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04/08/52 Eukaryotic y Mitoch ondria Nuclei Filamentous Hyphae Some are unicellular Mycelium Yeasts. Hypha yp wall Chitin and glucans, Some species contain cellulose Many reproduce Asexual : spores Sexual Nuvee Prapasarakul Department p of Vet Microbiology, gy, Facultyy of Veterinaryy Microbiology, gy, Chulalongkorn University Typically haploid hyphal: multinucleate Oomycota and some yeasts possess diploid nuclei. Achlorophyllous No photosynthesis. Chemoheterotrophic Carbon: preexisting organic sources Energy: chemical reactions to sythesise the organic compounds. Storage compounds Trehalose Glycogen Sugar alcohols Lipids Symbiosis Free-living Parasitism Mutualism 1 04/08/52 Chytridiomycota Zygomycota: 600 Domain: Eukaryota F ngi Kingdom: Fungi Di isions: Divisions: Ascomycota: 60,000 approximately 100,000 species Basidiomycota; 25,000 Gene sequence analyses are resulting in the redefining of some phyla and the reassigning of some genera to different phyla. Jim Deacon (2006). Phylum Zygomycota - Common molds Hyphae: Class • Zygomycetes • Trichomycetes y Terrestrial organisms found primarily in soil. Hyphae: coenocytic Long, continuous tubes: haploid nuclei. Specialization of function. • non-septate hypha. Anywhere there are water and nutrients • • • • Bread Soil Coffee Vegetables A. Rhizoids - (RootLike Structures) B. Stolons - connect one group of rhizoids to another. 2 04/08/52 Life cycles includes both Asexual and Sexual stages. Sexual Phase Texts HOMOTHALLIC (self-fertile) HETEROTHALLIC (self-sterile) PROGAMETANGIUM GAMETANGIUM KARYOGAMY ZYGOSPORE. Asexual Phase Texts SPORANGIOPORE SPORANGIUM SPORANGIA non-motile sporangiospores Common molds reproduce asexually more often than they do sexually. APLANOSPORES In mating types or strains grow close to each other: reproduce sexually by conjugation. COLUMELLA Gametangium: Gametangia from the Two Types Grow Together and fuse. Zygosporangium Rhizopus oryzae • Alcohol production Nuclei from the two types mix and form a thick-walled structure Zygosporangium can survive hostile (a resting stage contains many nuclei). Dipoild Zygosporangium cracks open When conditions improve. R. nigricans R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis. Mucor sp. Sporangiosphore grows Forms a sporangium. Sporangium releases thousands of haploid spores. • Cit Citric i and d Lactric L t i acid id production: d ti F d Food spoilager and pathogen • Rhinocerebral zygomycosis • Allergen, Irritant, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Dermatitis. Basidiobolus ranarum • Normal flora in flog gut but pathogen in horses and humans Mucor amphiborum • skin lesions or systemic disease in captive and wild-caught Australian frogs. 3 04/08/52 Reproduction Basidia: Club-like reproductive structures during sexual stage Damage grains, food crops, and other plants. • Actually reproductive structures • Seldom reproduce asexually. Basidium (basidia) • Sexual forming spores Basidiocarp: inside lining gills (mushroom cap). • Stem called a stalk • A flattened structure known as a cap Mushrooms Bracket fungi g Shelf fungi Puffballs Stinkhorns Smuts Rusts: mold like fungi g Underside cap • rows of ggills that radiate out from the center. Basidia at gill lined. •Dikaryotic •Monokaryotic Basidium: two nuclei fuse to form “Zygote” Zygote: meiosis to form four haploid nuclei Four basidiospores Release into the air. Basidiospores germinate and grow new hyphae and mycelia 4 04/08/52 Teliomycetes Basidiomycetes The most diverse group of fungi with 30,000 species Phyla includes • unicellular yeast • cup fungi • truffles Ustomycetes Sporobolomyces roseus Cryptococcus neoformans Larger fruitbodies (toadstools) • common on moribund leaf surfaces • basidiospores: respiratory allergens • bird droppings • fatal systemic infection of immunocompromised people • cryptococcosis • wood decay • decomposers of leaf litter, animal dung, etc. • mycorrhizal on forest trees Food Mycetism • Agaricus bisporus • some more exotic species • Gastrointestinal disorder to death Mycorrhizal fungi เป็ นหัวอย่ ใต้ตดนลกลงไปประมาณ เปนหวอยู ดนิ ลึกลงไปประมาณ 55-40 40 เซนตเมตร เซนติเมตร ลักษณะวงกลมรอบต้ นไม้ ห่ างประมาณ 120-150 เซนติเมตร ชนิดขาว (84,000-168,000 บาทต่ อกิโลกรัม) ชนิดดํา (9,000-27,000 บาทต่ อกิโลกรัม) Tuber himalayensis Tuber ramiayyadis Parasites of food • morrels • mildews 5 04/08/52 Gametangia •Ascogonium: female? •Antheridium: male? Ascospores germinate into haploid mycelium (gametophyte) Gametangia Ascogomium •Plasmogamy: trichogyne of ascogonium touches antheridium and cytoplasms join •Karyogamy: union of nuclei to complete syngamy Æ Ascus Ascogenous hypahe •meiosis Æfour meiotic cells •mitosis Æasci eight final cells Ascus: Antheridium. Ascocarp Dikaryotic, heterokaryotic mycelium •merged cells become ascogenous hyphae •ascocarp: p tips p of ascogenous hyphae form hymenium layer Asci 6 04/08/52 Harmful interactions Penicillium chrysogenum produces Penicillin Dutch Elm Disease: Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Division Claviceps purpurea on rye (Secale cereale) Blue-green, red and brown moulds attack and spoil foodstuffs for instance Penicillium italicum rots oranges. Fusarium graminearum contain mycotoxins like deoxynivalen ol (DON) Ergot (Claviceps purpurea): carcinogenic alkaloids, causing ergotism •hallucinations, stomach cramp, and Saint Anthony's Fire Aspergillus flavus, which grows on peanuts and other hosts •aflatoxin: damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic Candida albicans: thrush or candidiasis, "yeast allergies" Bread Mold Sac Fungi Club Fungi Imperfects Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota 750 30,000 25,000 17,000 Wall chitin chitin/glucan chitin/glucan chitin/glucan Life Cycle zygotic sporic/kikaryotic sporic/dikaryotic unknown Rhizopus Saccharomyces Cryptococcus Agaricus Amanita Penicillium Aspergillus Species Examples Special Vocabulary sporangiophore rhizoid stolon coenocytic hypha(e) gametangium zygospore budding ascus conidia ascogonium antheridium heterokaryon hypha(e) ascocarp ascospore mycelium hypha(e) dikaryotic heterokaryon cap (pileus) stalk (stipe) ring (annulus) cup (volva) gills (lamellae) mycelium basidium basidiospores Tolypocladium niveum : immunosuppressor , Ciclosporin Penicillium camemberti: cheeses Stilton cheese veined with Penicillium roqueforti Aspergillus oryzae: soy sauce. Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): bread, beer and wine Morels (Morchella) and truffles (Tuber) hypha(e) conidia mycelium 7