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CHAPTER 5
Enclosing the West:
The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors,
31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
The West
Encounters and Transformations
Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
I. The Imperial Center
II. Life in the Roman Provinces
III. The Frontier and Beyond
IV. Society and Culture in the Imperial Age
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
I. The Imperial Center
A. Imperial Authority
Octavian
"Princeps"
27 B.C.E., restores Republic
"Augustus"
23 B.C.E. renounces consulship
Tribunician powers
B. Succession
Tiberius (14-37 C.E.)
hereditary succession
Nero
68 C.E., commits suicide
68, Year of the Four Emperors
Vespasian (69-79 C.E.)
Titus Flavius Vespasianus
Domitian (81-96 C.E.)
last of dynasty
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
I. The Imperial Center
B. Succession
Nerva (96-98 C.E.)
Trajan (98-117 C.E.)
adopted by Nerva
Line of adopted successors:
Hadrian (117-138 C.E.)
Antoninus Pius (138-161 C.E.)
Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)
son Commodus (180-192 C.E.)
assassinated
Septimus Severus
emerges from civil war, 193 C.E.
Severus Alexander (222-235 C.E.)
last of Severan dynasty
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
I. The Imperial Center
C. Role of the Emperor
Warfare
Trajan conquers Dacia, 101-106 C.E.
Justice
Religion
pontifex maximus
Symbol of the state
cult of the emperor
coins
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
I. The Imperial Center
D. The City of Rome
Forum
Basilicas
Temples
Concordia
Jupiter, Capitoline
Triumphal arches
Public Works
Caracalla
baths
Vespasian, Titus
Colosseum
Imperial tombs, mausoleums
Building Techniques
concrete
vaults
E. Administration
Senate
Army
Aurelian (270-275 C.E.)
Diocletian (284-305 C.E.)
military colonies
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
II. Life in the Roman Provinces
A. Army
bases
B. Administration and Commerce
civil service
C. The Cities
civitas
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
II. Life in the Roman Provinces
D. Revolts Against Rome
Germany - Arminius
Cherusci
9 C.E., revolt
Lucius Varus
loses three legions
Rome withdraws west of Rhine
Britain - Boudica
Iceni
King Prasutagus
succeeded by wife, Boudica
Boudica revolts following abuses
Roman victory
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
II. Life in the Roman Provinces
D. Revolts Against Rome
Gaul - Julius Civilis
Batavi
Julius Civilis
Roman victory
Judaea
Caligula (37-41 C.E.)
statue in Temple
> revolt
70 C.E., Temple destroyed
Vespasian and Titus victorious
E. Law, Citizenship
Aurelius Antoninus (211-217 C.E.)
"Caracalla"
Antonine Decree
citizenship for all free males
Roman Law
civil v. criminal
legists: Papinian, Paul, Ulpian
Inequalities
honestiores, humiliores
132-135 C.E.
Simon Bar Kochba
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
III. The Frontier and Beyond
Britain, 43 C.E.; Dacia, 117 C.E.
Fortifications
A. Rome and the Parthian Empire
Trajan, 115-116 C.E.
Mani (216-276 C.E.)
Manichaeism
B. Romans and Germans
Arminius
9 C.E., Rome out of Germany
C. Economic Encounters
China
166 C.E., Marcus Aurelius sends ambassadors
Silk Road
trade imbalance
Africa
146 B.C.E.
Scipio sends Polybius
Senegal
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
III. The Frontier and Beyond
C. Economic Encounters
China
166 C.E., Marcus Aurelius
sends ambassadors
Silk Road
trade imbalance
Africa
146 B.C.E.
Scipio sends Polybius
Senegal
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
IV. Society and Culture in the Imperial Age
A. Upper and Lower Classes
Senatorial families
Equestrian Order
City councilors
Plebeians
B. Slaves and Freedmen
Slaves:
400,000 of 1 million in Rome
35-40% of Italy under Augustus
C. Women
educated
indirect political power
D. Literature
Livy (59 B.C.E.-12 C.E.)
From the Foundations of the City
Ovid (43 B.C.E.-17 C.E.)
Metamorphoses
exiled
Horace (65-8 B.C.E.)
Odes
Virgil
Aeneid
Seneca (c. 4 B.C.E.- 41 C.E.)
Rhetoric
Quintilian (c.35-90 C.E.)
Training in Oratory
Tacitus (c. 56-c.118 C.E.)
Dialogue on Orators
Agricola
Strabo (64 B.C.E.- c. 25 C.E.)
Claudius Ptolemy, late 2d century C.E.
Galen (131-201 C.E.)
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 5: Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E.
IV. Society and Culture in the Imperial Age
E. Religious Life
Syncretism
Isis
Apuleius (c.125-c.170 C.E.)
Golden Ass
Mithras
Unconquered Sun
Syrian
December 25
Elagabalus (218-222 C.E.)
(E. Religious Life)
Christianity
Yeshua ben Yosef (c. 4 B.C.E.- c.30 C.E.)
crucifixion
New Testament
Paul of Tarsus
Apologists
Justin Martyr (c.100-165 C.E.)
Clement of Alexandria (c.150-216 C.E.)
Origen (c. 184-255 C.E.)
Tertullian (c.160-240 C.E.)
separated Christianity
and Classical learning
Gnosticism
Rabbinic Judaism
Synagogues
by 200 C.E.
Mishnah
completed by 220 C.E.
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007