, Britain, Japan, China, Philippines,
Korea, Vietnam
Potential
Essay #1:
(no essay
in 2017)
The United States recognized that beating the Japanese in the Pacific would be a tough task as the Japanese held a lot
of small islands in the pacific and dug in preparing to die to the last man for the Emperor in defense of their
conquests. What policy did the United States develop to get around this problem? What was the objective of this
policy? Finally why was this policy effective?
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Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Result?