Download 04/08/52 1 Storage compounds Symbiosis

04/08/52
Eukaryotic
y
Mitoch
ondria
Nuclei
Filamentous
Hyphae
Some are
unicellular
Mycelium
Yeasts.
Hypha
yp wall
Chitin
and
glucans,
Some
species
contain
cellulose
Many
reproduce
Asexual
: spores
Sexual
Nuvee Prapasarakul
Department
p
of Vet Microbiology,
gy, Facultyy of Veterinaryy Microbiology,
gy,
Chulalongkorn University
Typically haploid
hyphal:
multinucleate
Oomycota and some
yeasts possess
diploid nuclei.
Achlorophyllous
No photosynthesis.
Chemoheterotrophic
Carbon: preexisting organic
sources
Energy: chemical
reactions to sythesise the
organic compounds.
Storage compounds
Trehalose
Glycogen
Sugar
alcohols
Lipids
Symbiosis
Free-living
Parasitism
Mutualism
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Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota:
600
Domain:
Eukaryota
F ngi
Kingdom: Fungi
Di isions:
Divisions:
Ascomycota:
60,000
approximately 100,000 species
Basidiomycota;
25,000
Gene sequence analyses are resulting in the redefining of some phyla and the reassigning of some genera to different
phyla. Jim Deacon (2006).
Phylum Zygomycota - Common molds
Hyphae:
Class
• Zygomycetes
• Trichomycetes
y
Terrestrial organisms found primarily in soil.
Hyphae: coenocytic
Long, continuous
tubes: haploid
nuclei.
Specialization of
function.
• non-septate hypha.
Anywhere there are water and nutrients
•
•
•
•
Bread
Soil
Coffee
Vegetables
A. Rhizoids - (RootLike Structures)
B. Stolons - connect
one group of
rhizoids to another.
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Life cycles includes both Asexual and Sexual stages.
Sexual Phase Texts
HOMOTHALLIC
(self-fertile)
HETEROTHALLIC
(self-sterile)
PROGAMETANGIUM
GAMETANGIUM
KARYOGAMY
ZYGOSPORE.
Asexual Phase Texts
SPORANGIOPORE
SPORANGIUM
SPORANGIA
non-motile
sporangiospores
Common molds reproduce asexually
more often than they do sexually.
APLANOSPORES
In mating types or strains grow close to each
other: reproduce sexually by conjugation.
COLUMELLA
Gametangium:
Gametangia from the Two Types Grow Together and fuse.
Zygosporangium
Rhizopus oryzae
• Alcohol production
Nuclei from the two types mix and form a thick-walled structure
Zygosporangium can survive hostile
(a resting stage contains many nuclei).
Dipoild Zygosporangium cracks open
When conditions improve.
R. nigricans
R. microsporus var.
rhizopodiformis.
Mucor sp.
Sporangiosphore grows
Forms a sporangium.
Sporangium releases
thousands of haploid spores.
• Cit
Citric
i and
d Lactric
L t i acid
id production:
d ti
F d
Food
spoilager and pathogen
• Rhinocerebral zygomycosis
• Allergen, Irritant, Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis, Dermatitis.
Basidiobolus ranarum
• Normal flora in flog gut but pathogen in
horses and humans
Mucor amphiborum
• skin lesions or systemic disease in captive
and wild-caught Australian frogs.
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Reproduction
Basidia: Club-like reproductive structures during sexual stage
Damage grains, food crops, and other plants.
• Actually reproductive structures
• Seldom reproduce asexually.
Basidium (basidia)
• Sexual forming spores
Basidiocarp: inside lining gills (mushroom cap).
• Stem called a stalk
• A flattened structure known as a cap
Mushrooms
Bracket
fungi
g
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Stinkhorns
Smuts
Rusts: mold
like fungi
g
Underside cap
• rows of ggills that radiate out from the center.
Basidia at gill lined.
•Dikaryotic
•Monokaryotic
Basidium: two nuclei fuse to form “Zygote”
Zygote: meiosis to form four haploid nuclei
Four basidiospores
Release into the air.
Basidiospores germinate and grow new hyphae and mycelia
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Teliomycetes
Basidiomycetes
The most diverse group of fungi with 30,000 species
Phyla includes
• unicellular yeast
• cup fungi
• truffles
Ustomycetes
Sporobolomyces roseus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Larger fruitbodies (toadstools)
• common on moribund leaf surfaces
• basidiospores: respiratory allergens
• bird droppings
• fatal systemic infection of
immunocompromised people
• cryptococcosis
• wood decay
• decomposers of leaf litter, animal dung, etc.
• mycorrhizal on forest trees
Food
Mycetism
• Agaricus bisporus
• some more exotic species
• Gastrointestinal disorder to death
™Mycorrhizal fungi
™เป็ นหัวอย่ ใต้ตดนลกลงไปประมาณ
™เปนหวอยู
ดนิ ลึกลงไปประมาณ 55-40
40 เซนตเมตร
เซนติเมตร
™ลักษณะวงกลมรอบต้ นไม้ ห่ างประมาณ 120-150 เซนติเมตร
™ชนิดขาว (84,000-168,000 บาทต่ อกิโลกรัม)
™ชนิดดํา (9,000-27,000 บาทต่ อกิโลกรัม)
™Tuber himalayensis
™Tuber ramiayyadis
Parasites of food
• morrels
• mildews
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Gametangia
•Ascogonium: female?
•Antheridium: male?
Ascospores
germinate into
haploid mycelium
(gametophyte)
Gametangia
Ascogomium
•Plasmogamy:
trichogyne of
ascogonium touches
antheridium and
cytoplasms join
•Karyogamy: union of
nuclei to complete
syngamy Æ Ascus
Ascogenous
hypahe
•meiosis Æfour
meiotic cells
•mitosis Æasci eight
final cells
Ascus:
Antheridium.
Ascocarp
Dikaryotic,
heterokaryotic
mycelium
•merged cells
become
ascogenous hyphae
•ascocarp:
p tips
p of
ascogenous hyphae
form hymenium
layer
Asci
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Harmful interactions
Penicillium
chrysogenum produces
Penicillin
Dutch Elm
Disease:
Ophiostoma
ulmi and
Ophiostoma
novo-ulmi
Division
Claviceps
purpurea on
rye (Secale
cereale)
Blue-green,
red and
brown
moulds
attack and
spoil
foodstuffs for instance
Penicillium
italicum rots
oranges.
Fusarium
graminearum
contain
mycotoxins
like
deoxynivalen
ol (DON)
Ergot
(Claviceps
purpurea):
carcinogenic
alkaloids,
causing
ergotism
•hallucinations,
stomach
cramp, and
Saint
Anthony's Fire
Aspergillus
flavus, which
grows on
peanuts and
other hosts
•aflatoxin:
damages the
liver and is
highly
carcinogenic
Candida
albicans:
thrush or
candidiasis,
"yeast
allergies"
Bread Mold
Sac Fungi
Club Fungi
Imperfects
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota
750
30,000
25,000
17,000
Wall
chitin
chitin/glucan
chitin/glucan
chitin/glucan
Life Cycle
zygotic
sporic/kikaryotic
sporic/dikaryotic
unknown
Rhizopus
Saccharomyces
Cryptococcus
Agaricus
Amanita
Penicillium
Aspergillus
Species
Examples
Special
Vocabulary
sporangiophore
rhizoid
stolon
coenocytic
hypha(e)
gametangium
zygospore
budding
ascus
conidia
ascogonium
antheridium
heterokaryon
hypha(e)
ascocarp
ascospore
mycelium
hypha(e)
dikaryotic
heterokaryon
cap (pileus)
stalk (stipe)
ring (annulus)
cup (volva)
gills (lamellae)
mycelium
basidium
basidiospores
Tolypocladium niveum :
immunosuppressor ,
Ciclosporin
Penicillium
camemberti: cheeses
Stilton cheese veined
with Penicillium
roqueforti
Aspergillus oryzae: soy
sauce.
Baker's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae): bread, beer
and wine
Morels (Morchella) and
truffles (Tuber)
hypha(e)
conidia
mycelium
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