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Literary Terms
Drama:
Iambic Pentameter:
A meter when writing poetry that consists in ten syllables in each
verse and five pairs of alternating stressed and unstressed
syllables on each verse
Mode of fiction represented in performance.
And too soon marr'd are those so early made.
The earth hath swallow'd all my hopes but she,
She is the hopeful lady of my earth:
But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,
My will to her consent is but a part;
An she agree, within her scope of choice
Lies my consent and fair according voice.
Tragedy:
Type of drama in which the character expresses reversals of
fortune (usually for the worst)/ Catastrophe and suffering await
many of the characters, especially the hero.
Prologue:
An opening to a story that establishes the setting and other
background details
Two households, both alike in dignity,
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;
Whose misadventur’d piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents' strife.
The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love,
And the continuance of their parents' rage,
Which, but their children's end, nought could remove,
Is now the two hours' traffic of our stage;
The which if you with patient ears attend,
What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.
(Prologue.1-14)
(1.2.13-19)
Sonnet:
Fourteen line poem written in Iambic Pentameter. It is arranged as
three quatrains, and a final couplet; rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF
GG.
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
If I profane with my unworthiest hand
This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this:
My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand
To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.
Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,
Which mannerly devotion shows in this;
For saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch,
And palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss.
Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too?
Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer.
O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;
zhey pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair.
Saints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake.
Then move not, while my prayer's effect I take.
(1.5.93-106)
Blank Verse:
Aside:
A line of poetry in unrhymed iambic pentameter
Words spoken by an actor directly to the audience, which are not
“heard” by the other characters on the stage
A man, young lady! Lady, such a man
As all the world―why, he’s a man of wax
(1.3.79-80)
Couplets:
A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate
stanza in a poem
O! She doth teach the torches to burn bright.
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Page: (Aside) I am almost afraid to stand alone
Here in the churchyard; yet I will adventure.
(5.3.10-11)
Monologue:
A speech given by a single character without another character’s
response
Friar Laurence:
(1.5.45-46)
I will be brief, for my short date of breath
Is not so long as is a tedious tale. (…see play)
Like rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear;
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!
(5.3.234-274)
(1.5.47-48)
Soliloquy:
A speech in a play that is meant to be heard by the audience, but
not other characters in stage; explaining the speaker’s thoughts or
emotions
Paris:
Sweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew,―
O woe! Thy canopy is dust and stones;―
Which with sweet water nightly I will dew,
Or wanting that, with tears distill'd by moans:
The obsequies that I for thee will keep
Nightly shall be to stew thy grave and weep.
(5.3.12-17)
Dialogue:
The conversation of characters in a literary work
Lady Capulet:
Nurse:
Lady Capulet:
Nurse:
Lady Capulet:
What noise is here?
O lamentable day!
What is the matter?
Look, look! O heavy day!
O me, O me! My child, my only life, 2675
Revive, look up, or I will die with thee!
Help, help! Call help.
(4.5.17-23)
Foreshadowing:
Metaphors:
Hints of what is to come in the action of a play or a story
A comparison between essentially unlike things without an
explicitly comparative word such as like or as
Benvolio:
Tut! Man, one fire burns out another's burning.
One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;
Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning,
One desperate grief cures with another's languish:
Take thou some new infection to thy eye,
And the rank poison of the old will die.
(1.2.45-50)
Dramatic Irony:
Romeo:
Hyperbole:
A figure of speech involving exaggeration
Romeo:
When a character speaks in ignorance of a situation or event
known to the audience or to the other characters
Romeo: Here’s to my love! (drinks the poison) O true apothecary,
Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die.*
(5.3.129-131)
*Romeo kills himself thinking Juliet is dead; however, she is just asleep.
Irony of circumstance/Situation:
When the opposite of what is expected occurs
The endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with
animate or living qualities
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
(2.2.3-4)
Allusion:
(3.1.71)
Verbal Irony/Sarcasm:
An indirect reference to a person, piece of literature, historical
event or another familiar thing
Juliet:
Situation in which characters say the opposite to what they mean
Mercutio:
Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,
Having some business, do entreat her eyes
To twinkle in their spheres till they return.
What if her eyes were there, they in her head?
(2.2.15-18)
Personification:
Romeo:
ROMEO tries to break up the fight TYBALT stabs
MERCUTIO under ROMEO’s am
(…)
Romeo: I thought all for the best.
But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun!
(2.2.2-3)
Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch. Marry, ’tis enough.
Where is my page?—Go, villain, fetch a surgeon.
(3.1.61-62)
Hist! Romeo, hist!—Oh, for a falconer’s voice,
To lure this tassel-gentle back again!
Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud,
Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies,
And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine,
With repetition of “My Romeo!”
(2.2.161-166)
Analogy:
Oxymoron:
An extended metaphor that shows that two things are similar in
many ways
An expression that combines contradictory words
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
Juliet:
Romeo:
If I profane with my unworthiest hand
This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this:
My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand
To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.
Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,
Which mannerly devotion shows in this;
For saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch,
And palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss.
Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too?
Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer.
O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;
zhey pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair.
Saints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake.
Then move not, while my prayer's effect I take.
(1.5.93-106)
Idiom:
An expression that means something different from the literal
definition of all the words in the expression
Juliet:
What’s in a name? that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet;
(2.2.43-44)
Pun:
Word play which suggest two or more meanings for an intended
humorous or rhetorical effect
Romeo:
Gove me a torch. I am not for this ambling.
Being but heavy, I will bear the light.
(1.4.11-12)
Romeo:
Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate,
O anything of nothing first created!
O heavy lightness, serious vanity,
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love feel I, that feel no love in this.
(1.1.166-172)
Imagery:
Words that appeal to the reader’s sense
Romeo:
Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear,
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.
So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows
As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows.
The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand,
And, touching hers, make blessèd my rude hand.
(1.5.42-49)