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Programming Right From the Start with Visual Basic.NET
CHAPTER 15
Intelligent Systems
True-False Questions
1.
“Information Overload” occurs because information increases in a linear fashion each year.
Answer: False
Level: Hard
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
2.
The increasing sophistication of computing technology can lead to Information Overload, but it
can also support intelligent systems, which use information to create useful knowledge.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
3.
Computer technology can be seen as a tool that improves the efficiency of information workers.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
4.
Numbers and characters, as stored in variables on a computer, are examples of information.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
5.
The processing of knowledge leads to information.
Answer: False
Section: 15-2
Level: Easy
Page: 412
6.
Data must be viewed within a framework or context to have any meaning.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
7.
Intelligent systems are used to gather and use knowledge.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
8.
Intelligence is seen as the process of turning knowledge into data and information.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
9.
To be intelligent a computer system must apply the appropriate knowledge to a situation.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-3
Page: 412
10.
Expert systems are designed to deliver expert information on demand.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-3
Page: 415
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
11.
Expert systems work by capturing rules that can be applied in future situations.
Answer: True
Level: Hard
Section: 15-3
Page: 415
12.
Data mining is used to search for patterns in data collected from everyday business activity.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-3
Page: 415
13.
A heuristic is defined as an information rule derived from experience.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 415
14.
Heuristics are classified as either domain-specific or general purpose.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 416
15.
“Act in haste, repent in leisure” is an example of a domain-specific heuristic.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Section: 15-4
Page: 416
16.
Heuristics cannot easily be used with problems that are made up of a series of actions and states.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 416
17.
A heuristic function is used to quantify the state of a problem.
Answer: True
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 417
18.
An advantage of heuristics is that they can easily adapt based on past experience.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 428
19.
Heuristics are easy to implement for complex problems.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 428
20.
Positive and negative reinforcement can only alter the behavior of living systems such as rats.
Answer: False
Level: Easy
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
21.
MENACE stands for Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
22.
MENACE is a computer program that can learn from past experience.
Answer: False
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
Multiple Choice Questions
23.
Information overload means that:
a.) information is being generated at an exponential rate.
b.) workers are overwhelmed with information from many sources.
c.) there is no hope for a worker to manage the excess of information.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: d
Section: 15-1
24.
Level: Easy
Page: 411
Numbers, characters, or bits stored in the memory of a computer are viewed as:
a.) data.
b.) knowledge.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: a
Section: 15-2
25.
Level: Easy
Page: 412
The processing of numbers and characters leads to:
a.) data.
b.) knowledge.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: c
Section: 15-2
26.
Level: Moderate
Page: 412
Patterns observed from months of sales reports can lead to:
a.) data.
b.) knowledge.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: b
Section: 15-2
Level: Hard
Page: 412
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
27.
Graphs, reports, and tables are examples of:
a.) data.
b.) knowledge.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: c
Section: 15-2
28.
Level: Moderate
Page: 412
Intelligent systems are used to gather and process:
a.) data.
b.) knowledge.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: b
Section: 15-2
29.
Level: Moderate
Page: 412
The ability to use knowledge to guide decision making is called:
a.) analysis.
b.) data.
c.) information.
d.) intelligence.
e.) wisdom.
Answer: e
Section: 15-2
30.
Level: Moderate
Page: 412
An intelligent computer program would be able to:
a.) apply the appropriate knowledge needed to solve a problem.
b.) identify the appropriate knowledge needed to solve a problem.
c.) store the appropriate knowledge needed to solve a problem.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: d
Section: 15-3
31.
Level: Hard
Page: 412
The ability to solve a problem requires the ability to:
a.) identify relevant data.
b.) identify relevant information.
c.) identify relevant knowledge.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: c
Section: 15-3
Level: Moderate
Page: 413
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
32.
Which type of computer applications are used by businesses for problem solving?
a.) Data mining
b.) Expert systems
c.) Conventional computing systems
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: d
Section: 15-3
33.
Level: Moderate
Page: 415
Using heuristics to solve a problem requires:
a.) a set of rules applied that can be applied to the problem.
b.) knowledge about the specific problem.
c.) experience with the problem.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: e
Section: 15-4
34.
Level: Hard
Page: 415
“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush” is an example of a:
a.) domain-specific heuristic.
b.) general-purpose level heuristic.
c.) heuristic function.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: b
Section: 15-4
35.
Level: Easy
Page: 416
In order to use heuristics to solve a problem, we have to break the problem into components of:
a.) actions and characteristics.
b.) actions and processes.
c.) actions and states.
d.) processes and characteristics.
e.) processes and reinforcements.
Answer: c
Section: 15-4
36.
Level: Moderate
Page: 416
A heuristic function:
a.) assigns a value to each action of a problem.
b.) assigns a value to each state of a problem.
c.) compares all actions of a problem.
d.) compares all states of a problem.
e.) None of the above.
Answer: b
Section: 15-4
Level: Moderate
Page: 417
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
37.
Increasing the probability of an action associated with a successful outcome is analogous to a:
a.) negative reinforcement.
b.) positive reinforcement.
c.) punishment.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: b
Section: 15-5
38.
Level: Moderate
Page: 428
MENACE is one of the first examples of a ________ learning system to successfully play tic-tactoe.
a.) computer program
b.) living
c.) non-living
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: c
Section: 15-5
39.
Level: Moderate
Page: 428
When does learning occur for the MENACE and MLearning examples in the textbook?
a.) Before each game.
b.) During each game.
c.) After each game.
d.) Both a and b.
e.) All of the above.
Answer: c
Section: 15-5
Level: Moderate
Page: 428
Fill in the Blank Questions
40.
Getting information from many sources every day (voice messages, emails, pagers, cell phones,
paper documents, PDAs, etc) is an example of ___information overload___.
Level: Easy
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
41.
Technologies that process and produce knowledge are called ___intelligent (knowledge)
systems___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
42.
An information worker must be able to use technology as a(n) ___tool___ to create knowledge.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-1
Page: 411
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
43.
Variables of numbers, characters, and images are called ___Data___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
44.
The processing of data in a given situation generates ___information___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
45.
Patterns of information can generate ___knowledge___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
46.
Intelligence is defined as the capacity to accumulate ___knowledge___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
47.
Following the best course of action based on one’s knowledge is called ___wisdom___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
48.
A typical computer system designed to fill catalog orders processes ___data___ and
___information___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-2
Page: 412
49.
The ability to identify ___relevant knowledge___ is essential to problem solving.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-3
Page: 413
50.
A(n) ___expert system___ is used to capture expert knowledge for use in the future.
Level: Easy
Section: 15-3
Page: 415
51.
___Data mining___ techniques are used to find patterns and relationships with everyday business
events.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-3
Page: 415
52.
A heuristic is a ___rule___ for solving a problem.
Level: Easy
Section: 15-4
Page: 415
A heuristic is based on ___(past) experience___.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 415
53.
54.
“Save your work every 10 minutes” is a(n) ___domain-specific___ type of heuristic.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 416
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
55.
A heuristic function will measure the goodness of a(n) ___state___ in a problem.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-4
Page: 417
56.
MENACE is an early example of a ___non-living___ system that could learn.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
57.
A system that changes its behavior based on previous experiences is called a(n) ___intelligent___
system.
Level: Moderate
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
58.
A(n) ___reinforcement___ will increase the likelihood of a trained behavior.
Level: Hard
Section: 15-5
Page: 428
Essay Questions
59.
What is the sequence of events by which data is turned into action?
When data is stored on a computer it has no meaning outside of the design of the program that
creates it. Computer programs give context to data and transforms data into information.
Information can be thought of as facts relating to the business problem.
Patterns observed in the information will generate knowledge, which can be thought of as rules
that describe what to do in different situations. Intelligence is the ability to generate knowledge.
An intelligent computer system aids in the discovery of knowledge, such as a data mining system.
Appropriate actions are finally generated by individuals with the wisdom to use the appropriate
knowledge at hand in order to solve the business problems facing them.
60.
What is a heuristic? How does it differ from a computer system that can learn?
A heuristic is a rule based on the knowledge of a particular problem. Experience with a
particular type of problem gives experts the knowledge of how to solve the problem. Rules
generated by experts can be codified and used to create expert systems.
To be useful the rules should be domain-specific. A problem that can be conceptualized as
having states and actions that can be quantified can by solved with a computer system using
heuristic rules.
Once the computer system is generated, it analyzes any particular situation and generates an
appropriate response based on the fixed rules hard coded into the program.
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Chapter 15 – Intelligent Systems
A computer system that learns collects data after each attempt to solve a problem. The responses
that it generates to solve the problem will slowly change over time until it finds the best possible
responses to each particular situation. Thus given a particular set of inputs the heuristic will
always generate the exact same response to that situation, the learning system will change its
responses until it finds the best possible output.
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