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The Oikos Finland Meeting for Ecologists and Evolutionary Biologists (with Pakolaisseminaari twist) in Joensuu 10.‐11.2. 2015 Sponsored by Meeting Schedule 9.2. : Monday 18.00 ‐ “Esiseminaari” at Surakan Baari (Rantakatu 11) http://surakanbaari.fi/ 10.2. : Tuesday 9.30 ‐ 9.40 Mikko Mönkkönen & Raine Kortet: “Opening the meeting” AU100 9.40 ‐ 9.55 Best OIKOS PhD‐thesis in ecology and evolutionary biology 2014 –award talk. AU100 Plenaries, Chair Mikko Mönkkönen 10.00 ‐ 10.55 Paula Harrison, Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University, UK: “Understanding linkages between biodiversity attributes and ecosystem services for exploring the impacts of climate change? “ AU100 11.00 ‐ 11.55 Anssi Karvonen, University of Jyväskylä: ”Parasite co‐infections – why do they matter?“ AU100 12.00 ‐ 13.15 Lunch break 13.15 ‐ 15.00 Session “Applied Ecology” Chair Otso Huitu AU100 13.15 Teija Ruuhola: Effects of bedrock and surficial deposit composition on moose damage in young forest stands in Finnish Lapland 13.30 Nina Welti: Mechanisms of nitrous oxide uptake in boreal peatlands and forest soils quantified by isotopic and molecular methods 13.45 Aigi Margus: Within‐ and transgenerational effects of sublethal insecticide exposure on invasive pest species 14.00 Tiina Piiroinen: Natural establishment of indigenous trees under planted nuclei: a study from a logged pine plantation in an afrotropical rain forest 14.15 Panu Halme: The effects of forest fuel harvesting on decomposer fungi during the first post‐harvest decade 14.30 Riikka Elo: Studies on the myrmecophily of moss mites (Acari: Oribatida) 14.45 Sari Oksanen: Identifying foraging areas of Baltic ringed seals 13.15 ‐ 15.00 Session “Aquatic ecology” Chair Anssi Vainikka AG100 13.15 Katja Enberg: Climate change, fishing, and life‐history evolution ‐ consequences for resilience in North‐East Arctic cod 13.30 Kristin Scharnweber: Water visibility interacts with foraging traits of perch from high and low DOC lakes 13.45 Teppo Vehanen: Wild and hatchery brown trout Salmo trutta interact to influence feeding and growth of juveniles 14.00 Noora Mustamäki: Seasonal small‐scale variation in depth distribution in a coastal Baltic Sea fish assemblage 14.15 Ursula Strandberg: Trophic transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids in large boreal lakes 14.30 Anne Thonig: Temporal and spatial dynamics of the polychaete Pygospio elegans in a Danish estuary complex 14.45 Tiina Salo: From genes to communities: stress tolerance in Baltic eelgrass Zostera marina 15.00 ‐ 15.30 Coffee break 15.30 ‐ 17.15 Session “Ecosystem services in boreal forests” Chair Mikko Mönkkönen AU100 15.30 Tähti Pohjanmies: Effects of silvicultural practices on ecosystem services from boreal production forests 15.45 Petteri Vihervaara: Integrating remotely sensed data and biodiversity data for ecosystem assessments 16.00 Laura Mononen: National ecosystem service indicators to promote sustainable use of ecosystems 16.15 Maria Triviño: Managing a boreal forest landscape for providing timber and preserving carbon 16.30 Heikki Setälä: Provision of ecosystem services by urban forests 16.45 Liisa Maanavilja: Restoration of ecosystem structure and functioning in boreal spruce swamp forests 17.00 Teemu Tahvanainen: What is the value of naturalness in conservation of mires and mire woodlands? 15.30 ‐ 17.30 Session “Behavioral ecology” Chair Kai Lindström AG100 15.30 Pauliina Järvistö: Sex‐dependent responses to increased parental effort in the pied flycatcher 15.45 Kristjan Niitepõld: Fly, butterfly, fly! Does environmental variation affect butterfly flight? 16.00 Petri Niemelä: Artificial environments and the study of ‘adaptive’ personalities 16.15 Samuel Waldron: Iridescence can function as a warning signal: experimental evidence from Oreina beetles 16.30 Outi Ala‐Honkola: Male diapause exists in Drosophila montana; diapause affects CHC composition and mating behaviour in D. montana 16.45 Jon Brommer: Indirect effects between social partners 17.00 Craig Primmer: Home ground advantage: local males have higher mating success than dispersers in an Atlantic salmon sub‐population 17.15 Arja Kaitala: I’m sexy and I glow it: ‐Glow matters in the common glow worm 17.40 ‐ 18.30 Poster session Carelia building, main entrance hall 1st & 2nd floor. Please note that poster stands will be ready for posters not earlier than 17:30, but you can store your unopened posters in AU100 after 9:15 am. 19.15 ‐ 21.00 Dinner at Kimmel (Itäranta 1) https://www.sokoshotels.fi/fi/joensuu/sokos‐hotel‐kimmel 20.00 Mikko Mönkkonen: “Welcome to NSO 2016!” 20.05 ‐ Informal discussions & social talk 11.2. : Wednesday Morning coffee 08.45 – AU100 09.00 ‐ 09.15 Kyösti Lempa, Academy of Finland “Evaluation of ecology and evolutionary biology in Finland 2006‐
2010 ‐ a follow‐up” AU100 09.15 ‐10.10 Panel discussion on the employment of ecologists & evolutionary biologists? (in Finnish; coordinated by Johanna Mappes & Leena Lindström): 30 min discussion by panel members + 25 min discussion based on audience questions. AU100 Plenaries, Chair Leena Lindström 10.15 ‐ 11.10 Elizabeth Borer, University of Minnesota, USA: ”Grassroots science to address global‐scale environmental change“ AU100 11.15 ‐ 12.10 Toni Laaksonen, University of Turku: ”Heralds of climate change heading for a darker future? Insights from studies on flycatchers “ AU100 12.10 ‐ 13.30 Lunch break 13.30 ‐ 15.15 Session “Evolutionary genetics” Chair Toby Fountain AU100 13.30 Arild Husby: Genetic architecture of a fitness trait in a population of collared flycatchers 13.45 Tutku Aykanat: ”Low but significant” genetic differentiation underlies biologically meaningful phenotypic divergence in a large Atlantic salmon population 14.00 Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä: Molecular mechanisms and reversibility of fisheries‐induced evolution 14.15 Angela Sims: Rapid responses to changing environments in a wild rodent 14.30 Jenny Makkonen: Finnish noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) represent a single haplotype lineage 14.45 Steve Parratt: Using molecular tools to track the effects of a hyperparasite in a plant pathogen metapopulation 15.00 Niklas Wahlberg: Cornucopia or Pandora’s Box? Phylogenomics comes of age, data is no longer limiting 13.30 ‐ 15.15 Session “Plant ecology” Chair Annu Ruotsalainen AG100 13.30 Mikael von Numers: Climate dependent distribution of island vascular plants in a Baltic archipelago 13.45 Tuija Pyykkönen: Long‐term vegetation changes along productivity gradient in northern Fennoscandia 14.00 Anna Laine: Ecophysiology of Sphagnum mosses during mire succession 14.15 Kaisa Heimonen: Herbivorous insect communities on silver birch under a changing climate 14.30 Ulla Paaso: Heritable differences in the quality and quantity of defensive compounds in Betula pendula litter remain during decomposition 14.45 Anu Eskelinen: Erosion of beta diversity under interacting global change impacts in a semiarid grassland 15.00 Karita Saravesi: Moth outbreaks alter soil and root‐associated fungal communities in subarctic mountain birch forests 15.15 ‐ 15.45 Coffee break (& posters) Carelia building 15.45 – 17.30 Session “Molecular ecology” Chair Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä AU100 15.45 Kim Yrjälä: Molecular ecology of phytoremediation revealed a process described as secondary succession of bacteria in hydrocarbon pollution 16:00 Toby Fountain: Genotyping museum samples from extinct vs extant populations to investigate the population history of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in the Baltic region 16:15 Tommi Nyman: Phylogenetic insights into factors structuring associations between plant‐feeding insects and their parasitoids 16:30 Eija Lönn: Sexually antagonistic selection maintains variation in social behavior through functional microsatellites 16:45 Tomas Roslin: Arctic food webs as the grave of simplicity 17:00 Terhi Honkola: Isolation mechanisms and linguistic divergence – microevolutionary perspective 17:15 Tuuli‐Marjaana Koski: Do insectivorous birds use volatile organic compounds from plants as olfactory foraging cues? Three experimental tests 15.45 – 17.30 Session “Host‐parasite interactions” Chair Anna‐Liisa Laine AG100 15.45 Ines Klemme: Acquired host responses erode advantages of co‐infection by multiple parasite genotypes 16.00 Tuomas Aivelo: Tracking year‐to‐year changes in intestinal nematode communities of rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) 16.15 Lotta‐Riina Sundberg: Time‐shift experiment of locally adapting bacterium and its phage reveals host‐
pathogen coevolution dynamics 16.30 Teppo Hiltunen: The key role of viral parasites on eco‐evolutionary dynamics in toxic cyanobacterial populations 16.45 Hanna Susi: The effect of co‐infection to pathogen epidemiology in Plantago lanceolata – Podosphaera plantaginis –interaction 17.00 Alexandre Budria: Eutrophication and parasitism in the Baltic Sea: a matter of scale 17.15 Franziska Dickel: To get sick, or not to get sick: antagonistic interactions between two different Lepidopteran hosts and the pathogen Serratia marcescens Travel back home: e.g. train to Helsinki 18.17, arrival 22.48; or train to Jyväskylä 18.32, arrival 21.32. PARTICIPANT LIST (in the E‐mails, remove ”_” before ”@”) Name Aapo Kahilainen E‐mail [email protected]
Adela Petrzelkova [email protected]
Adriano Mazziotta [email protected]
Aigi Margus [email protected]
Aino Kalske [email protected]
Aino Korrensalo [email protected]
Alexandre Budria [email protected]
Alisa Olkinuora [email protected]
Angela Sims [email protected]
Anna Laine [email protected]
Anna Repo [email protected]
Anna‐Liisa Laine anna‐[email protected]
Annamari Markkola [email protected]
Anne Duplouy [email protected]
Anne Lyytinen [email protected]
Anne Thonig [email protected]
Anneli Hoikkala [email protected]
Annu Ruotsalainen [email protected]
Anssi Karvonen [email protected]
Anssi Vainikka [email protected]
Organization University of Jyväskylä Poster
Charles University in Prague University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Turku University of Jyväskylä 1 University of Helsinki University of Turku University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki Finnish Environment Institute 2 University of Helsinki University of Oulu University of Helsinki 3 University of Jyväskylä Roskilde University University of Jyväskylä University of Oulu University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland Antti Miettinen [email protected]
Anu Eskelinen [email protected]
Anu Valtonen [email protected]
Ari Huusko [email protected]
Arild Husby [email protected]
Arja Kaitala [email protected]
Arjuna Das Alor [email protected]
Ashutosh Pandey [email protected]
Atte Komonen [email protected]
Aurora Hatanpää [email protected]
Baocheng Shen [email protected]
Bibiana Rojas Zuluaga [email protected]
Camilla Ekblad [email protected]
Carlos Leandro Oliveira Cordeiro [email protected]
Craig Primmer [email protected]
Dalial Freitak [email protected]
Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila eeva‐[email protected]
Eija Lönn [email protected]
Elena Rosa [email protected]
Elina Koivisto [email protected]
Elina Mäntylä [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä University of Oulu/UC Davis University of Eastern Finland Natural Resources Institute Finland University of Helsinki University of Oulu GCMA University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland University of Turku University of Jyväskylä University of Turku University of Turku University of Turku University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki 4 University of Turku University of Turku 5 Elizabeth Borer [email protected]
University of Minnesota Emily Burdfield‐Steel emily.r.burdfield‐[email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Emily Knott [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Emma‐Liina Marjakangas [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Eric Le Tortorec [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Erica Björndotter [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Esa Huhta [email protected]
Natural Resources Institute Finland 6 Etsuko Nonaka [email protected]
University of Helsinki 7 Franziska Dickel [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Friederike Gehrmann [email protected]
University of Helsinki 8 Glenda Cárdenas [email protected]
University of Turku Hanna Susi [email protected]
University of Helsinki Hanna Tuomisto [email protected]
University of Turku Hannu Huuskonen [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Hannu Pöysä [email protected]
Natural Resources Institute Finland Harri Kokko [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Heikki Helanterä [email protected]
University of Helsinki Heikki Roininen [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Heikki Setälä [email protected]
University of Helsinki Heikki Simola [email protected]
Henni Ylänne [email protected]
Henri Vanhanen [email protected]
Ilona Merikanto [email protected]
Ines Klemme [email protected]
Janne Kotiaho [email protected]
Janne Ruuth [email protected]
Janne Sundell [email protected]
Janne Valkonen [email protected]
Jari Syväranta [email protected]
Japo Jussila [email protected]
Jenna Purhonen [email protected]
Jenni Kesäniemi [email protected]
Jenny Kilpiäinen [email protected]
Jenny Makkonen [email protected]
Joannes van Cann [email protected]
Johanna Kinnunen [email protected]
Johanna Mappes [email protected]
John Loehr [email protected]
Jon Brommer [email protected]
Jouni Sorvari [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland 9 University of Oulu / Lapin yliopisto Natural Resources Institute Finland Univeristy of Helsinki 10 University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland 11 University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä 12 University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki University of Turku University of Eastern Finland Jouni Taskinen [email protected]
Juho Matala [email protected]
Kai Lindström [email protected]
Kaisa Heimonen [email protected]
Kaisa Raatikainen [email protected]
Kaisa Suisto [email protected]
Kalle Rainio [email protected]
Karin Kjernsmo [email protected]
Karita Saravesi [email protected]
Karoliina Huusko [email protected]
Katariina Riipinen [email protected]
Kata‐Riina Valosaari kata‐[email protected]
Katja Enberg [email protected]
Katja Rönkä [email protected]
Katrine Hoset [email protected]
Kazumi Miura [email protected]
Kim Yrjälä [email protected]
Krista Raveala [email protected]
Kristin Scharnweber [email protected]
Kristjan Niitepõld [email protected]
Ksenia Zueva [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Natural Resources Institute Finland 13 Åbo Akademi University University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä 14 University of Jyväskylä 15 Universitu of Turku Åbo Academi University University of Oulu University of Oulu 16 University of Turku Academy of Finland Institute of Marine Research University of Jyväskylä 17 University of Turku University of Jyväskylä 18 University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Uppsala University University of Helsinki University of Turku Kwabena Febiri Adomah [email protected]
Kyösti Lempa [email protected]
Lasse Ruokolainen [email protected]
Lassi Paavolainen [email protected]
Laura Kettunen [email protected]
Laura Mononen [email protected]
Lauri Liukkonen [email protected]
Layla Höckerstedt [email protected]
Leena Lindström [email protected]
Liisa Hämäläinen [email protected]
Liisa Maanavilja [email protected]
Linus Svensson [email protected]
Lotta Sundström [email protected]
Lotta‐Riina Sundberg lotta‐[email protected]
Maria Triviño [email protected]
Maria Tuomaala [email protected]
Maria Tuomi [email protected]
Maria Yli‐Renko maria.yli‐[email protected]
Marina Mustonen [email protected]
Marja Maljanen [email protected]
Marja Niemi [email protected]
GCMA Academy of Finland University of Helsinki 19 University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland Finnish Environment Institute University of Eastern Finland University of Helsinki University ofJyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki Oikos Editorial Office University of Helsinki University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Oulu/University of Eastern Finland University of Turku University of Turku University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland 20 University of Eastern Finland Marjo Saastamoinen [email protected]
Markus Ahola [email protected]
Markus Melin [email protected]
Markus Öst [email protected]
Matti Häkkilä [email protected]
Meeri Koivuniemi [email protected]
Mervi Kunnasranta [email protected]
Mia Valtonen [email protected]
Miia Rainio [email protected]
Miina Auttila [email protected]
Mikael Kilpi [email protected]
Mikael von Numers [email protected]
Mikko Kiljunen [email protected]
Mikko Mönkkönen [email protected]
Milla Aalto [email protected]
Milla Ahola [email protected]
Netta Keret [email protected]
Niyas Saleem [email protected]
Nikko Obiri Gyimah [email protected]
Niklas Wahlberg [email protected]
Nina Welti [email protected]
University of Helsinki Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute University of Eastern Finland Åbo Akademi University University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland 21 University of Eastern Finland University of Helsinki University of Turku Metsähallitus Aronia at Åbo Akademi and Novia Åbo Akademi University University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Turku University of Turku University of Oulu University of Eastern Finland GCMA University of Turku, Biology University of Eastern Finland Noora Mustamäki [email protected] Åbo Akademi University 22 Outi Ala‐Honkola [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Otso Huitu [email protected]
Natural Resources Institute Finland Panu Halme [email protected]
University of Jyväskylä Patrick Saccone [email protected]
University of Oulu 23 Paula Harrison [email protected]
Oxford University Paula Kankaala [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Paula Thitz [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Pauliina Järvistö [email protected]
University of Turku Pekka Heikkilä [email protected]
Metsähallitus Pekka Hyvärinen [email protected]
Natural Resources Institute Finland Petra Rodewald [email protected]
NTNU Petri Keto‐Tokoi petri.keto‐[email protected]
Tampere University of Applied Sciences Petri Niemela [email protected]
Ludwig‐Maximilians University Petteri Vihervaara [email protected]
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Piippa Wäli [email protected]
University of Oulu 24 Pirita Latja [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Päivi Tiiva [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland 25 Pälvi Salo [email protected]
University of Turku Raine Kortet [email protected]
Raisa Tiilikainen [email protected]
Reetta Väätäinen [email protected]
Riikka Alakoski [email protected]
Riikka Alanen [email protected]
Riikka Elo [email protected]
Riikka Levänen [email protected]
Risto Eronen [email protected]
Risto Juvaste [email protected]
Risto Virtanen [email protected]
Salla Mikkola [email protected]
Sami Aikio [email protected]
Samuel Waldron [email protected]
Sari Oksanen [email protected]
Sarita Keski‐Saari sarita.keski‐[email protected]
Sebastiano De Bona [email protected]
Shouli Li [email protected]
Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä silva.uusi‐[email protected]
Sirpa Kaunisto [email protected]
Sirpa Piirainen [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland Metsähallitus, Parks & Wildilife Finland University of Eastern Finland 26 University of Turku University of Helsinki 27 University of Turku University of Eastern Finland University of Eastern Finland University of Turku University of Oulu University of Turku Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä 28 University of Turku University of Turku University of Eastern Finland Natural Resources Institute Finland Sonja Hurskainen [email protected]
Steven Parratt [email protected]
Suvi Ruuskanen [email protected]
Suvi Sallinen [email protected]
Tapio Meppes [email protected]
Teemu Tahvanainen [email protected]
Teija Ruuhola [email protected]
Teppo Hiltunen [email protected]
Teppo Vehanen [email protected]
Terhi Honkola [email protected]
Tiia Forsström [email protected]
Tiina Piiroinen [email protected]
Tiina Salo [email protected]
Timo Domisch [email protected]
Timo Kumpula [email protected]
Timo Ruokonen [email protected]
Tinja Pitkämäki [email protected]
Toby Fountain [email protected]
Tomas Roslin [email protected]
University of Oulu University of Helsinki University of Turku 29 University of Helsinki University of Jyväskylä University of Eastern Finland Finnish Forest Research Institute University of Helsinki Natural Resources Institute Finland University of Turku University of Turku University of Eastern Finland Åbo Akademi University Natural Resources Institute Finland University of Eastern Finland University of Jyväskylä University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Tommi Nyman [email protected]
Toni Laaksonen [email protected]
Tuija Pyykkönen [email protected]
Tuomas Aivelo [email protected]
Tuomas Kankaanpää [email protected]
Tuomas Leinonen [email protected]
Tutku Aykanat [email protected]
Tuuli‐Marjaana Koski [email protected]
Tytti Turkia [email protected]
Tähti Pohjanmies [email protected]
Ulla Paaso [email protected]
Ursula Strandberg [email protected]
Wolfgang Reschka [email protected]
University of Eastern Finland University of Turku University of Oulu University of Helsinki University of Helsinki 30 University of Helsinki University of Turku University of Turku University of Turku 31 University of Jyväskylä University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland University of Helsinki 32 Organization committee Prof. Raine Kortet (University of Eastern Finland) Prof. Mikko Mönkkönen (University of Jyväskylä) Organizers for the scientific program Post doctoral researcher Tutku Aykanat (University of Turku), Post doctoral researcher Toby Fountain (University of Helsinki,) Senior researcher Otso Huitu (Natural Resources Institute Finland, LUKE), Prof. Raine Kortet (Univeristy of Eastern Finland), Academy Research Fellow Anna‐Liisa Laine (University of Helsinki), Prof. Kai Lindström (Åbo Academi University), Prof. Mikko Mönkkönen (University of Jyväskylä), Post doctoral researcher Victoria Pritchard (University of Turku), Intendant Annu Ruotsalainen (University of Oulu), Post doctoral researcher Jari Syväranta (University of Jyväskylä), Post doctoral researcher Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä (University of Turku), Associate Prof. Anssi Vainikka (University of Eastern Finland) Campus restaurants (Amica):
1.
2.
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4.
Aura
Carelia
Kuutti
Pihlaja
Downtown restaurants (http://lounaat.info/joensuu):
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14.
Kiesa, Niskakatu 17
Jecika (Indian restaurant), Kirkkokatu 25B
Martina, Kirkkokatu 20
Koko & Pala (sushi and theme restaurant), Kauppakatu 26
Kahvila Houkutus (soup and salad lunch), Torikatu 24
Torero, Siltakatu 8
Teatteriravintola, Rantakatu 20
Deli China (Chinese restaurant), Koskikatu 5
Surakan kyökki, Rantakatu 11-13
Kerubi, Siltakatu 1
Kimmel
Railway station
Contents
Oral presentation
Poster presentation
2
83
List of Authors
103
List of Keywords
107
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Tracking year-to-year changes in intestinal nematode communities of rufous
mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus)
Tuomas Aivelo∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Alan Medlar
University of Helsinki
Finland
Ari Löytynoja
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Juha Laakkonen
University of Helsinki
Finland
Jukka Jernvall
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
While it is known that intestinal parasite communities vary in their composition over time, there is
a lack of studies addressing how variation in component communities (between-hosts) manifests in
infracommunities (within-host) during the host life span. In this study we investigate the changes in
the intestinal parasite infracommunities in wild-living rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) from
Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar from 2010 to 2012. We used high-throughput
barcoding of the 18S rRNA gene to interrogate parasite community structure. Our results show that
in these nematode communities, there were two frequently occurring putative species and four rarer
putative species. All putative species were randomly distributed over host individuals and they did
not occur in clear temporal patterns. For the individuals caught in at least two different years, there
was high turnover of putative species and high variation in fecal egg counts. Our study shows that
while there was remarkable variation in infracommunities over time, the component community was
relatively stable. Nevertheless, the patterns of prevalence varied substantially between years in each
component community.
Keywords: longitudinal study, helminths, metabarcoding, primates
∗
Presenting author
2
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Male diapause exists in Drosophila montana; diapause affects CHC
composition and mating behaviour in D. montana
Outi Ala-Honkola∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Thomas Schmitt
University of Würzburg
Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
Venera Tyukmaeva
University of St. Andrews
United Kingdom
Hannele Kauranen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Anneli Hoikkala
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Environmental cues, mainly photoperiod and temperature, control reproductive diapause (arrest of
oocyte development) in female insects. Diapause serves two adaptive functions: it improves survival
during unfavourable seasons and/or restricts oviposition to the season favourable for the survival of
eggs. Male diapause (defined as a reversible inability to inseminate receptive females) is much less
studied than the female one, but if males maximise their chances to fertilize females while minimizing
energy expenditure (sperm production is costly), we expect males to be in diapause at the same time
as females are. We investigated whether male Drosophila montana are reproductively inactive when
kept in conditions that induce diapause in females and we found that, indeed, they are. We also
found that males can recognise diapausing females as they do not court them. This is probably due
to cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile change in diapausing flies. Diapausing flies have more longchained hydrocarbons, which have been shown to increase desiccation tolerance in other Drosophila
species, in their cuticula than non-diapausing flies. Males may use these as a cue to assess female
reproductive state.
Keywords: cuticular hydrocarbon, diapause, Drosophila, male fertility
∗
Presenting author
3
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
”Low but significant” genetic differentiation underlies biologically meaningful
phenotypic divergence in a large Atlantic salmon population.
Tutku Aykanat∗
University of Turku, Department of Biology
Finland
[email protected]
Susan E. Johnston
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh
United Kingdom
[email protected]
Panu Orell
Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
Eero Niemelä
Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jaakko Erkinaro
Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
Craig R. Primmer
University of Turku, Department of Biology
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Structured populations with low genetic diversity and overlapping boundaries are difficult to discern,
but provide excellent models to study the eco-evolutionary forces that may operate on diversity such
as local adaptation and hybridization. However, lack of high resolution genetic markers and relevant
phenotypic and life history information have thus far limited such research being conducted on wild
non-model systems.
By analysing high resolution SNP data and extensive phenotypic and demographic information, we
identified fine scale sub-population differentiation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Teno River,
a major salmon river in Finland. Despite low levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.015), we observed
marked differences in the distribution of life history variation among the identified sub-populations, with
large, late-maturing individuals being virtually absent from one of the two sub-populations, We also
characterized a narrow hybrid zone, which was seemingly shaped by unidirectional gene flow between
populations.
Our results suggest different eco-evolutionary processes are likely shaping the two sub-populations
and that hybridization and subsequent selection may maintain low genetic differentiation without
hindering adaptive divergence.
∗
Presenting author
4
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Keywords: local adaptation, fine scale genetic divergence, hybridization, Atlantic salmon
5
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Grassroots science to address global-scale environmental change
Elizabeth Borer∗
University of Minnesota
USA
[email protected]
Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems provide essential services to humans including soil conservation, carbon
capture, and pollinator and wildlife habitat. The ability of ecosystems to provide services such as these
depends on the diversity and composition of plants; yet humans are changing the atmosphere, land
use, and consumer composition in unprecedented ways that are contributing to widespread changes
in plant communities. Two of the greatest current challenges for ecology are: (1) understanding how
globally-pervasive anthropogenic changes cause biodiversity alteration and loss and (2) understanding
the consequences of biodiversity change for ecosystem functioning. While these challenges are global
in scale, ecological experiments must be done at local scales to characterize the effects of global
changes on species interactions. Distributed experimental networks are a relatively new approach
with the potential to bridge the gaps among site-scale experiments to generate emergent globalscale predictions. The Nutrient Network, spanning nearly 80 sites in 20 countries, is an international
collaboration among ecologists studying the world’s grasslands. We are using these data to learn
about the generality and context-dependence of grassland responses to globally-pervasive changes.
In addition to outlining the genesis of this project, I will present some of the newest results emerging
from this global research collaboration.
Keywords: nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium, herbivore, distributed experiment, grassland
∗
Presenting author
6
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Indirect effects between social partners
Jon Brommer∗
U of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Many animals are social, and hence interactions between individuals are common in nature. The
consequences of such interactions for trait expression by a focal individual are described fully in a
framework provided by quantitative genetics. I here explore this framework in the specific context of
two non-related individuals interacting as a breeding pair. I outline how this framework can provide
insight in the indirect effect of one partner on the other’s expression of e.g. a reproductive trait or
a behavior and provide examples of such indirect effects based on long-term individual-based avian
data. I stress that even in the absence of pedigree information, the statistical framework is useful for
understanding whether the behavior of one individual may affect trait expression by another, and hence
the consequences and evolution of social interactions.
Keywords: interacting phenotypes, indirect (genetic) effect, reproduction, behavior
∗
Presenting author
7
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Eutrophication and parasitism in the Baltic Sea: a matter of scale
Alexandre Budria∗
Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
F. Guillaume Blanchet
Mathematical Biology Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Ulrika Candolin
Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Humans have profoundly altered species assemblages, thereby altering the transmission of infectious
and parasitic diseases. In coastal ecosystems, human-induced eutrophication is often found to
influence epidemics, with potential consequences for the structure and function of ecosystems. We
investigated the relationship between eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and the diversity of macroparasites carried by an environmental sentinel, the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
The severity of eutrophication varies both locally and regionally, and we consequently analysed the
data at two geographical levels; local and regional. We found the mean richness of parasites per
stickleback to be lower in regions where eutrophication is more severe, but detected no relationship
at the local level, i.e., within the regions. The pattern varied among species, and no correlations were
found for some species. We discuss different factors that could influence the relationship between
eutrophication and parasite abundance, as well as the importance of considering geographical scale.
Overall, our study highlights the need to include geographical scale when investigating the impact of
human-induced environmental changes on epidemics.
Keywords: epidemiology, environmental parasitology, environmental change, <i>Gasterosteus
aculeatus</i>
∗
Presenting author
8
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Predator mimicry, not conspicuousness, explains the efficacy of butterfly
eyespots
Sebastiano De Bona∗
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Janne Valkonen
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Andrés López-Sepucre
CNRS UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences de Paris (iEES), Université Pierre
et Marie Curie
France
[email protected]
Johanna Mappes
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Large conspicuous eyespots on butterfly wings have been proven to deter predators. This has been
traditionally explained by mimicry of vertebrate eyes, but recently the classic eye-mimicry hypothesis
has been challenged. It is proposed that the conspicuousness of the eyespot, not mimicry, is
what causes aversion due to sensory biases, neophobia or sensory overloads. We conducted an
experiment to directly test whether the eye-mimicry or the conspicuousness hypothesis better explain
eyespot efficacy. We used great tits (Parus major) as model predator, and tested their reaction
towards animated images simulating deimatic displays. Birds were tested against images of butterflies
without eyespots, natural-looking eyespots, and manipulated spot with the same contrast but no eye
∗
Presenting author
9
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
resemblance, as well as images of predators (owls) with and without eyes. We found that real mimetic
eyespots were as effective as true eyes of owls and more efficient in eliciting an aversive response
than modified, less mimetic but equally contrasting eyespots. To analyse the data we implemented a
novel approach for behavioural data, using Item Response Trees. We conclude that the eye-mimicry
hypothesis explains our results better than the conspicuousness hypothesis and is thus likely to be an
important mechanism behind the evolution of butterfly eyespots.
Keywords: eyespots, mimicry, prey-predator interaction
10
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Diet choice of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is affected by spatial
and temporal abundance of the prey species in Åland islands
Camilla Ekblad∗
University of Turku
Finland
Toni Laaksonen
University of Turku
Finland
Seppo Sulkava
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Torsten Stjernberg
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is an apex predator closely associated with water. Its
population in the Baltic region declined drastically in the 20:th century and the eagle was virtually
absent for several decades. Due to conservation efforts the population began to recover in the 1980s.
The rapid return of the white-tailed eagle might have consequences for its prey species. Therefore
knowledge of the prey selection is needed to ensure the conservation of both the eagle and its prey.
Using an extensive data-set of 16 500 identified prey remains collected under nests of white-tailed
eagles on the Åland islands during 1978-2010 we aim to describe the diet of white-tailed eagles and
find patterns in the prey choice in different archipelago types. To describe the type of the archipelago
at the nesting sites we counted the proportion of land and water in a circular territory with a radius
of 2 km for each pair. There were differences in the prey composition in different archipelago types.
The proportion of different prey species also varied temporally, especially for the main prey species
common eider (Somateria mollissima) and pike (Esox lucius).
Keywords: diet, Åland islands, White-tailed eagle
∗
Presenting author
11
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Studies on the myrmecophily of moss mites (Acari: Oribatida)
Riikka Elo∗
University of Turku
Finland
Ritva Penttinen
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Jouni Sorvari
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Despite the aspect that ants are predators, there is a large variety of other invertebrates living in their
nests. So far, only little is known about oribatid mites inhabiting anthills. We investigated the ant–miteassociation in oak forest of Ruissalo Island using the Formica polyctena as host ant species. First,
we compared the community composition of mites inside anthills and in soil surrounding the nests.
Altogether, 10,592 oribatid mite specimens belonging to 76 species were found. Based on the density
of species the study revealed a clear division between soil specialists (50%) or nest specialists (34%),
relatively few taxa falling between as generalists (16%). Next we investigated the distribution of mites
inside the nest mounds. Altogether, 18,733 oribatids were recorded. Of all specimens 78% were found
from the uppermost humid layer (moisture 24%) whereas only 5% from the dry center (moisture 6%)
of mounds. A moderate number of specimens, 17%, were found from the rim near earth’s surface
(moisture 14%). We conclude that humidity seems to determinate the distribution of soil mites in
anthills. Our results suggest that the ant–mite-associations are possibly commensalistic or mutualistic.
We conclude that wood ants and their nests are important factors in maintaining biodiversity.
Keywords: Myrmecophily, Communities, Ant associates, Acari
∗
Presenting author
12
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Climate change, fishing, and life-history evolution – consequences for
resilience in North-East Arctic cod
Katja Enberg∗
Institute of Marine Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics
Norway
[email protected]
Christian Jørgensen
Uni Research and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics
Norway
[email protected]
Fishing is affecting not only the abundance, biomass, and structure of harvested populations, but may
also change the life-history and behavioural traits of the targeted species, potentially on decadal timescales. In the Northeast Arctic cod stock, intensive fishing has led to decreased age-at-maturation
by several years during the last decades. This study focuses on how these adaptive changes may
influence population dynamics and resilience. We use an evolving individual-based model of energy
allocation and life history evolution for cod to predict adaptations to environmental fluctuations and
fishing. The model predicts that a pristine population adapted only to natural mortality has slow
population dynamics and suffers longer from the ups and downs in stock size, thereby showing
low resilience in a fished world. However, individuals gradually adapt to the fished environment by
becoming sexually mature earlier in life and by reproducing more intensely, both contributing to quicker
population dynamics and faster responses to environmental fluctuations. Fishing-induced evolutionary
adaptations may thus increase the resilience of the fished population. The link between environmental
variables and population metrics is strengthened, but at the same time as a consequence of the
fastened life cycle the stock recovers faster from periods of negative environmental exposure.
Keywords: Resilience, Life history, Climate variability, Fishing-induced evolution
∗
Presenting author
13
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Biotic context and soil properties interact to mediate native plant responses to
enhanced rainfall
Anu Eskelinen∗
University of Oulu and UC Davis
Finland
Susan Harrison
University of California, Davis
USA
[email protected];[email protected] [email protected]
Biotic context exhibits great potential to modify plant responses to global changes, yet there are very
few studies addressing complex interactions among the direct effects of environmental changes and
indirect effects mediated by biotic factors. We examined how aboveground competition interacts
with climatic (rainfall) and edaphic (soil nutrients, water retention capacity) variables to control the
growth, survival and seed production of two native plants, Lasthenia californica and Calycadenia
pauciflora, in Californian grasslands. We found that for both species, increased competition cancelled
the direct positive impacts of enhanced rainfall on most fitness measures, resulting in net zero
effects of enhanced rainfall. We also found that the outcome depended on soil properties, with both
species benefitting more from enhanced rainfall when the absence of competitors was accompanied
by high soil water retention capacity. Plants benefitted from enhanced rainfall or competitor removal
only in ambient nutrient conditions with high soil water retention capacity. Our results are a novel
demonstration of how biotic and abiotic filters interact to modify the direct effects of climate change on
plant fitness.
Keywords: precipitation change, biotic modulators, competition, direct and indirect effects
∗
Presenting author
14
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Genotyping museum samples from extinct vs extant populations to investigate
the population history of the Glanville fritillary butterfly in the Baltic region
Toby Fountain∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Marko Nieminen
University of Helsinki
Finland
Jukka Sirén
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Swee Wong Chong
University of Helsinki
Finland
Ilkka Hanski
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Genotyping museum samples can provide insight into how human-induced environmental change has
affected the population dynamics and adaptive potential of species. Within the last 50 years the
Glanville fritillary butterfly has gone extinct from mainland Finland and is now restricted to the Åland
islands. Using recently available genomic resources we selected 272 SNPs from within candidate
genes under likely selection for increased or reduced flight, as well as from putatively neutral regions.
We genotyped 119 individuals from museum collections sampled between 50 and 150 years ago from
extinct and extant populations across the Baltic. We compared this to a large dataset of over 10,000
individuals collected from three regions in contemporary Åland. We found consistently lower genetic
diversity in now extinct populations, compared to extant museum and contemporary populations.
Clustering analyses showed that 100 years ago museum samples from Åland and SW Finland were
more genetically similar but continued to drift apart, suggesting increased isolation of SW Finland
populations. Using outlier analyses we identified loci potentially under selection, with the majority in
genes related to flight and host plant use. We discuss the utility of museum samples in understanding
how anthropogenic actions are shaping the evolution and survival of species.
Keywords: Adaptation, Extinction, Habitat fragmentation
∗
Presenting author
15
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
The effects of forest fuel harvesting on decomposer fungi during the first
post-harvest decade
Panu Halme∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Tero Toivanen
Birdlife Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Janne Kotiaho
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
The interest to use wood-based renewable energy has heavily increased because of the requirements
of current climate and energy policies. Therefore, the removal of logging residues and stumps
from clear-cuts has become a common forestry practice. Finland has been one of the most active
countries in forest fuel harvesting. Currently both slash and stump removal have become common and
increasing practices. Due to the short history of these treatments their ecological effects are poorly
known. Naturally, forest fuel harvesting decreases the, already initially low, volume of dead wood in
managed forests, but the biodiversity effects remain largely unknown. We have studied the effects of
forest fuel harvesting on decomposer fungi on 20 clear-cut Norway spruce stands in central Finland.
Our first surveys were conducted 4-5 years after the harvesting and stump removal, and the surveys
were repeated five years later. Thus we are able to provide some insights into the biodiversity effects of
stump removal and slash harvesting during the first post-harvest decade. In this talk I present results
from both surveys. I discuss the results in the context of conservation biology, especially thinking about
the potential local extinctions that forest fuel harvesting may induce.
Keywords: polypores, stump removal, agarics, energy wood
∗
Presenting author
16
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Understanding linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem services for
exploring the impacts of climate change
Paula Harrison∗
University of Oxford
United Kingdom
[email protected]
Although ecosystem services are generated from myriad interactions in complex systems, improving
understanding of some of the key relationships between biodiversity and service provision will help
guide effective management and protection strategies. A systematic review of the contribution of
biodiversity attributes to the delivery of 13 ecosystem services has been undertaken to address this
challenge. Data were extracted into a database which was investigated using network analysis to
highlight the direction and strength of relationships and reveal the different typologies of biodiversity
– ecosystem service provider – ecosystem service relationships which exist for different services and
the interconnections between them.
Climate change will have significant impacts on future ecosystem service provision in Europe. Despite
the implications of these changes for society and the environment, few studies have analysed how
Europe might adapt to such changes. A participatory integrated assessment (IA) tool (the CLIMSAVE
IA Platform) has been developed to allow stakeholders to assess climate change adaptation for a range
of ecosystem services from the agricultural, forestry, biodiversity, coastal, water and urban sectors. The
tool enables stakeholders to explore and understand the complex interactions and trade-offs between
biodiversity and other sectors under different scenario futures in planning adaptation responses.
Keywords: ecosystem services, adaptation, climate change, biodiversity
∗
Presenting author
17
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Herbivorous insect communities on silver birch under a changing climate
Kaisa Heimonen∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Valtonen Anu
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Sari Kontunen-Soppela
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Sarita Keski-Saari
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Matti Rousi
Natural Resource Institute Finland
Finland
Oksanen Elina
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Roininen Heikki
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Climate warming has been predicted to increase the abundance of insects and expand or shift their
ranges to higher latitudes. Therefore the herbivore pressure on plants may increase in the future.
Plants at higher latitudes may be particularly vulnerable since studies have found that herbivores
prefer to feed on high-latitude plants. How plants at higher latitudes will get colonized by herbivorous
insects spreading from low latitudes in the future is currently unknown. We established a translocation
experiment on silver birch (Betula pendula) consisting of 26 micropropagated genotypes from six
populations (60◦ N-67◦ N) planted at three sites in southern, central and northern Finland. We studied
the susceptibility of the birch genotypes from different latitudes to the local herbivores in two years,
2011 and 2012. We found that the relative herbivore density differed among the source populations in
2012, but not in 2011. The composition of the herbivore communities differed among the populations
at two of the study sites, and the similarity of the communities decreased with increasing latitudinal
distance of the populations. Local herbivores were able to colonize novel host-plant genotypes and
thus compositional changes in herbivore communities can be expected in the future.
Keywords: climate warming, common garden, Betula pendula, herbivore community
∗
Presenting author
18
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
The key role of viral parasites on eco-evolutionary dynamics in toxic
cyanobacterial populations
Teppo Hiltunen∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Research during recent decades has demonstrated that evolutionary change in host parasite
interaction can happen rapidly and on the same time scale as ecological processes. Cyanobacteria,
like most organisms, are strongly influenced naturally occurring parasites. Remarkably, some studies
have demonstrated that viruses infecting cyanobacteria can even contribute to the termination of
the cyanobacterial blooms. Parasites, besides being a major factor driving ecological dynamics
of cyanobacterial populations, can also generate a huge selective force which would drive ecoevolutionary dynamics. In here we tested the ecological and evolutionary roles of novel cyanophage
2AV2 on bloom forming toxic Baltic Sea cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena. One key characteristic of
our host cyanobacteria is that it can fix atmospheric nitrogen giving it a competitive advantage over nonnitrogen fixing phytoplankton. However when infected by lytic cyanophages this competitive advantage
can turn to disadvantage. Viruses, which lyse the susceptible host Nodularia cells, release nitrogen
bound to host cells to the environment radically altering competitive landscape. These dynamics
are altered if host population becomes resistant to the viral infection. In here we demonstrate that
cyanophages can be one of the key groups in aquatic food webs and we also link eco-evolutionary
host-parasites dynamics with biogeochemical cycles and community dynamics.
Keywords: eco-evolutionary dynamics, rapid evolution, community dynamics, host-parasite interaction
∗
Presenting author
19
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Isolation mechanisms and linguistic divergence – microevolutionary
perspective
Terhi Honkola∗
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Linguistic divergence can be seen as a process analogous to biological speciation where the
differentiation of populations is the first step. Inducers of the differentiation have been a topic
of interest both in biology and in linguistics but quantitative tests of the contributors of linguistic
divergence is largely lacking. Here we combine hypotheses from linguistics and biological evolution
and test how geographical isolation, environment, culture and administrative history contribute to
early stages of linguistic diversification. We used Finnish Dialect Atlas collected in the 1920´s as
our linguistic data. Additionally, data of several cultural and environmental variables, geographical
distance and administrative areas were collected. The data was analyzed with multiple regression
on distance matrices both in municipality and in dialect area levels. We found that moderate and
large environmental and cultural differences contribute to the isolation of Finnish dialects more than
geographical distance does. Instead, fine-grained linguistic differences between municipalities were
mostly structured by geographical distance together with differences in administrative history. This
demonstrates that physical isolation is not needed to induce linguistic differentiation. We assume
that differences in the surrounding living conditions are enough to initiate the process of linguistic
divergence through the process of cultural adaptation to local environment.
Keywords: language, culture, isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-environment
∗
Presenting author
20
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Genetic architecture of a fitness trait in a population of collared flycatchers
Arild Husby∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Taki Kawakami
Uppsala University
Sweden
Lars Rönnegård
SLU
Sweden
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Linnea Smeds
Uppsala University
Sweden
Hans Ellegren
Uppsala University
Sweden
Anna Qvarnstrom
Uppsala University
Sweden
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Understanding the genetic basis of traits involved in adaptation is a major goal in evolutionary biology
but comparatively little is known about the genomic basis of traits that forms part of fitness itself. Many
important mechanisms that can maintain variation in fitness at the level of the locus therefore remain
empirically unexplored. A GWAS utilising a custom 50k SNP array in a natural population of collared
flycatchers was used to examine the genetic basis of number of eggs produced, an important life
history trait. We found evidence for an association on chromosome 18 and two suggestive QTLs on
chromosome 26 and 9. For the QTL on chromosome 26 the same allele showed opposing effect
on male and female lifetime reproductive success, suggesting that intra-locus sexual conflict acts as
a mechanism maintaining genetic variation at this locus. A negative intersexual genetic correlation
for fitness has previously been demonstrated on the quantitative genetic in this species and we now
identify one possible QTL that may contribute to this pattern.
Keywords: fitness, GWAS, intra-locus sexual conflict, selection
∗
Presenting author
21
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Host herbivory and fertilization impacts on soil and root fungal communities in
a controlled field experiment
Karoliina Huusko∗
University of Oulu
Finland
Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] Tommi Andersson
Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku
Finland
Heini Koivuniemi
University of Oulu
Finland
-
-
Karita Saravesi
University of Oulu
Finland
Otso Suominen
Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku
Finland
-
Piippa Wäli
University of Oulu
Finland
Annamari Markkola
University of Oulu
Finland
-
-
During past decades, autumnal and recently also winter moth outbreaks in northernmost
Fennoscandia have caused severe defoliation of about 400 km2 of mountain birch (Betula pubescens
ssp. czerepanovii) forests in Utsjoki and Nuorgam area in NE-Finland. Soil microbial communities
as well as soil nutrient and carbon cycles are strongly affected by moth outbreaks. Defoliation of the
host plants reduces carbon flow belowground. As microbes in forest soils are generally considered as
carbon limited, changes in carbon availability has a major impact on mycorrhizal fungal communities.
Effects of moth-feeding on soil fungal and ectomycorrhizal communities were studied in a controlled
field experiment near Kevo Subarctic Research Station in 2011-2013. In addition to actual mothfeeding experiment (one and two years), a parallel experiment was conducted with mechanical shoot
damage and fertilization and their combination as treatments. DNA was extracted from soil and roots
of transplanted mountain birch seedlings, and fungal sequences amplified using ITS2 primers, fITS7
and ITS4. Fungal amplicons were sequenced with Ion Torrent (BioSer Oulu). Sequencing resulted 739
939 and 801 661 fungal reads from soil and root samples, respectively. Preliminary results on fungal
community composition will be discussed.
Keywords: Betula pubescens ssp.
community, moth outbreaks
∗
czerepanovii, Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing, fungal
Presenting author
22
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Effects of solar UVB, temperature and sample processing on chlorophyll and
phenolic content in peat mosses after seven years of field experimentation
Anna Hyyryläinen∗
University of Oulu
Finland
María-Ángeles Del-Castillo-Alonso
University of La Rioja
Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
Javier Martínez-Abaigar
University of La Rioja
Spain
Françoise Martz
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Encarnación Núñez-Olivera
University of La Rioja
Spain
Pasi Rautio
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Gonzalo Soriano-Sancha
University of La Rioja
Spain
Minna Turunen
University of Lapland, Arctic Centre
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Satu Huttunen
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
Solar UVB radiation and temperature are essential in regulating plant growth and development as
well as the content of the chemical constituents in plants. These regulatory effects are well studied
in vascular plants; much less is known about how they manifest themselves in bryophytes. To study
the responses of peat mosses to varying UVB and temperature conditions, we carried out an open
field experiment in Finnish Lapland. In the experiment, Sphagnum balticum, S. jensenii and S.
lindbergii grew under a) attenuated UVB and increased temperature, b) ambient UVB and increased
temperature, and c) ambient conditions. After seven years, we sampled the chosen species and
measured the content of chlorophyll and phenolics spectrophotometrically and by HPLC.
We concluded that:
∗
Presenting author
23
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
–temperature, rather than UVB radiation, seemed to affect chlorophyll and phenolic content in peat
mosses;
–the timing of sampling was important: significant species-specific seasonal variation was observed
both in phenolics and chlorophyll content;
–the results of the study were method-sensitive: the content of phenolic compounds in the plant
material was dependent on the methods of sample processing and extraction, which may be important
to take into account in further UV- related plant studies.
Keywords: UVB, Sphagnum, phenolics, chlorophyll
24
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Resistance evolution within a spatial framework
Layla Höckerstedt∗
University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences, MRG
Finland
[email protected]
There are several examples of plant pathogens adapting to their hosts, but very little evidence of
hosts evolving resistance under the pressure of pathogen attack. The diverse resistance structure
detected within host populations suggests that natural plant populations have the capacity to evolve
in an adaptive manner in response to pathogen attack. One of the key challenges in disease biology
is to understand when and where disease resistance evolves, and what the consequences are for
epidemiological dynamics
The aim of this study is to determine how the resistance structure is distributed within Plantago
lanceolata populations in Åland islands. The obligate parasite Podosphaera plantaginis infects small
proportion of the populations each year. An earlier study has demonstrated that highly connected
host populations support higher resistance than isolated host populations, yet the role of pathogen
imposed selection on resistance evolution remains unclear. This study consists highly and poorly
connected host populations with different disease history. Variability in resistance has been tested in a
large inoculation experiment using sympatric and allopatric mildew strains. The obtained results from
inoculation experiments linked to epidemiological data will help us to understand how host population
evolutionary potential changes with degree of population connectivity and past selection intensity.
Keywords: connectivity, Resistance evolution, Plantago lanceolata
∗
Presenting author
25
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Mitochondrial effects on sex-specific reproductive senescence
Elina Immonen∗
Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology/EBC
Sweden
[email protected]
Marie Collet
Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology/EBC
Sweden
[email protected]
Julieta Goenaga
Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology/EBC
Sweden
[email protected]
Göran Arnqvist
Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology/EBC
Sweden
[email protected]
Females and males optimize their reproductive schedules differently, resulting in sex differences in
longevity and age-specific reproductive effort. Each sex may be constrained to reach their optima
due to intra-locus sexual conflict. Maternal inheritance of mitochondria can cause a specific type
of genetic conflict affecting only males since mitochondrial genes respond to selection acting only
on females, a phenomenon known as the Mother’s Curse. Because mitochondrial function requires
coordinated expression of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, selection can operate on the nuclear
genes through males to compensate for male-specific mitochondrial defects. Females, on the other
hand, have the advantage of fine-tuning the mitochondrial function through co-adaptation of both
genomes. We investigated the effects of mitochondrial genetic variation and mitonuclear interactions
upon male and female reproductive senescence in a seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, using
lines harbouring distinct combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Our results show that
mitochondrial effects are sex-specific, and likely to constrain the evolution of aging in males. In males
these effects arise due to specific mitonuclear combinations owing to epistasis, whereas in females
they depend on the co-evolutionary history of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes.
Keywords: Aging, Mitochondria, Callosobruchus maculatus, Sexual conflict
∗
Presenting author
26
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Sex-dependent responses to increased parental effort in the pied flycatcher
Pauliina Järvistö∗
University of Turku
Finland
Sara Calhim
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]&#8206; [email protected]
William Velmala
University of Turku
Finland
Wiebke Schuett
University of Hamburg
Germany
Toni Laaksonen
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
The optimal number of offspring for males and females may vary, as males and females invest
differently in different aspects of reproduction. This creates potential for a sexual conflict. We
experimentally investigated the effects of increased or decreased parental effort on the future fitness
of adult pied flycatchers, and on the future expression of male ornamentation. In addition, we studied
how brood size manipulation affected offspring condition and their recruitment. Females (but not
males) rearing enlarged broods had lower local survival compared to those rearing reduced or control
broods. This indicates a sexual conflict concerning optimal brood size. However, even though brood
size manipulation did not affect the local survival of males, it did have an influence on the dorsal
melanin coloration of young males. Young males rearing enlarged broods showed a stronger increase
in plumage darkness from the current to the next breeding season than those rearing reduced or
control broods. This suggests that stress experienced during reproduction might have carry-over
effects that influence the complicated melanocortin system and lead to changes in the expression
of melanin-based coloration. Taken together these results indicate that both sexes are affected by
brood demands, but in different ways.
Keywords: sexual conflict, future reproduction, current reproduction, fitness cost
∗
Presenting author
27
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
I’m sexy and I glow it: -Glow matters in the common glow worm
Arja Kaitala∗
University of Oulu
Finland
Juhani Hopkins
University of Oulu
Finland
Gautier Baudry
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Ulrika Candolin
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Sexual selection on males is widely studied but we still know little about how sexual selection operates
on females and what constrains the evolution of female ornaments. In the common glow worm
(Lampyris noctiluca; Lampyridae) wingless females glow to attract males, which fly in search of
females. Adults do not eat, thus the resources available to females for glowing and fertility are limited.
For a female, it is important to get a partner soon because glowing takes energy out of their eggs.
Surprisingly, sexual selection in the common glow worm is unstudied. Little is also known about how
males find females in different light environments, including artificial light.
Our preliminary studies show that female fecundities differ a lot and these differences correlate with
their body size and also with their lantern size, the area of glowing surface. Males choose the brightest
object and the choice is relative. This means that a) small less glowing females have to glow for a
long time and might pay a large cost of glowing and b) artificial lights may easily trap most males. Our
results show that artificial green LED lights attract males effectively and may leave females without a
partner.
Keywords: articifial light, female ornament, mate choice, sexual selection
∗
Presenting author
28
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Parasite co-infections – why do they matter?
Anssi Karvonen∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Wild hosts are almost universally infected simultaneously with multiple parasite species or genotypes.
Such co-infections typically result in direct or indirect host-mediated interactions between the coinfecting partners that could drive altered infection risk, disease dynamics, parasite community
structure, and evolution of virulence. However, until recently co-infections have been largely overlooked
as studies have mainly focused on pairwise host-parasite interactions. In my presentation, I will
show that co-infections, ranging from genotype interactions of one parasite species to those between
completely unrelated parasites, have important implications for parasite transmission ecology and
evolution of virulence. I will also demonstrate that these interactions are tightly linked with the
sequence of infections and associations with the host immune system. Finally, I will explore the applied
implications of co-infections in man-made systems where parasite interactions are also common.
Keywords: Host-parasite interactions, Multiple infection, Virulence
∗
Presenting author
29
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Acquired host responses erode advantages of co-infection by multiple
parasite genotypes
Ines Klemme∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Katja-Riikka Louhi
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Anssi Karvonen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Co-infections by multiple parasite genotypes or species are common and have important implications
for host-parasite evolution through within-host interactions. Typically, these infections take place
sequentially and thus, co-infection dynamics may be shaped by host immune responses targeted
against previous infections. However, our understanding of these processes is limited. Here,
we investigated whether acquired host resistance affects interactions between co-infecting parasite
genotypes of the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, infecting one of its
intermediate hosts, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. We show that simultaneous attack of two
genotypes facilitates parasite establishment in immunologically naïve hosts, which is in accordance
with previous results. More importantly, we show that sequential infection and immune priming of the
host erode this facilitation in infection, thus significantly altering the interactions between co-infecting
genotypes. Our results may have significant implications for the evolution of co-infections and parasite
transmission strategies.
Keywords: acquired immunity, co-infection, within-host interaction
∗
Presenting author
30
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Do insectivorous birds use volatile organic compounds from plants as
olfactory foraging cues? Three experimental tests
Tuuli-Marjaana Koski∗
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Koski T-M, Laaksonen T, Mäntylä E, Ruuskanen S, Li T, Girón-Calva P.S, Huttunen L, Blande J.D,
Holopainen J.K, Klemola T
Insectivorous birds are attracted to insect-defoliated trees even when they do not see either the foliar
damage or the herbivores. There are, however, only a few studies that have examined the mechanisms
behind this foraging behaviour. It has been considered most likely that birds can use olfactory cues
(e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by defoliated plants), indirect visual cues, or a
combination of the two sensory cues. VOCs from insect-defoliated plants are known to attract natural
enemies (e.g. invertebrate predators) of these herbivores and it has been hypothesised that VOCs
could act as olfactory foraging cues for birds. We conducted three experiments in the aviary or under
field conditions to test this hypothesis. In each experiment, birds were presented with olfactory cues
(either laboratory-made VOCs or VOCs released from the undamaged parts of larval-defoliated trees)
and their behavioural responses were observed. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that
olfactory cues are necessary in the attraction of birds to herbivore-damaged trees.
Keywords: avian olfaction, mutualism, tritrophic interactions, foraging behaviour
∗
Presenting author
31
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Ecophysiology of Sphagnum mosses during mire succession
Anna Laine∗
Department of Ecology, University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Although Sphagnum mosses constitute a globally important carbon sink little is known about the
successional trend in their ecophysiology. We study if Sphagnum species follow vascular plant growth
strategy along succession and quantify importance of environment and neighbouring plants on the
performance of Sphagnum fuscum typical only to later stages.
We studied growth, photosynthesis and physiological state of five Sphagnum species from
successional mire chronosequence in Siikajoki, Finland. We transplanted one of these species (S.
fuscum) to seven sites along the chronosequence and measured their survival.
Biomass increment and photosynthesis of mosses decreased along successional gradient. Species
were divided into pioneer, hollow and ombrotrophic hummock species. The pioneer species S.
fimbriatum occurred at young stages, with low stress but high disturbance. The competitive hollow
species occurred at sites with low stress and low disturbance. Stress-tolerant hummock species
occurred at sites with high stress and low disturbance. S. fuscum that belonged to the latter
group did not survive from transplantation to the recently exposed sandy shore or to fen flarks with
extensive sedge cover. Otherwise, its ecophysiology started to resemble that of local mosses. The
occurrence of neighbouring plants decreased the abundance of the transplanted mosses but improved
the physiological state.
Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 assimilation, mire succession, Sphagnum mosses
∗
Presenting author
32
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Evaluation of ecology and evolutionary biology in Finland 2006-2010 – a
follow-up
Kyösti Lempa∗
Academy of Finland
Finland
Kata-Riina Valosaari∗
Academy of Finland
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
The Academy of Finland will follow-up the evaluation of ecology and evolutionary biology in Finland.
The Finnish National Ecology Meeting provides an excellent forum to discuss and outline evaluation
measures.
Keywords: evaluation, evolutionary biology, ecology
∗
Presenting author
33
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Sexually antagonistic selection maintains variation in social behavior through
functional microsatellites
Eija Lönn∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Esa Koskela
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Tapio Mappes
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Mikael Mökkönen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Phillip Watts
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
While the genetic basis of variation in social behavior has been widely studied the mechanisms
maintaining variation in the underlying genes remain less well-known. The paralogs of the oxytocin and
vasopressin neuropeptides act (through their receptors oxtr and avpr1a) to regulate socio-reproductive
behaviors including attachment, parental care, social memory and aggression. The avpr1a gene has
a highly variable promoter-associated microsatellite (PAM) which regulates avpr1a gene expression to
modulate certain behaviors in rodents and primates: a comparable effect of a PAM in the oxtr gene has
not been reported until now. Using bank voles (Myodes glareolus) having divergent PAM alleles at the
avpr1a and oxtr genes, we conducted two separate field experiments in semi-natural habitat to quantify
the fitness consequences of divergent PAM genotypes at avpr1a and oxtr. The length of the PAM at
both genes impacted reproductive success in both sexes in bank voles and selection was dependent
on density. However, the direction of effect differed between sexes and between genes: longer avpr1a
PAM was more beneficial for males than females and longer oxtr PAM was more beneficial for females
than males. Thus the variation in avpr1a and oxtr genes was maintained by both sexually antagonistic
and density dependent selection.
Keywords: oxtr, avpr1a, bank vole, social behavior
∗
Presenting author
34
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Restoration of ecosystem structure and functioning in boreal spruce swamp
forests
Liisa Maanavilja∗
University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences
Finland
[email protected]
Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Drainage to increase timber production has drastically decreased the area of pristine spruce swamp
forests in northern Europe. In restoration, drainage ditches are blocked to restore the original hydrology
and, ultimately, the structure, functions and ecosystem services of pristine spruce swamp forests.
We measured the effects of drainage and restoration on vegetation structure, Sphagnum growth
and surface peat biogeochemical properties in undrained, drained and hydrologically restored spruce
swamp forests in southern Finland. Drainage had taken place decades prior; the restored sites varied
in their restoration age from 1 to 15 years.
As a result of favourable conditions and good growth capacities of the dominant Sphagnum species,
Sphagnum mosses recovered in cover and biomass production rapidly in successfully rewetted sites.
Species diversity was lower in the undrained sites than in the drained and restored sites: the
competitively dominant Sphagna allowed less space for other species. The rapid accumulation of
the Sphagnum biomass in restored sites predicts increasing CO2 sink strength for the ecosystem.
Due to the accumulation of the new organic matter, surface peat (top 30 cm) microbial activity of the
restored sites recovered towards undrained levels over time. Meanwhile, rewetting increased NH4-N
mobilization and potential CH4 production.
Keywords: rewetting, Sphagnum, peatland, soil microbial activity
∗
Presenting author
35
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Within- and transgenerational effects of sublethal insecticide exposure on
invasive pest species
Aigi Margus∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Saija Piiroinen
University of Sussex
United Kingdom
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Philipp Lehmann
Stockholm University
Sweden
Leena Lindström
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Pest management and unwanted evolution impose new challenges to our environment and food
security. Insecticides that are widely used in agriculture to manage pest species are the main
factors affecting co-evolution between humans and pests. In current study we investigated whether
sublethal pesticide exposure has within and/ or transgenerational effects on the invasive Colorado
potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.). In current study first generation was treated with
either deltamethrin insecticide (LD 10) or equal amount of water instead, survival and body mass
were recorded. Thereafter control males were mated with two females descending from treatment
or control group to investigate the effect of maternal exposure. The results suggest the within- and
transgenerational effects of sublethal insecticide application. The results indicate that the response
of survival varied noticeably between life stages from negative to positive effects, while the effect on
beetle´s body mass was sex-specific and varied from no effect (in males) to positive effect (in females).
To conclude, positive maternal effects that are translated into their offspring´s fitness can be adaptive.
Therefore sublethal insecticide exposure can potentially contribute to co-evolution between humans
and pests, which should be considered when developing pest management.
Keywords: transgenerational effects, sublethal, stress tolerance, invasive species
∗
Presenting author
36
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
To get sick, or not to get sick: antagonistic interactions between two different
Lepidopteran hosts and the pathogen Serratia marcescens
Lauri Mikonranta
University of Jyväslyä / Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions
Finland
[email protected]
Franziska Dickel∗
University of Jyväskylä / Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions
Finland
[email protected]
Johanna Mappes
University of Jyväslyä / Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions
Finland
[email protected]
Dalial Freitak
University of Jyväslyä / University of Helsinki / Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions
Finland
[email protected]
Insects possess a high adaptability to the environment and have developed several mechanisms
which allow them combating against pathogenic infections. The phenomenon of immune priming,
where insects can protect themselves from a recurring infection, shows that the invertebrates’ innate
immune system might be closer to the vertebrates’ adaptive defense system than assumed so far.
Pathogen-host interactions are affected two-sided, by the defense mechanisms of the host as well as
the pathogens’ strategies to overcome them. One of the central questions in antagonistic host-parasite
interactions is: how can parasites infect some of their hosts and not the others. Why are insects from
close phylogenetic taxa responding differently to infections with the same pathogen?
The Lepidopteran species Galleria mellonella and Parasemia plantaginis and two bacterial pathogen
strains of Serratia marcescens were used for the experiments. The results show that pathogenhost interactions are highly species dependent but also more specifically strain specific. We are
showing differences between the two host species in resisting oral infection and the included defense
mechanisms. Furthermore the ability to prime their defences against a recurring sepsis differs. The
results also reveal that the upregulation of immunity related genes is linked to the specific pathogen
strain.
Keywords: immunity, Lepidoptera, priming
∗
Presenting author
37
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
The cost of autotomy in grasshopper caused by parasitoid fly
Kazumi Miura∗
Deparetment of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
In insects, while much is known about how autotomy, the loss of a host’s hind leg(s), affects locomotion,
mating and escape from predators, little is known about the effects of such loss on mortality caused
by a parasitoid fly in natural habitat. I tested to examine if host mortality caused by the parasitoid fly,
Blaesoxipha japonensis, was related to the presence or absence of a hind leg(s) in two closely related,
sympatric grasshopper species, Parapodisma tanbaensis and P. subastris in Japan. After capturing
adult grasshoppers of both species in the same three locations and at the same time for two years, we
assessed whether emergence of B. japonensis caused the death of a host by rearing these captured
grasshoppers until their death. The results showed that autotomy significantly affected the mortality
caused by B. japonensis in P. subastris adults, but not in P. tanbaensis adults. This suggests that the
increased mortality caused by parasitoids can be one of the costs of autotomy in P. subastris in its
natural habitat, and that the mortality effect caused by B. japonensis in autotomized adults may differ
based on behavioral, physiological, and/or ecological factors that differ between these two sympatric
Parapodisma species.
Keywords: Vegetation structure, Host-parasitoid interactions, Body size, Immunity
∗
Presenting author
38
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
National ecosystem service indicators to promote sustainable use of
ecosystems
Laura Mononen∗
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Ari-Pekka Auvinen
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Anni Ahokumpu
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Petteri Vihervaara
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Finnish Environment Institute project has successfully created an online platform for a set of 28
nationally important ecosystem services and their 112 indicators for Finland. The website was
launched in January 2015 in http://www.biodiversity.fi/ecosystemservices/ and the developing process
is still ongoing. The aim of the website is to increase the awareness on how ecosystems sustain and
improve human well-being for the use of both decision-makers and citizens. The compiled research
knowledge of ecosystem services increases the understanding of the linkages between different
ecosystem services and the actual ecosystem processes. Recognizing these connections could help
in planning of sustainable use of the environment.
The structure of the website follows three principles. The ecosystem services are divided into three
categories; provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cultural services. Four indicators have
been developed for each ecosystem service by applying the so called Cascade model. This model
structures four indicators (structure, function, benefit, value) to represent the whole ecosystem chain
from biophysical prerequisites for ecosystem functioning and further to provisioning of the actual
benefit and the derived values. By separating value indicators to four categories of economic, social,
health and intrinsic values the individual and group preferences are introduced in the indicator set.
Keywords: ecosystem service indicators, ecosystem services, cascade model
∗
Presenting author
39
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Seasonal small-scale variation in depth distribution in a coastal Baltic Sea fish
assemblage
Noora Mustamäki∗
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
Henri Jokinen
Helsinki University
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Matias Scheinin
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
Erik Bonsdorff
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
Johanna Mattila
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
We studied seasonal and small-scale spatial variation in fish assemblage structure in the northern
Baltic Proper archipelago. The study was conducted in a shallow coastal basin during three
consecutive production-seasons. We show that the structure of the fish assemblage changes
significantly seasonally, from spring (May–June) to autumn (August–September), and spatially over
short distances (ca 500 m) and small depth intervals (ca 5 m) in an area without physical barriers.
The magnitude of the seasonal variation was depth-specific, indicating that seasonal patterns from
a given depth zone cannot be directly extrapolated to adjacent depth zones, let alone a whole water
body. In spring, the adult fish displayed spawning aggregations, and the fish abundance was highest
closest to the shoreline. In autumn, the adult fish were more evenly distributed and high abundances
of juvenile Baltic herring were encountered. The results underline the importance of including several
spatial and temporal scales into studies on fish distribution, abundances and habitat preferences. The
resulting patterns may appear idiosyncratic unless the nature and magnitude of seasonal variation and
small-scale depth distribution are taken into account. By the same token, a proper understanding of
this small-scale variation is necessary for efficient targeting of marine conservation measures.
Keywords: fish assemblage, Baltic Sea, seasonality, distribution
∗
Presenting author
40
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Gene expression in clones of Dendrobaena octaedra
Marina Mustonen∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Emily Knott
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Jari Haimi
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Dendrobaena octaedra is a parthenogenetically reproducing earthworm (offspring are clones of their
parent). We studied whether clones are the same also at the gene expression level. Earthworms from
two different sites, a metal contaminated and uncontaminated site, were raised individually in jars and
allowed to produce offspring. Five offspring (clones) from each family (three families/population) were
similarly raised, but exposed to a moderate level of Cu contaminated soil, and allowed to produce
cocoons. After two months, RNA was extracted from the clones and expression of 12 genes was
measured (9 genes involved in digestion, 2 heat-shock genes and a metal tolerance gene). Preliminary
results show that variation in gene expression among clones depended on family (genotype). From the
contaminated site, one family varied in 6 of the 12 genes, one in 3 genes and one in none. From the
uncontaminated site, one family varied in 4 genes, and the other two families varied in one gene each.
Variation in gene expression among families from the contaminated site might reflect D.octaedra’s
ability to adapt to metal contamination. Additional data from the clonal offspring of these individuals
will be collected to clarify variation in clonal gene expression.
Keywords: metal tolerance, clones, gene expression
∗
Presenting author
41
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Can insectivorous birds anticipate the future? Attraction of birds to pine
induced by insect eggs
Elina Mäntylä∗
University of Turku
Finland
Sven Kleier
Freie Universität Berlin
Germany
Silke Kipper
Freie Universität Berlin
Germany
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Monika Hilker
Freie Universität Berlin
Germany
[email protected]
Insectivorous birds can eat sawfly eggs, but a tree with insect eggs could also indicate ”future food” (i.e.
hatching larvae). Earlier studies have shown attraction of insectivorous birds to herbivore-damaged
trees without the birds actually seeing or smelling the larvae. For the first time we show a similar
attraction to egg-induced trees. As study species we used great tits (Parus major), blue tits (Cyanistes
caeruleus), pine sawflies (Diprion pini) and Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris). Adult sawflies were placed
on the lower part of a pine branch for egg deposition. After three days the lower egg-laden part of the
branch was cut off, and the upper, systemically egg-induced branch (without eggs) was transferred to
a bird experiment booth. An egg-free control branch was placed next to the egg-induced one. Both
bird species were attracted to the egg-induced branch as that was their first choice significantly more
often and they also visited it more times during the first two minutes. Additionally, we studied similarly
treated branch pairs and found that the egg-induced branches emit more volatile organic compounds
(e.g. pinene, carene, farnesene) and reflect less light than control branches. Thus, birds could smell
or see the difference between the branches.
Keywords: vision, systemic induction, volatile organic compounds, olfaction
∗
Presenting author
42
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Artificial environments and the study of ’adaptive’ personalities
Petri Niemela∗
Ludwig-Maximilians University
Germany
[email protected]
Animal personality research is blooming in various disciplines of evolutionary biology, such as
evolutionary ecology, behavioural physiology, and quantitative genetics. Personality refers to
repeatable differences in behaviour among individuals within populations. Its existence represents
an evolutionary puzzle, and has major repercussions for ecological and evolutionary processes.
Empiricists increasingly study personality using a widely adopted two-step approach that is efficient
but, in our view, often inappropriate for addressing most questions at hand. As a typical first step, wild
individuals are captured, and their behavioural phenotype assayed repeatedly under standardized
laboratory conditions. As a second step, ’typed’ individuals are tracked (either in the laboratory
or following release into the wild) to assess personality-related links with ecological or evolutionary
processes. By doing so, researchers assume that behavioural types measured in the laboratory match
those expressed in the wild. This is a rather bold assumption because extremely novel environments,
such as the laboratory, can elicit the expression of variation that is neither expressed nor correlated
with variation expressed in the wild. Here, we thoroughly detail the nature of the concern, and
propose strategies to both investigate and alleviate this hypothetical caveat in the study of adaptive
personalities.
Keywords: adaptive evolution, animal behaviour, gene-environment interaction, personality
∗
Presenting author
43
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Fly, butterfly, fly! Does environmental variation affect butterfly flight?
Kristjan Niitepõld∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Variation in environmental conditions such as the weather, climate or habitat structure can alter the
availability of critical resources. Under stressful conditions, animals can decide to increase their
movement rate or move to more favourable areas even though movement is energetically costly.
Butterflies are particularly interesting study subjects in the context of environmental stress, as flight
is a fundamental part of their life-history, yet resources allocated to flight could be used for other
processes, such as reproduction. In a series of experiments that targeted a number of life-history
traits, including flight metabolic rate, we have established that butterflies conserve their flight capacity
when subjected to low food availability, both at the larval and adult stage. However, when the amount of
flight is experimentally increased, butterflies experience elevated rates of metabolic senescence. This
suggests that flight is indeed costly – not only energetically but also physiologically. Understanding the
dynamics of resource allocation and energetics brings a new level of mechanistic insight to predicting
how butterflies adapt their behaviour to changing conditions.
Keywords: Butterfly, stress, physiology, dispersal
∗
Presenting author
44
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Phylogenetic insights into factors structuring associations between
plant-feeding insects and their parasitoids
Tommi Nyman∗
Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Sanna Leppänen
Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Gergely Várkonyi
Friendship Park Research Centre, Kuhmo
Finland
Mark Shaw
National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh
United Kingdom
[email protected]
[email protected]
Trond Elling Barstad
Department of Natural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum
Norway
[email protected]
Veli Vikberg
Department of Entomology, University of Turenki
Finland
[email protected]
Reijo Koivisto
Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Heikki Roininen
Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
∗
Presenting author
45
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
The most diverse food webs on the earth are formed by plants, plant-feeding insects, and parasitoids,
so studies on factors that determine parasitoid–herbivore associations can provide important insights
into the origin of global species richness. However, elucidating the factors that determine parasitoid
attack rates is complicated by the fact that many host traits are phylogenetically conserved, which
can lead to spurious correlations. We used DNA barcoding to evaluate the hierarchical importance of
different host niche dimensions on parasitoids that attack sawflies that induce galls on willows growing
in different habitats in northern Fennoscandia. We found marked differences in parasitoid communities
across willow species, but the main shift in enemy communities occurred between arctic vs. subarctic
habitats, even though the galler species on arctic willows are distantly related to each other. The
discrepancy between galler phylogeny and habitat use shows that the shift in parasitoid community
structure is linked to the ecology of the gallers, rather than to differential physiological defences. Our
results support a growing body of evidence that enemy communities of insect herbivores are strongly
influenced by herbivore ecology, and that parasitoids may therefore constitute a key force promoting
niche shifts and speciation in plant-feeding insects.
Keywords: Speciation; parasitoids; enemy-free space
46
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Identifying foraging areas of Baltic ringed seals
Sari Oksanen∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Marja Niemi
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Markus Ahola
The Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
Mervi Kunnasranta
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) interact with anthropogenic activities and detailed
knowledge of their spatial ecology is essential for planning conservation actions and methods to
mitigate the interactions with coastal fisheries. Ringed seals (n=26) were tracked with satellite
telemetry in the Gulf of Bothnia during three autumns and their foraging areas were identified using
first passage time (FPT) analysis. Tracked seals had considerable movement capacities; home ranges
(95% local nearest-neighbour convex hull [Locoh]) were on average 8030 (SD 4796) km2. Only 5
tracked seals were ”local foragers” spending over 30% of time inside foraging areas, whose maximum
distance was <120 km. The other 21 seals were ”long-range foragers” which either occupied several
spatially remote foraging areas (maximum distance >120 km) or spent under 30% of time inside them.
Despite the high number of long-range foragers, foraging areas of different individuals were clustered
to two areas; the northern Bothnian Bay and the Quarck – northern Bothnian Sea. Our results indicate
that important foraging areas of ringed seals could be taken into account when planning the marine
protected areas. Yet, removal of ringed seals near the fishing gear may not be locally focused method
to mitigate seal depredation.
Keywords: GPS Phone tag, home range, foraging, first passage time
∗
Presenting author
47
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Heritable differences in the quality and quantity of defensive compounds in
Betula pendula litter remain during decomposition
Ulla Paaso∗
Helsinki University
Finland
Juha Mikola
Helsinki University
Finland
Sarita Keski-Saari
Eastern University of Finland
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Markku Keinänen
Eastern University of Finland
Finland
[email protected]
It has been found that there is great genetic variation in the leaf chemistry of silver birch within
populations. Our aim was to investigate how persistent these differences were during leaf senescence
and decomposition.
We collected senesced leaves from 20 genotypes (clones) of a naturally regenerated birch forest
in Finland. The leaves were quantified for lignin, condensed tannins and almost 60 other
secondary compounds including flavones and triterpenes. Same analyses were done after 6 months
decomposition at field conditions.
Our results show that there are genotypic differences in the amounts of most the analyzed compounds
in senesced leaves. In flavonoids there are also qualitative differences between genotypes, i.e. certain
compounds are genotype-specific. Many secondary compounds were degraded totally after 6 months
decomposition but those which remained showed mostly larger genotypic variation in decomposed
litter than in senesced leaves.
Our results indicate that the quality of the plant material input onto the soil has a long-lasting
impact on the chemical properties of the soil which in turn have been shown to influence the biotic
environment, as well. Altogether,intraspecific genetic variability seems to have major effects on many
basic ecological processes and thus is an important factor in modifying the environment.
Keywords: defensive compounds, Betula pendula, litter decomposition, genotypic differences
∗
Presenting author
48
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Hyperparasite effects on a plant-pathogen
Steven Parratt∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Anna-Liisa Laine
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
The influence of intrinsic biotic and abiotic factors on the dynamics of infectious diseases is well
studied. Yet the impact of a pathogen’s own natural enemies, such as hyperparasites, on its spread and
severity remains comparatively under-researched. Given the ubiquity of parasitism, and by extension
hyperparasitism, we may be overlooking a key determinant of pathogen success or failure. Previous
studies have demonstrated that hyperparasites can reduce disease severity in infected host individuals,
however the effect of hyperparasites on the population dynamics of pathogens remains enigmatic.
Here, we combine laboratory experiments with field studies across a plant-pathogen metapopulation in
order to demonstrate the impact of a mycoparasitic fungus (Ampelomyces sp) on key life-history traits
of a powdery mildew (Podosphaera plantaginis). We hypothesized that the hyperparasite will curtail
key fitness traits of the pathogen, potentially reducing disease severity at the population level and
limiting its spread and persistence. Our results lend insight into the complexity of interactions between
multiple species and raise further questions as to the evolutionary relationships within hierarchical
chains of parasites.
Keywords: pathogen, metapopulation, hyperparasite
∗
Presenting author
49
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Natural establishment of indigenous trees under planted nuclei: a study from
a logged pine plantation in an afrotropical rain forest
Tiina Piiroinen∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Philip Nyeko
Makerere University
Uganda
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Heikki Roininen
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Applied nucleation has been proposed as a cost-effective reforestation alternative. We tested applied
nucleation in a regenerating clear-cut pine plantation in Kibale National Park, Uganda, where natural
succession was slow. We planted Neoboutonia macrocalyx, a relatively common indigenous pioneer
tree with animal dispersed seeds and wide crown, in the clear-cuts as seeds and transplanted
seedlings. After six years of monitoring their growth we identified all naturally recruited seedlings
under the nuclei and adjacent control sites, monitored the growth and turnover of the seedlings and
examined the ground vegetation structure under the nuclei and control sites. The nucleus trees had
survived equally well if planted as seeds or transplanted seedlings and had attained heights up to
ten meters. Understory vegetation under the nuclei was less dense and shorter compared to control
sites and natural recruitment of indigenous trees under the nuclei was higher (seedling density: P
= 0.035), with a significant difference in the composition of seedling communities (P = 0.0001). We
found that a viable seedling community had been established with a good potential to take over when
planted nucleus trees eventually die indicating that planting nucleus trees can increase recruitment of
indigenous trees where natural succession is slow.
Keywords: Tropical forest, Logged plantation, Plant colonization, Applied nucleation
∗
Presenting author
50
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Effects of silvicultural practices on ecosystem services from boreal
production forests
Tähti Pohjanmies∗
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Maria Triviño
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Adriano Mazziotta
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Eric Le Tortorec
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Mikko Mönkkönen
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Forests are widely recognized as major providers of ecosystem services, including timber, recreation,
regulation of water, soil, and air quality, and climate change mitigation. Boreal countries have long
traditions of production forestry, and extensive tracts of boreal forest are actively managed for timber
production. Our review of the environmental and social impacts of prevailing practices reveals that
management may have positive or negative effects on multiple ecosystem services provided by boreal
forests. Similarly, actions aimed at tackling future challenges (increased wood production, climate
change, and biodiversity conservation) may lead to both gains and losses in ecosystem services. The
direction and magnitude of most of the effects are highly dependent on the properties of the site,
suggesting forest management for diverse benefits should be context-specific. While some effects
∗
Presenting author
51
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
occur at spatial scales that are relevant for forest management (i.e. stand or forest holding), some are
generated at larger scales (i.e. landscape). This suggests coordination of activities among forest
owners may be necessary to secure diverse forest services. Conflicts among different interests
related to forests are likely, but the concept of ecosystem services may provide a useful framework
for identifying and assessing the conflicts and for finding optimal solutions for them.
Keywords: boreal forest, timber production, sustainable forest management
52
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Home ground advantage: local males have higher mating success than
dispersers in an Atlantic salmon sub-population
Craig Primmer∗
University of Turku, Department of Biology
Finland
Mikko Ellmen
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Panu Orell
Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
Jaakko Erkinaro
Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Understanding the evolutionary and demographic factors that promote or constrain local adaptation is
an important aim in evolutionary biology. A key requirement for the establishment and maintenance
of local adaptations is that resident individuals should have, on average, higher relative fitness in
their local habitat than individuals originating from other habitats. Reciprocal transplant experiments,
often considered the ’gold standard’ for testing the local adaptation hypothesis, generally do not
estimate reproductive success (and thus fitness) and normally use randomly selected individuals as
’immigrants,’ which may not reflect the natural dispersers of a population. Here, we used microsatellite
data to assess the relative reproductive success of local and naturally dispersing Atlantic salmon
individuals in the Utsjoki sub-population of the Teno River. Large, late-maturing ’multi-seawinter’
males fathered twice as many offspring as smaller males that had returned from their sea migration
after one year. However the most significant factor explaining variation in reproductive success was
sub-population of origin: ’local’ males fathered over four times as many offspring as migrant males,
indicating that mating success of locals and/or early survival of their offspring is an important driver of
potential adaptive divergence in this system, even in the absence of obvious barriers to gene-flow.
Keywords: reproductive success, local adaptation, sexual selection, mate choice
∗
Presenting author
53
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Long-term vegetation changes along productivity gradient in northern
Fennoscandia
Tuija Pyykkönen∗
Department of Ecology, University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
Jutta Kapfer
Norwegian Forest & Landscape Institute, Tromsø
Norway
[email protected]
Anu Skog
Department of Ecology, University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
Risto Virtanen
Department of Ecology, University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
Studies of long-term vegetation changes have increased recently, yet the processes and factors
underlying these changes are poorly understood. Recent changes in climate are seen one of the
major factors altering plant communities. In this study we hypothesized that the magnitude of longterm vegetation changes increase along productivity gradient (from infertile to fertile sites). We
tested this hypothesis based on resampling historical vegetation data from 1950-1980 from northern
Fennoscandia. Altogether 260 sites were resampled along soil fertility gradient, sites representing
herb-rich forests, boreal forests, boreal heaths and hemiarctic and arctic heaths in natural to near
natural states from a broad geographic area. Bray-Curtis based dissimilarity of old and new
communities as well as changes in alpha diversity were calculated. No clear trend in vegetation change
along productivity gradient was found whereas the direction of change differed between northern and
southern study areas. The number of species increased along productivity gradient in northern part
of the study area whereas no trend was found in southern part. We continue investigating species
turnover and how the observed changes relate to changes in climate and grazing pressure.
Keywords: productivity, plant communities, long-term vegetation changes, species richness
∗
Presenting author
54
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Arctic food webs as the grave of simplicity
Tomas Roslin∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Helena Wirta
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Latitudinal patterns in species richness are well established. What we know less about is how specieslevel diversity translates into interaction diversity. Competing hypotheses suggest that decreasing
species richness towards high latitudes should reflect into each species being embedded in an
either simpler or more complex link structure – in general terms often referred to as increasing or
decreasing ”specialization”, respectively. We use a range of complementary methods to describe
the trophic link structure between three predator guilds and their dominant prey orders within a higharctic food web. The resultant web proves extremely complex, showing a dense link structure and no
compartmentalization. Thus, both individual predators and predator guilds tap heavily into the prey
community of each other, offering versatile scope for indirect interactions across different parts of the
web. This representation of a single arctic food web reveals a community tightly connected by biotic
interactions. It comes with urgent implications both for our understanding how arctic food webs are built
and function, and of how they respond to current climate change. To comprehend the community-level
consequences of rapid Arctic warming, we must embrace Arctic food web complexity, where impacts
on single species may reverberate widely across the community.
Keywords: DNA barcode, molecular gut content analysis, food web structure, Greenland
∗
Presenting author
55
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Stable coexistence of identical species: conspecific aggregation via searching
for mates
Lasse Ruokolainen∗
HY
Finland
Ilkka Hanski
HY
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
The prevailing ecological paradigm maintains that stable coexistence of identical species is not
possible. Here, we analyse an individual-based model with sexual reproduction, where the progeny
develops in ephemeral resource patches and the new generation disperses to a new set of patches.
Examples include species developing in decomposing fruits, fungal sporophores, carrion and dung.
We assume spatially restricted dispersal, that the patches differ in detectability, leading to spatially
aggregated distributions, and that unmated females continue dispersal. We show that if males spend
any time courting heterospecific females, this will reduce the mating rate of females of the less
common species and increase their further dispersal, which will reduce interspecific spatial covariance.
This will in turn facilitate coexistence of identical species due to spatial segregation. For some
parameter values, coexisting species show a systematic difference in their relative abundances due
to two opposing forces: uncommon species have reduced growth rate (Allee effect), which decreases
abundance, but with decreasing abundance interspecific spatial covariance decreases, which reduces
interspecific competition and allows persistence at low density.
Keywords: competition, mating, movement, Allee effect
∗
Presenting author
56
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Effects of bedrock and surficial deposit composition on moose damage in
young forest stands in Finnish Lapland
Teija Ruuhola∗
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
Ari Nikula
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Vesa Nivala
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
Seppo Nevalainen
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Juho Matala
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
[email protected]
The moose (Alces alces) is the most severe pest species of forest regeneration areas in Finland. In fall,
moose gather on their winter pastures, wherein they may cause large damage in pine stands. There
are strong evidence that the moose is attracted by fertile growth habitats due to better quality and
larger quantity of food. The nutrients of mineral soils are originated from the weathering of bedrock.
Composition of parental bedrock greatly affects the fertility of produced mineral soil, thus affecting also
the import of nutrients to a whole food web.
In this study, we surveyed the connection between moose-damage and the composition of bedrock and
surficial deposits in Finnish Lapland. We found that the moose-damaged stands were concentrated
in south west and east Lapland in the areas of nutrient rich rocks. In consequence, the bedrock of
damaged stands contained a higher proportion of mafic and alkaline rocks than did the control stands.
Moose-damaged stands were pine-dominated and grew in more fertile habitats than did control stands
reflecting the active food selection of the moose. It was concluded that a part of stands located in
suboptimal habitats formerly occupied by spruce that may increase the stands vulnerability for natural
enemies.
Keywords: moose, Alces alces, herbivory, nutrients
∗
Presenting author
57
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Variation and function of maternally-derived thyroid hormones in bird eggs
Suvi Ruuskanen∗
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Maternal effects via eggs are a powerful way to influence offspring phenotype and fitness, thus strong
selection is expected. For example avian yolk steroid hormone levels vary considerably among
clutches, are heritable and affect offspring fitness-related traits. However although data from other
vertebrates suggests a prominent role for maternal thyroid hormones (TH) on growth and survival,
sources of avian egg TH variation and effects on offspring have been largely neglected in ecological
studies. We studied environmental variation in yolk TH (thyroxine, T4 and triiodothyronine, T3) in wild
great tits (Parus major) and heritability using siblings in captivity. We experimentally elevated yolk TH
in a wild population to study effects on fitness-related traits. Yolk T4 concentration was correlated
negatively with temperature and positively with laydate. There was significant variation in yolk TH
among individuals.Yolk T4 increased with layorder within clutches. Thus there is biologically relevant
variation in yolk TH in birds. However, experimental yolk TH elevation had no effect on skeletal or body
mass growth or metabolic rate. The treatment also had no effect on hatching and fledging success. To
understand more on their function, an experimental yolk TH reduction is needed and effects of yolk TH
pre-hatching should be studied.
Keywords: bird, thyroid hormone, maternal effects
∗
Presenting author
58
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Extrapolating long-term changes from short-term experiments can be risky:
evidence from high-latitude tundra
Patrick Saccone∗
University of Oulu
Finland
Risto Virtanen
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
We analysed plant community dynamics from a 23-years experiment in the Fennoscandian mountain
tundra testing the joint effects of biotic and abiotic drivers and confronted the short- and long-term
responses to experimental manipulations.
Over the time of the experiments, patterns strongly depended upon both plant functional types and
treatments. The first years were mainly characterized by a response to the transplantation to the
snowbed consisting in a strong increase of graminoid and a decrease of shrub abundances in the
turfs. In the longer time scale, the community divergence increased in particular in response to the
significant effect of grazing and soil wetness within the snowbed. Markov Chain Models captured the
main trends of plant functional type during the first 12 years but they failed to predict their relative
abundance after 23 years. In particular, the late dominance of bryophytes in the wet snowbed, the
recovery of shrub in the dry exclosures, and the subordinate status of graminoids escaped from the
extrapolation based on the short-term trends.
Differences in the temporal scale of both treatment effects and plant functional type responses limited
our ability to extrapolate short-term results. Increasing the period of experiments is then a crucial step
in ecology.
Keywords: Plant dynamic, Markov Chain Model, Functional composition, Experimental treatment
∗
Presenting author
59
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
From genes to communities: stress tolerance in Baltic eelgrass Zostera
marina
Tiina Salo∗
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
[email protected]
Seagrass ecosystems are exposed to increasing impacts of the climate change. I assessed the effect
of different stressors and combinations of those stressors on the performance and survival of eelgrass.
To investigate the importance of scale for stress responses, varying levels of biological organization
were included in the study.
Shading, decreased salinity and increased temperature affected eelgrass performance negatively
and altered salinity and temperature had negative synergistic effects on the plants. While stress in
general affected productivity negatively, the severity of effects varied substantially depending on the
studied genotype, life stage and population. Genotypes differed in their stress tolerance and recovery
processes while seedlings were less prone to abiotic stress compared to adult plants.
The results indicate that future changes in light climate, salinity and temperature can seriously impact
eelgrass performance and survival. However, variability in stress tolerance suggests that some
genotypes and populations have a better capacity to adapt to such changes. Impacts of multiple
stressors and biological level-specific responses demonstrate the uncertainty in predicting eelgrass
responses to a changing environment.
Keywords: Baltic Sea, seagrass, stress
∗
Presenting author
60
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Moth outbreaks alter soil and root-associated fungal communities in subarctic
mountain birch forests
Karita Saravesi∗
University of Oulu, Department of Ecology
Finland
[email protected]
Sami Aikio
University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS
Finland
[email protected]
Piippa Wäli
University of Oulu, Department of Ecology
Finland
[email protected]
Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen
University of Oulu, Department of Ecology
Finland
[email protected]
Ahonen Saija
University of Oulu, Department of Ecology
Finland
[email protected]
Annamari Markkola
University of Oulu, Department of Ecology
Finland
[email protected]
Soil fungi have a crucial role in carbon and nutrient sequestration in high latitudes. We studied impacts
of massive moth outbreaks on soil and root-associated fungal communities in subarctic mountain birch
forests through 454 pyrosequencing of tagged amplicons of the ITS2 rDNA region. We compared
fungal diversity and community composition at three levels of moth defoliation (intact control, full
∗
Presenting author
61
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
defoliation in one season, full defoliation in two or more seasons), replicated in three localities.
Defoliation caused dramatic shifts in taxonomic and functional community composition of root and
soil fungi. In birch roots fungal communities shifted from dominance of Basidiomycota to Ascomycota
with increased defoliation level, while an opposite pattern was detected in soil. In the roots this was
due to loss of basidiomycetous mycorrhizal fungi, whereas in soil saprotrophic Basidiomycota became
more common after defoliation. Furthermore, moth defoliation altered the functional composition of
fungal communities. Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi declined, especially in roots showing a reduction of
70-80%, while saprotrophs and root endophytic fungi increased after moth defoliation. Our results
demonstrate the top-down control of belowground fungal communities by aboveground herbivory and
suggest a marked reduction in the carbon flow from plants to soil fungi following defoliation.
Keywords: herbivory, fungal community, metagenomics
62
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Water visibility interacts with foraging traits of perch from high and low DOC
lakes
Kristin Scharnweber∗
Uppsala University
Sweden
Peter Eklöv
Uppsala University
Sweden
[email protected] [email protected]
The increase of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic systems is strongly and negatively
correlated to light transmission. This may influence the foraging performance of predators, as the
reaction distance is controlled by parameters such as contrasts with the background, light intensity,
and turbidity. Therefore, the foraging rates and resource use of fish may be affected, and an evolution
of trait divergence will not take place.
Previous research have shown that perch (Perca fluviatilis) at different levels of DOC show habitatspecific morphological adaptations that are affected by water transparency with low divergence in
low water transparency, and an overall decrease within the reliance on littoral resources. Therefore,
we conducted a laboratory experiment on foraging efficiency of perch of two lakes of different
concentration in DOC to find out, whether littoral foraging is reduced in low water transparency. We
offered pelagic and benthic prey to littoral and benthic morphs at different visual climate and recorded
attack rate, activity and location. We were not able to detect any effect of water transparency on
foraging efficiency on any of the populations. Ongoing research will focus on other potential factors,
e.g. the structure of food webs or resource quality, that may influence population divergence.
Keywords: population divergence, boreal lakes, perch, brownification
∗
Presenting author
63
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Provision of ecosystem services by urban forests
Heikki Setälä∗
University of Helsinki, Dept. Environ. Sci.
Finland
[email protected]
It is widely believed that urban forests/parks are of fundamental importance in the provision of various
ecosystem services, such as purification of polluted urban air and water, offering aesthetic pleasure
and mitigating human stress. However, solid scientific evidence for this is surprisingly scanty. In this
talk I explore the role of urban ”green infrastructure” in (i) preventing urban flooding and purifying urban
run-off water, and (ii) improving urban air quality.
Long-term measurements were conducted in the cities of Helsinki and Lahti, Finland applying six urban
catchments of varying proportions of urban green (9 – 81% pervious surface). The potential of urban
vegetation to purify air was studied in urban parks/forests and in adjacent treeless areas using passive
air samplers.
The ability of urban catchments to retain and purify rain water correlated with the proportion of
urban green within a catchment. The role of urban forests in mitigating air pollution was, however,
meager. Concentrations of NO2 and PAH’s actually increased in urban parks as compared to open,
treeless habitats. The importance of city parks in storing and sequestering traffic-derived carbon was
insignificant.
The results confirm earlier findings suggesting that urban forests/parks provide ecosystem services
but less widely than is expected.
Keywords: carbon sequestration, urban runoff, urban air quality
∗
Presenting author
64
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Rapid responses to changing environments in a wild rodent
Angela Sims∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Joannes van Cann
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Esa Koskela
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Tapio Mappes
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Phill Watts
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Individuals often require rapid responses to environmental change that are longer-term than individual
plasticity yet shorter than evolutionary change. However, few studies have shown the relationship
between environment, epigenetics and phenotypic traits. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) experience
population cyclicity, which induces environmental stressors, such as increased population density or
reduced food availability. By giving females ecologically-relevant stressors it is possible to reveal the
effects of early life stress upon fitness as well as underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Pregnant females
were given social stress or food stress in a 2x2 factorial design during pregnancy. Field enclosure
experiments were performed to ascertain differences in offspring reproductive success and survival in
high and low densities. The results show that not only do mothers respond to stress during pregnancy
by altering the number and size of offspring, but also that stressors have consequences for the size
and number of offspring in the subsequent generation. These results are indicators that early life stress
may have lasting effects upon offspring and shows that how an organism responds to environmental
change may be due to its parents’ environment. The study will investigate the role of epigenetics as a
mechanism via which environments can cause phenotypic change in offspring.
Keywords: fitness, early life stress, population density
∗
Presenting author
65
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Trophic transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids in large boreal lakes
Ursula Strandberg∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Minna Hiltunen
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Elli Jelkänen
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Paula Kankaala
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Trophic transfer of algae-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was studied in five large lakes
located in Eastern Finland. Samples of seston, zooplankton (small cyclopods, calanoid copepods,
herbivorous cladocerans, Chaoborus, Mysis) and planktivorous fish, vendace (Coregonus albula) and
smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), were collected in spring, summer and fall.
The most abundant PUFA in the food web were 22:6n-3 (DHA), 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 18:3n-3 (ALA),
indicating that omega-3 PUFA, often linked with marine food webs, are abundant in large lakes.
Trophic enrichment of DHA was strong, the proportion of DHA increased from 4±3% in seston to
32±6% in vendace and smelt. The C18PUFA (e.g. ALA) showed an opposite trophic transfer pattern;
highest values were analyzed in seston ( 11±2%) and lowest in fish and Mysis ( 2±1%). Selective
incorporation and mobilization of PUFA and conversion of ALA to longer chain analogs are possible
explanations for the observed trophic transfer patterns. The dominance of diatoms and cryptophytes
in the phytoplankton community are responsible for the high proportion of omega-3PUFA in the pelagic
food web. The effective trophic transfer of PUFA, especially DHA, to upper trophic level consumers is
due to the abundance of copepods in the zooplankton community.
Keywords: large lakes, polyunsaturated fatty acids, food web
∗
Presenting author
66
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
The effect of co-infection to pathogen epidemiology in Plantago lanceolata –
Podosphaera plantaginis –interaction
Hanna Susi∗
Metapopulation Research Group, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Benoit Barres
Metapopulation Research Group, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Pedro F. Vale
Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh
United Kingdom
[email protected]
Anna-Liisa Laine
Metapopulation Research Group, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Coinfections by multiple pathogen strains are common in the wild. Theory predicts that coinfection may
have a crucial role in virulence evolution and epidemiology, while empirical data is rare. We studied
how P. plantaginis performance differs in co-infection and single infection using host populations with
qualitative, quantitative and susceptible resistance strategies in semi-natural conditions. The impact of
competition was high in experimental populations suggesting that within host dynamics can be linked
to the spread of the disease. A spore trapping experiment demonstrated that coinfected hosts shed
more transmission propagules than singly infected hosts, thereby explaining the observed change in
epidemiological dynamics. Our experimental findings are confirmed in natural pathogen populations –
more devastating epidemics were measured in populations with higher levels of coinfection. Jointly our
results confirm predictions made by theoretical and experimental studies for the potential of coinfection
to alter disease dynamics across a large host-pathogen metapopulation.
Keywords: epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction
∗
Presenting author
67
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
What is the value of naturalness in conservation of mires and mire
woodlands?
Teemu Tahvanainen∗
Department of Biology UEF
Finland
[email protected]
Naturalness is one guiding concept for prevailing practices of nature conservation. The concept is
loaded with historical burden and related to wilderness value. Naturalness reference is usually fixed to
habitat classification and sometimes to known history of particular sites.
A naturalness scale has been suggested for Finnish mires, where intermediate (undrained) cases can
be directed to destructive use. This is unfortunate, since only 4% of mire habitat types are of least
concern status and 70% of mire area is drained in southern half of Finland. Remaining undrained area
consists mainly of fragmented patches of otherwise drained mires.
Here, I argue that naturalness is critically inadequate as a model to recognize biodiversity and
ecosystem service values of mire ecosystems. I demonstrate how ecosystem-scale changes caused
by decreased naturalness may have contrasting effects on different ecosystem services.
Measuring naturalness is complicated. With moderate degree of disturbance, ecosystem responses
may find different directions (not only moderation) compared to severe disturbance. Furthermore, true
reference of naturalness is a moving target in a changing world. The current state of Finnish mires
provides a remarkable case for studying different aspects and connected values of naturalness.
Keywords: ecosystem services, peatlands, peat mining, nature conservation
∗
Presenting author
68
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Temporal and spatial dynamics of the polychaete Pygospio elegans in a
Danish estuary complex
Anne Thonig∗
Roskilde University, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Changes; University of
Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Denmark
[email protected]
Gary Thomas Banta
Roskilde University, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Changes
Denmark
[email protected]
Benni Winding Hansen
Roskilde University, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Changes
Denmark
[email protected]
Jenni Kesäniemi
University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Finland
[email protected]
Emily Knott
University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
Finland
[email protected]
Pygospio elegans shows a rare variation in developmental mode, i.e. it produces benthic and/or
pelagic larvae as well as intermediate types. Populations with one fixed mode of development exist
(e.g. in Finland), while populations in Denmark can exhibit all modes. We investigate the relationship of
potential environmental cues to this dynamic reproduction strategy. Therefore, we have been recording
population dynamics of P. elegans monthly, measured salinity and temperature continuously and
determined sediment characteristics in March, May, August and November at four locations (Herslev,
Lammefjord, Lynæs, Vellerup) in the Danish Isefjord-Roskilde-estuary complex since March 2014.
∗
Presenting author
69
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Reproduction of P. elegans was observed in spring and autumn and is probably restricted
to water temperatures below 15◦ C. Benthic/intermediate larvae were dominant in spring while
pelagic/intermediate larvae were most common during autumn at all locations except at Herslev.
Temperature did not vary between locations, but salinity was generally lower at Herslev (mean 12.9,
other sites 17.2-18.2) and showed greater variation in Lammefjord (SD 3.58, other sites 2.09-2.25).
Sediment at Herslev and Vellerup was coarser and had lower nutritional value compared to Lammefjord
and Lynæs.
The extent to which the differences in reproductive dynamics can be related to the differences in
environmental conditions will be presented.
Keywords: reproduction, spionids, poecilogony, environmental cues
70
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Managing a boreal forest landscape for providing timber and preserving
carbon
Maria Triviño∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Artti Juutinen
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Finland
Adriano Mazziotta
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Kaisa Miettinen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Dmitry Podkopaev
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Pasi Reunanen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Mikko Mönkkönen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Human well-being highly depends on ecosystem services and this dependence is expected to increase
in the future with an increasing population and economic growth. Studies that investigate tradeoffs between ecosystem services are urgently needed for informing policy-makers. We examine the
trade-offs between a provisioning (revenues from timber selling) and regulating (carbon storage and
sequestration) ecosystem services among seven alternative forest management regimes in a large
boreal forest production landscape. First, we estimate the potential of the landscape to produce harvest
revenues and store/sequester carbon across a 50-year time period. Then, we identify conflicts between
harvest revenues and carbon storage and sequestration. Finally, we apply multiobjective optimization
to find optimal combinations of forest management regimes that maximize harvest revenues and
carbon storage/sequestration. Our results show that no management regime alone is able to either
maximize harvest revenues or carbon services and that a combination of different regimes is always
necessary. We also show that with a relatively little economic investment (5% decrease in harvest
revenues), a substantial increase in carbon services could be attained (9% for carbon storage; 1523% for carbon sequestration). We conclude that it is possible to achieve win-win situations applying
diversified forest management planning at a landscape level.
Keywords: Forest management, Carbon storage and sequestration, Multiobjective optimization,
Ecosystem service trade-offs
∗
Presenting author
71
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Molecular mechanisms and reversibility of fisheries-induced evolution
Silva Uusi-Heikkilä∗
University of Turku
Finland
Tiina Sävilammi
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Spiros Papakostas
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Robert Arlinghaus
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
Germany
Craig Primmer
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Large shifts in phenotypic traits have been observed in exploited fish populations, which have not
always fully recovered despite fishing has been ceased. Fisheries-induced evolution (FIE) can explain
these potentially slowly reversible changes. However, detecting signals of FIE and its reversibility
has proven difficult. We study the molecular mechanisms of FIE by sequencing the transcriptome
of experimental fish (wild-origin zebrafish, Danio rerio) that have been harvested size selectively for
five generations and then maintained under no-selection for six generations. We studied 1) what
are the molecular mechanisms underlying FIE, 2) does intensive size-selective harvesting affect gene
expression variation, and 3) whether the genetic changes caused by size-selective harvesting are
reversible. Our results show that five generations of size selection induced substantial changes in
gene expression. In addition to expression evolution, we found signals of sequence evolution: a large
number of SNPs were candidates for being subject to selection. We further show that size-selective
harvesting generally reduced gene expression variation. Harvest-induced changes in gene expression
were eroded after cessation of size-selective harvesting but there was no clear sign of recovery at the
sequence level (in SNP allele frequencies). Similarly, gene expression variation did not rebound back
to the initial levels.
Keywords: gene expression, transcriptome sequencing, fisheries-induced evolution, contemporary
evolution
∗
Presenting author
72
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Wild and hatchery brown trout Salmo trutta interact to influence feeding and
growth of juveniles
Teppo Vehanen∗
Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute
Finland
[email protected]
Ari Huusko
Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute
Finland
[email protected]
We studied the growth and prey consumption of juvenile hatchery and wild brown trout of similar
genetic origin in 12 wire mesh cages in a natural river in North-Eastern Finland. A substitute design
with three treatments was used: both hatchery trout and wild trout in allopatry, and hatchery and wild
trout in sympatry. Stomach flushing was used to collect the stomach content of brown trout. Wild trout
started feeding shortly after the start of the experiment, and clearly earlier than novel hatchery trout,
but food consumption was negatively affected by the presence of hatchery trout. When accompanied
with wild trout, novel hatchery trout started to feed earlier, consumed more live prey, and lost less
weight than when in allopatry. Hatchery trout grew more slowly than wild trout. To our knowledge this
is the first study to show that hatchery trout benefit from the presence of wild, experienced trout in a
complex semi-natural environment. Care should be taken when using hatchery brown trout juveniles
to support wild stocks due to their potential negative competitive effect.
Keywords: competition, experimental studies, salmonids, management
∗
Presenting author
73
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Integrating remotely sensed data and biodiversity data for ecosystem
assessments
Petteri Vihervaara∗
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Laura Mononen
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Ari-Pekka Auvinen
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Raimo Virkkala
Finnish Environment Insitute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Yihe Lü
Chinese Academy of Sciences
China
Inka Pippuri
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Petteri Packalen
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Ruben Valbuena
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jari Valkama
Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning underpins the delivery of all ecosystem services and should
be accounted for in all decision-making related to the use of natural resources and areas. However,
biodiversity and ecosystem services are often inadequately accounted for in land use management
decisions. We studied a boreal forest ecosystem by linking citizen-science bird data with detailed
information on forest characteristics from airborne laser scanning (ALS). We describe this method,
and evaluate how similar kinds of biological data sets combined with remote sensing can be used for
ecosystem assessments at landscape scale. The results support the use of the selected method as
a basis for quantifying spatially-explicit biodiversity indicators for ecosystem assessments. Finally, we
evaluate the capacity of those indicators to describe biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships, for
∗
Presenting author
74
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
example with carbon trade-offs. We also assess how the available data sources can be developed to
be compatible with the concept of essential biodiversity variables (EBV), which has been put forward as
a solution to cover the most important aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We suggest
that EBVs should be integrated into environmental monitoring programmes in the future, and citizen
science and remote sensing methods need to be an important part of them.
Keywords: citizen science, ecosystem service, LIDAR, forest
75
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Climate dependent distribution of island vascular plants in a Baltic archipelago
Mikael von Numers∗
Åbo Akademi University/Environmental and Marine Biology
Finland
[email protected]
The aim of the study is to find indications of climate change by studying changes in frequency and in
distribution patterns of 18 plant species occurring predominantly on islands. I compare climate related
predictors of islands with species extinctions to islands with colonizations. The study was conducted
on 436 islands in the archipelago of SW Finland in the northern Baltic Sea. The contemporary data
was collected from 1996 to 2013 and the historical data mainly in the 1930s. I measured predictors,
including area, exposure and topographical diversity, in a GIS and used binominal logistic regression to
determine which predictors exert an influence on the probability of species occurrence. The number of
island plant observations increased by 8.4%, but not by as much as all plant species occurring on the
studied islands (10.6%).The species with a generally northern distribution in Finland increased more
than the thermophilic species. A clear effect of climate warming on the selected island plants is not
evident. One of the proposed reasons for this is the small-scale topography and the mosaic of different
microclimates on the islands that buffer the effect of a large-scale climate warming.
Keywords: Archipelago, Climate change, Distribution pattern, Vascular plant
∗
Presenting author
76
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Cornucopia or Pandora’s Box? Phylogenomics comes of age, data is no
longer limiting
Niklas Wahlberg∗
University of Turku, Biology
Finland
Carlos Peña
University of Turku, Biology
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Chris Wheat
Stockholm University, Zoology
Sweden
[email protected]
In the past years it has become routine to generate transcriptomic or genomic data for various
questions, including resolving the relationships of taxa. The term phylogenomics was coined about
10 years ago for studies using a large number of molecular markers in phylogenetics. The definition
of ”large number” has increased from tens to hundreds or thousands of genes recently. It appears
that data is no longer limiting. But still, different phylogenomic datasets produce different phylogenetic
hypotheses, despite huge numbers of genes. Phylogenomic datasets have in effect become black
boxes where we have no idea what genes are being analyzed. I use all published transcriptomes of
Lepidoptera (117 species) to investigate whether there are biases in phylogenetic signal in different
classes of genes. So far we have compared ribosomal protein genes (77) to mitochondrial protein
genes (11) and central metabolic genes (131). Differences are apparent, with mitochondrial protein
genes showing anomalous patterns, ribosomal protein genes showing low resolution at deeper nodes
and central metabolic genes showing the most robust patterns so far. Future work will extend this to
other classes of genes with the aim to come up with a panel of genes suitable for phylogenomic work
in Lepidoptera.
Keywords: phylogenomics, transcriptomes
∗
Presenting author
77
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Iridescence can function as a warning signal: experimental evidence from
Oreina beetles
Samuel Waldron∗
University of Jyväskylä
Germany
Johanna Mappes
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Susanne Dobler
Universität Hamburg
Germany
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Iridescence, the property of certain surfaces changing colour as the angle of view or the angle
of illumination changes, is caused by microstructures that produce directional, highly reflective,
non-pigment colours. Despite its commonness there is a lack of empirical tests showing whether
iridescence can serve as a warning signal for predators. We manipulated the iridescent elytra of Oreina
cacaliae, a chemically defended, alpine leaf beetle, by applying a clear-coat solution that retained hue
but suppressed reflection and directionality. We used blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) as predators to
examine whether iridescence vs. no iridescence affected their initial latency to attack the prey, speed
of avoidance learning and generalisation. The birds initially avoided iridescent prey more than noniridescent prey but there was no difference in learning rate. Interestingly, learning was generalised
asymmetrically: birds that learned to avoid non-iridescent beetles avoided iridescent beetles equally
strongly, but not vice versa. We conclude, that iridescence per se, can function as a warning signal
and this may partially explain the high frequency of iridescent coloration in both terrestrial and aquatic
systems.
Keywords: warning signal, structural colouration, aposematic, iridescence
∗
Presenting author
78
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
MECHANISMS OF NITROUS OXIDE UPTAKE IN BOREAL PEATLANDS AND
FOREST SOILS QUANTIFIED BY ISOTOPIC AND MOLECULAR METHODS
Nina Welti∗
Biogeochemistry Research Group; University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Henri Siljanen
Biogeochemistry Research Group; University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Christina Biasi
Biogeochemistry Research Group; University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
Pertti Martikainen
Biogeochemistry Research Group; University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
The amount of N2O produced during denitrification is highly regulated by the function of the last
reductase enzyme (nitrous oxide reductase) which is known to be inhibited by oxygen, low pH and
low temperature, which are typical of boreal peatlands and some forest soils. Yet, denitrification can
be a sink for N2O, if the last step of the process is efficient. Generally, the N2O sink potential of peats
and soils is poorly constrained; while uptake rates were often observed in field studies, the data was
rejected as analytical errors or artifacts. This led to the questions: when and by which mechanisms
does N2O uptake occur in natural boreal ecosystems? For this study, a boreal spruce forest and
peatland were selected where previous field measurements have revealed negative N2O fluxes. We
coupled a 15N2O tracer experiment where the production and consumption of 15N2 and 15N2O were
quantified with abundance analyses of genes and transcripts. This was complemented with molecular
approaches which linked the N2O dynamics with individual microbial species and transcriptomics. The
abundance of denitrifying functional genes and gene transcripts reducing nitrous oxide (nosZ) were
quantified in order to solve the role of typical and atypical denitrifying populations on N2O consumption.
Keywords: denitrification, boreal spruce forest, peatland, nitrous oxide
∗
Presenting author
79
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Impact of moth outbreaks on Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and its
fungal pathogens in mountain birch forests
Piippa Wäli∗
University of Oulu
Finland
Anna Liisa Ruotsalainen
University of Oulu
Finland
Karoliina Huusko
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Annamari Markkola
University of Oulu
Finland
Karoliina Heiskanen
University of Oulu
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Lars E Ericson
University of Umeå
Sweden
[email protected]
Some moth species have outbreaks in Fennoscandian mountain birch forests and may cause birch
deaths in large areas. Also Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum cover declines severely during
moth outbreaks even though Empetrum is not actual food for moths. We followed the changes in the
Empetrum cover during four adjacent summers after moth outbreak in Kaldoaivi wilderness area, in
the northernmost Finland. In addition, we established a field experiment with manipulative moth out
breaks and artificial defoliation and fertilization treatments in order to shed light on the mechanisms
causing dramatic decline in Empetrum. In another field experiment we compared the effects of two
moth species, autumnal moth and winter moth, on Empetrum.
We found out that Empetrum recovered quite well when moth damage occurred during one summer,
but when moth outbreak continued more than one growing season, the Empetrum heath turned to
grass dominated vegetation for several years. Neither fertilization nor defoliation alone caused the
severe browning of Empetrum detected in moth treatments. Autumnal moth is capable of harming
the Empetrum at lower larval densities than winter moth. Incidences of some pathogens increased in
moth treatments indicating that fungal pathogens participate the browning of Empetrum during to moth
outbreaks.
Keywords: biotic interactions, vegetation, herbivory, disturbance
∗
Presenting author
80
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Molecular ecology of phytoremediation revealed a process described as
secondary succession of bacteria in hydrocarbon pollution
Kim Yrjälä∗
MEM-group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Sajan Raju
MEM-group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Shinjini Mukherjee
MEM-group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Pollution is a worldwide problem and in Finland alone over 24000 polluted sites are known.
Detoxification of contaminated ecosystems is one of the key ecosystem services provided by bacterial
communities. Bacteria harbor genes encoding catabolic enzymes that enable them to utilize organic
pollutants for growth. In addition, they have the propensity for rapid evolution of enzymes and
corresponding degradation pathways under selective pressure of contaminants. We studied the
temporal and spatial patterns of microbial communities in hydrocarbon contaminated soils and
rhizospheres in ecosystems ranging from controlled microcosms to long term field study and an aged
polluted site. Massive parallel sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) of structural and catabolic marker
genes coupled with advanced geostatistical and phylogenetic analysis allowed us to interpret the
ecological response of microbes to pollution. Geostatistical analysis brought out niche partitioning
as the major mechanism regulating spatial distribution of bacterial communities in the aged polluted
ecosystem. In temporal studies – 10 week greenhouse experiment and 2-years field study- we
observed a secondary succession of bacterial communities at both structural and functional levels.
An integrated analysis of 16S rRNA, alkane hydroxylase and extradiol dioxygenase marker genes
revealed the co-occurrence patterns of bacterial groups in early and late phases of pollution.
Keywords: ecosystem services, niche partitioning, spatiality, pyrosequencing
∗
Presenting author
81
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
Gyrodactylus salaris transcriptome: de novo assembly, functional
characterization and analysis in relation to adaptations to parasitism.
Ksenia Zueva∗
University of Turku
Finland
Tiina Sävilammi
University of Turku
Finland
Craig Primmer
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Gyrodactylus salaris is a parasitic flatworm that poses a great threat to North Atlantic populations
of Atlantic salmon. Parasite-caused disease is characterised by high infectivity and almost 100%
mortality of susceptible fish. We studied transcriptome characteristics of the species, in order to answer
questions about mechanisms and evolution of parasitism in G. salaris. We present a de novo assembly
of parasite’s transcriptome, obtained using Illumina pair-end sequencing technology. More than 600
million reads were retained, which were assembled into 15777 contigs, with N50 contig length of
1256 bp. The total GC content of the transcriptome was found to be 43%. Approximately half of the
transcripts (46%) had a BLAST homologous match against the NCBI non-redundant protein database
(e-value threshold of 10-6). Most of these sequences were functionally annotated using the Gene
Ontology, protein families and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. This annotated
sequence collection represents an important genomic resource for G. salaris and is characterized by
reduction or absence of a number of essential genes and pathways. This finding is in concordance with
recently reported first draft of the parasite genome and is discussed in the light of suggested genomic
adaptations to parasitism.
Keywords: transcriptome, genomic adaptations, parasite
∗
Presenting author
82
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Within- and between-season dynamics of powdery mildew Podosphaera
plantaginis
Riikka Alanen∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Anna-Liisa Laine
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Diseases pose a major threat to the health of humans, crops and livestock. Understanding what
generation variation in disease transmission both during the growing season and from one season to
the next is one of the major challenges of disease biology. Podosphaera plantaginis is an obligate
pathogen of Plantago lanceolata and in Finland it’s occurrence is largely restricted to Åland Islands.
The dynamics of P. plantaginis are driven by strong seasonality: local pathogen populations experience
epidemic expansion in summer and subsequently crash every winter as host plants die back to
underground rootstocks. Factors affecting overwintering success of obligate pathogens are poorly
understood even though the process of overwintering is a crucial part of pathogen life cycle.
I am studying within- and between-season dynamics at plant level within populations in the Åland
Islands. At this stage of the study I have gathered information of within-season dynamics and in the
future I’m going to link this data with between-season dynamics to find out if overwintering success is
determined by phenotypic and genotypic differences in the pathogen strains.
Keywords: Overwintering, Plant pathogen
∗
Presenting author
83
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Responses of arctic-alpine plants to microclimatic differences
Friederike Gehrmann∗
University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences
Finland
[email protected]
Timo Saarinen
University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences
Finland
[email protected]
Heikki Hänninen
University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences
Finland
[email protected]
In high latitude ecosystems, the occurrence of snow largely determines the length of the growing
season for plants as it strongly limits light and temperature conditions favourable for growth. The
varied topography of mountain slopes causes a gradient in the timing of snowmelt, leading to the
exposure of plants to spring freezing temperatures in early melting sites and a great decrease in the
length of the growing season in later melting sites. Furthermore, local temperatures are decoupled
from the regional conditions and daily hours of insolation vary with slope aspect even in summer. We
studied how the natural differences in growing season length and temperature regime caused by the
timing of snowmelt affects plant phenology and growth in a subarctic mountain ecosystem. The effect
of snowmelt plays an important role for plant life in this region because snowmelt is strongly linked
to climatic conditions. As these are expected to change in the future, it is important to find out how
strongly plants are adapted to their local conditions and whether they can match these changes in their
developmental processes. This allows a better prediction of future plant community dynamics.
Keywords: snowmelt, phenology, microclimate
∗
Presenting author
84
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
The Beauty and the Beast
Emily Hornett
The Pennsylvania State University
USA
Anne Duplouy∗
MRG, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
The Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect
orders. Due to their remarkable diversity and economic and ecological importance, many species
have been studied. Despite the wealth of knowledge of their biology, one area has only of late been
given consideration – that of the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable endosymbionts.
Symbiosis, defined as the living together of dissimilar organisms in a persistent relationship, is a
broad term that encompasses mutualistic through to parasitic interactions between host and symbiont.
Advancements in molecular genetics have enabled the revelation that endosymbionts are extremely
prevalent and diverse among arthropods. More recently, host-associated microbes have been
repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral part in many aspects of host biology. Here, we review
the major findings of research of the heritable microbial endosymbionts of lepidoptera, primarily from
the viewpoint of impact upon the host. We find that assessment of such interactions in other arthropod
taxa has illuminated that we still have much to discover in butterflies and moths. I will be happy to also
discuss the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental
change and when planning the conservation of endangered species.
Keywords: fitness, butterfly, global change, Endosymbiont
∗
Presenting author
85
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Increasing the ecological connections and coherence of the Natura 2000
network in South-west Lapland
Esa Huhta∗
The Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
Ari Nikula
The Natural Resources Institute Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
The objective is to increase the ecological connections and green infrastructures to improve the
vitality and coherence of the Natura 2000 network and raise the biodiversity of the forests in the
project area. Different actions aiming to the maintenance, improving or restoration of the favorable
conservation status of species and habitats of community interest will be implemented during the
project. The objective is also to increase the biodiversity in commercial forests and protect important
areas surround and between the Natura 2000 sites. The project will improve the living conditions of
endangered species, and thus biodiversity itself, are wholly dependent on the continuity of biotopes.
A coherent, comprehensive Natura 2000 network and sufficient amount of protection areas serve
as ecological connections, green infrastructures, as climate change speeds up, different land use
practices changes the surroundings and favorable conditions for the vegetation zones shift. The
significance of the connections and green infrastructures in the conservation of biodiversity has been
widely recognised. The EU Habitat and Bird directives include provisions to enhance the ecological
connectivity between protected areas and across the wider environment. Despite the community level
support, the implementation of the measures to improve the connections has been rather slow.
Keywords: connectivity, fragmentation, biodiversity, natura 2000
∗
Presenting author
86
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Arctic food webs in changing weather: the first steps
Tuomas Kankaanpää∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
How complex biological systems respond to environmental changes remains poorly understood. In my
PhD work I will focus on one such system: Arctic food webs and how they respond to climatic variables
and to global warming.
I kick off my project by exploring the landscape phenology of my main study area, the Zackenberg
valley in Greenland. This is done by combining fell-top time-lapse imagery with both abiotic and
biotic information. This approach enables me to reconstruct the pattern of year to year changes in
phenological progress for the area. I assess whether it is always the same areas that are phenological
forerunners and if there is a distinction between abiotic and biotic phenology. If abiotic year to year
constancy is low, different types of organisms are expected to differ more in their responses.
This study brings a novel twist to landscape-level phenological studies by integrating several layers of
data, including things like topology, weather and plant and animal community compositions. It will also
serve as a roadmap in the planning of data collection for the main research initiative of my PhD project.
Keywords: landscape, food web, phenology, arctic
∗
Presenting author
87
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
The seasonal variation in photosynthetic efficiency of boreal bog plant species
Aino Korrensalo∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Tomás Hájek
University of South Bohemia
Czech Republic
[email protected]
Boreal bogs are peatland ecosystems where productivity is limited by low amount of nutrients, midsummer dry periods and light induced stress. Bog surfaces are mosaics of microforms that vary in their
water table level. The number of species adapted to these harsh conditions is low and spatial variation
in species composition is mainly controlled by water table. Species differ greatly in their phenology and
growth form. These differences are likely to have an important role for the stability of bog ecosystem
functioning but it has not been addressed.
We aim to quantify the photosynthetic properties of bog plant species and their seasonal variation.
As photosynthesis is the key process for ecosystem carbon sink function we measured photosynthetic
parameters and stress related fluorescence of vascular plant and Sphagnum moss species in a boreal
bog over a growing season. Sphagna had lower photosynthesis than vascular plants. Photosynthesis
was highest in May for all of the species, but seasonal pattern differed between Sphagna and vascular
plants. Vascular plants having similar phenology, rather than similar growth form, resembled each
other in their photosynthetic productivity. Photosynthetic productivity of Sphagna correlated with their
location along water table gradient, which was not the case with vascular plants.
Keywords: productivity, peatland, photosynthesis
∗
Presenting author
88
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
HONO (nitrous acid) emissions from acidic northern soils
Marja Maljanen∗
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Pasi Yli-Pirilä
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jorma Joutsensaari
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
Pertti J Martikainen
University of Eastern Finland
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
The photolysis of HONO (nitrous acid) is an important source of OH radical, the key oxidizing agent
in the atmosphere, contributing also to removal of atmospheric methane. Soil HONO emissions are
regarded as missing sources of HONO when considering the chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
The soil-derived HONO has been connected to soil nitrite and also directly to the activity of ammonia
oxidizing bacteria. Our hypothesis was that boreal acidic soils with high nitrification activity could be
also sources of HONO and the emissions of HONO are connected with nitrification. We selected a
range of dominant northern acidic soils and showed in microcosm experiments that soils which have
the highest nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions (drained peatlands) also have the
highest HONO production rates. The emissions of HONO are thus linked to nitrogen cycle. Natural
peatlands and boreal coniferous forests on mineral soils had the lowest HONO emissions. It is known
that in natural peatlands with high water table and in boreal coniferous forest soils, low nitrification
activity limits their N2O production and low HONO production rates. We also studied the origin of
HONO using nitrification inhibitors. HONO production is not closely connected to ammonium oxidation.
Keywords: nitrous acid, emission, peatland, nitrification
∗
Presenting author
89
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Outside-host predation affects opportunist parasite dynamics and has
potential for disease biological control
Ilona Merikanto∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Jouni Laakso
University of Helsinki
Finland
Veijo Kaitala
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Pathogens that also grow in the outside-host environment, such as Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans and many
species from genus Mycobacterium, Flavobacterium and Serratia, are a serious threat for human
health and food production. Due to their ability to grow independently of hosts in the environment,
these diseases are difficult to eradicate with antibiotics. In the outside-host environment predation
by protozoa is the leading cause of mortality among bacteria, including environmentally growing
pathogens and thus likely influences also the disease dynamics. We introduce a novel epidemiological
model for environmentally growing pathogens considering how environmental growth and predation of
the pathogen influences classical SI model dynamics and if outside-host predation could be utilized
as a biocontrol method against diseases. Our results suggest that predation outside-host greatly
influences the disease dynamics by increasing unstable dynamics. Predation can also efficiently
eradicate the disease by causing extinction of the pathogen population in the outside-host environment.
Keywords: Predator-prey model, SI model, Columnaris disease, Environmental opportunist
∗
Presenting author
90
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Spatial distribution of genetic variation and local adaptation in
metapopulations in heterogeneous environments
Etsuko Nonaka∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Otso Ovaskaninen
University of Helsinki
Finland
Ilkka Hanski
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Existing theories of population genetics for spatially subdivided populations often assume a constant
genetic variance across local populations for mathematical tractability. The amount of genetic
variance is a key ingredient determining the evolutionary potential of populations, and it can be
temporally and spatially variable and influenced by selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. In
heterogeneous landscapes, spatial habitat structure influences the dynamics of genetic variation as
well as demographic processes. We have developed an eco-evolutionary model for a metapopulation
living in a heterogeneous landscape to investigate the effects of dynamic vs. constant genetic variation
on local adaptation, and how landscape structure affects the spatial distribution of genetic variation.
The results indicate that the dynamics of genetic variation can enhance local adaptation under many
circumstances. Long-term averages of genetic variation and the degree of local adaptation are
correlated with population size and age, which are related to habitat patch area, but frequent population
turnover obscures the relationships at any time point.
Keywords: genetic variation, landscape structure, eco-evolutionary dynamics, metapopulation
∗
Presenting author
91
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
The management and significance of traditional rural biotopes from the
perspective of sustainable development
Kaisa J. Raatikainen∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Panu Halme
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Mikko Mönkkönen
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Elizabeth S. Barron
University of Wisconsin (Oshkosh)
USA
[email protected]
This project aims to determine the most critical factors affecting the quality of management of traditional
rural biotopes (TRBs) in Finland. These diverse, species-rich habitats such as meadows and wood
pastures are created and maintained by practices typical of old-fashioned agriculture (e.g. mowing
and grazing). TRBs are also supported by cultural and historical values. During the last century,
over 99 percent of the TRB cover has disappeared in Finland due to agricultural intensification. The
national assessments of Finnish red-listed species and threatened habitats show that TRBs hold the
greatest proportion of endangered habitat types, and they provide the primary habitat for one fourth of
threatened species.
The research consists of ecological, social, and economic studies, and an integrative synthesis. A
strong focus is on the biological attributes of TRB management. In addition, motivational factors
of TRB managers are studied, and effectiveness of Finnish EU-based agri-environmental subsidies
is evaluated in relation to management quality. We study also in what ways the management and
resource effort targeted to these valuable sites could be optimized in relation to the sustainable
conservation status of the site network. A general outline of the project is presented together with
short descriptions of the individual subprojects.
Keywords: semi-natural grasslands, agricultural biodiversity, landscape management, agrienvironment scheme
∗
Presenting author
92
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Forest bioenergy climate impact can be improved by allocating forest residue
removal
Anna Repo∗
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Riina Känkänen
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finland
Riina Antikainen
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Mikko Tuomi
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
Pekka Vanhala
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jari Liski
Finnish Environment Institute
Finland
[email protected]
Boreal forests are an important carbon sink and a source of biomass for energy production. These
ecosystem services contribute to climate change mitigation through different mechanisms and may
pose a trade-off. Bioenergy from forest harvest residues can be used to avoid fossil carbon emissions,
but increasing biomass harvests reduces carbon stocks and the carbon sink capacity of forests. The
magnitude and longevity of these carbon stock changes determine how effective bioenergy from forest
harvest residues is to reduce GHG emissions from the energy sector and to mitigate climate change.
In this study, we estimate the variability of GHG emissions and consequent climate impacts resulting
from producing bioenergy from stumps, branches and residual biomass of forest thinning operations in
Finland, and the contribution of the variability in key factors, i.e. forest residue diameter, tree species,
the geographical location of forest biomass removal site and harvesting method, to the emissions and
climate impact. The results show that the choice of forest residue biomass collected affects significantly
the emissions and climate impacts of forest bioenergy.
Keywords: logging residues, bioenergy, modeling, carbon sequestration
∗
Presenting author
93
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
The foraging behavior of a parasitoid wasp
Wolfgang Reschka∗
Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Saskya van Nouhuys
Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Optimal foraging theory predicts that a foraging insect should use resource patches in an efficient
manner, exploiting each patch according its value. Yet we know that insect foraging is more
complicated than that and that not all actions are efficient. I study the behavior of a specialist parasitoid
wasp, Hyposoter horticola, that forages for egg clusters of butterfly Melitaea cinxia. The wasp moves
on a large spatial scale, spending time finding new hosts and monitoring locations of already known
hosts until they become susceptible to parasitism. There is strong competition among adult females,
and virtually all host egg clusters are found.
Here we present the results of a manipulative experiment showing the allocation of effort by H. horticola
to monitoring known egg cluster locations and scouting for new clusters, and the ability of the wasp to
adjust its pattern of visitation after an egg cluster (host resource) has already been exploited. Wasps
are individually marked using paint so that their visitation to each host egg cluster is recorded.
Keywords: parasitoid, parasitation, foraging
∗
Presenting author
94
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Life-history traits and immune response in the Glanville fritillary butterfly
Elena Rosa∗
University of Helsinki
Finland
Marjo Saastamoinen
University of Helsinki
Finland
[email protected] [email protected]
Wild living organisms are constantly faced with numerous challenges. Depending on the intensity and
the type of a challenge their condition can be seriously compromised, eventually leading to reduced
survival or fecundity. The susceptibility of an individual to exogenous factors mostly depends on the
effectiveness of its immune system. An efficient immune system is costly to maintain and to activate,
and organisms with limited resources have to balance their energy expenditure according to their
conditions.
Due to their small body size, insects have a great sensitivity to changing environmental conditions.
Therefore, understanding how immunity is affected by variations in condition and life history is a matter
of great concern.
We used the Glanville fritillary butterfly to investigate how immunity is related to life-history traits
under limiting resource conditions. Wild collected caterpillars were subject to a food stress treatment
resembling the conditions sometimes faced in the wild, and released as adults into a large outdoor
enclosure to assess life-history traits. A proxy of general immune response was measured as pupal
encapsulation rate. Adult life-history traits included male and female fertility and fecundity, as well as
mobility.
Preliminary data will be presented.
Keywords: trade-off, immunity, life history
∗
Presenting author
95
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
The effect of landscape structure on movements and population dynamics:
the False heath fritillary in Merikarvianjoki
Katja Rönkä∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
The False heath fritillary (Melitaea diamina), the core species of my study, lives in open or semiopen early succession environments, which are often bind to traditional farming or occur naturally
along water elements. To study how landscape structure affects the movement of the species I
collected a mark-release-recapture (MRR) data from a population in Merikarvia in the west coast and
estimated movement parameters that describe individual movements in different environments and at
the boundaries between them with a diffusion model. I compared the modeling results to previous
results from Pirkanmaa populations in order to find out if a movement model based on data collected
from one population can be used to predict the movements of the species in Finland. Data from
Merikarvia was too small to calculate reliable movement parameter estimates. Comparison of data
indicate however, that the movement of M. diamina doesn’t significantly differ between the two areas.
Parameter estimates estimated using information from both Merikarvia and Pirkanmaa data can be
held accurate enough to describe the movement of the False heath fritillary, so that the results of the
analysis can be used in conservation planning.
Keywords: environmental ecology, habitat-specific movement modelling, endangered species,
metapopulation
∗
Presenting author
96
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Increased turbidity causes a mismatch between the distribution of social
foragers and their resource
Shakwat Sohel∗
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
Sami Merilaita
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
Kai Lindström
Åbo Akademi University
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
The ideal free distribution (IFD) model predicts that foragers will be distributed across food patches
such that each forager receives the same food reward. This model has proven successful at predicting
the distribution of individuals. Many aquatic environments currently suffer from increased turbidity,
often due to anthropogenic reasons. We hypothesize that such environmental change could have an
impact on social foragers by influencing the availability of information on food patch profitability. We
investigated the effect of turbidity on three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) when they had
to distribute themselves between two continuous input food patches that varied in profitability. In all
cases the number of fish approached the IFD predictions but there were differences between clear and
turbid water. In turbid water the fish took significantly longer to reach the equilibrium distribution than
in clear water. We interpret this as evidence that turbidity interferes with the availability information
about the feeding patches. In turbid water the fish also moved less and in a more aggregated manner
which partly may explain why they responded more slowly to changes in resource distribution. Our
results provide empirical evidence that turbidity will detrimentally affect the ability of social foragers to
distribute themselves across food resources.
Keywords: group foraging, ideal free distribution, turbidity, eutrophication
∗
Presenting author
97
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Reliable signal of chemical defence is costly for the aposematic Wood tiger
moth Parasemia plantaginis
Kaisa Suisto∗
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Johanna Mappes
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Carita Lindstedt
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Bibiana Rojas
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
[email protected]
Maintenance of colour polymorphism in aposematic organisms requires evolutionary explanation
because selection by predators is expected to wipe out less efficient variants of warning signals.
Wood tiger moths Parasemia plantaginis have two distinct male colour morphs, yellow and white.
Wing pattern of the yellow morph has been shown to be more efficient warning signal against avian
predators but the two morphs still co-exist. When threatened, the moths produce defensive secretions
from their abdomen and/or from their thoracic glands. We tested whether the two male morphs have
different anti-predator strategies that result in equal protection: investment either in an efficient warning
signal (yellow) or in efficient chemical defence (white). We measured the quantity and the quality
of thoracic and abdominal secretion from both morphs and the life history costs of defence display.
Contrary to our expectations, we found that the defensive secretions of the yellow morph were better
both in quantity and quality, but it also incurred higher costs. Our result suggest that yellow warning
coloration functions as an reliable signal of defence but the yellow morph also pays higher cost from
its antipredator strategy which may offer an explanation for the coexistence of two male morphs in this
species.
Keywords: reliable signalling, colour polymorphism, cost of defense, chemical defense
∗
Presenting author
98
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Effects of moderate warming, moderate N addition and shoot herbivory on gas
exchange, growth, and volatile organic compound emissions of young Scots
pine trees
Päivi Tiiva∗
University of Eastern Finland/UEF
Finland
Elina Häikiö
University of Eastern Finland/UEF
Finland
[email protected]
[email protected]
Anne Kasurinen
University of Eastern Finland/UEF
Finland
[email protected]
We investigated the net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), tree growth, and emissions of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) from young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) in growth chambers at the
University of Eastern Finland. The growth conditions in the chambers followed the long time averages
of temperature and humidity in Central Finland during May-September at maximum light level of 250
µmolm − 2s − 1.
In addition to untreated controls, warming (2◦ C), N addition (30 kg ha-1 y-1) plus shoot herbivory
(Hylobius abietis) treatments alone and in combination were conducted with three replicates. During
the five-month-long experiment period, Pn, gs and VOC emissions from the pine shoots were
measured monthly, and tree growth at the end of the experiment.
For current year needles, N addition and warming tended to increase both Pn and gs, but only in
the combination treatment, whereas current year needle biomass increased in single N and single
warming treatments. Shoot herbivory did not affect new shoot biomass clearly, but reduced root growth
in combination with warming treatment. Monoterpenes were the most abundant group of VOCs emitted
from shoots as expected. Further analyses on VOCs are in progress, and the results will be discussed
in the presentation.
Keywords: Environmental change, volatile organic compounds, photosynthesis, Pinus sylvestris
∗
Presenting author
99
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis in wild cervids in Finland:
possible sentinels for new foci?
Elina Tonteri
University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Virology, Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Pikka Jokelainen
University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Juho Matala∗
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu
Finland
[email protected]
Jyrki Pusenius
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu
Finland
[email protected]
Olli Vapalahti
University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Virology, Helsinki
Finland
[email protected]
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus, that is maintained in nature in complex
enzootic cycle of ticks and their hosts. The virus causes tick-borne encephalitis in humans and some
animals. TBE incidence has been increasing in Finland during the recent years and new foci have
been reported. In this study, we screened serum bank of wild cervids for antibodies against TBEV
to survey the seroprevalence and distribution of the virus in Finland. Nine (0.74%) of 1213 moose
(Alces alces), one (0.74%) of 135 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and none of the 17 roe
deer (Capreolus capreolus) were defined seropositive. There was a close geographical congruence of
seropositive cervids and recently reported human TBE cases: nine positive animals were from known
endemic areas. The result confirms the local circulation of the virus in these areas and suggests, that
∗
Presenting author
100
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
in Finland moose may have a role in TBEV circulation. Moreover, moose may by a useful sentinel
animal for the presence of TBEV in taiga region.
Keywords: TBE, disease ecology, TBEV in wild cervids, tick-borne encephalitis virus
101
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
Large scale variation in red squirrel sex ratios
Tytti Turkia∗
University of Turku
Finland
[email protected]
Large scale ecological phenomena often show spatial synchrony, possibly driven by dispersal or
environmental forcing, and trophic links may cause spatial patterns to cascade from one trophic level
to the next. In this study, we utilize historic hunting data (Lampio 1965) on sex ratios of over 187000
red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), for which the locality of shooting was known. We hypothesized that the
spatially autocorrelated food supply (spruce cones) might drive regional differences in SR. Overall SR
was slightly male biased (50.9%). SR was spatially autocorrelated up to 200 km, and regions that were
close by and far away had similar sex ratios, but regions in between had opposite sex ratio. Contrary
to our expectation, cone abundance had no effect on SR variation. Our findings add to the scarce
evidence that vertebrate sex ratios show spatial patterns over large scales.
Keywords: sex ratio, squirrel, synchrony, spatial autocorrelation
∗
Presenting author
102
List of Authors
A
Ahokumpu, Anni, 39
Ahola, Markus, 47
Aikio, Sami, 61
Aivelo, Tuomas, 2
Ala-Honkola, Outi, 3
Alanen, Riikka, 83
Andersson, Tommi, 22
Antikainen, Riina, 93
Anu, Valtonen, 18
Arlinghaus, Robert, 72
Arnqvist, Göran, 26
Auvinen, Ari-Pekka, 39, 74
Aykanat, Tutku, 4
Ellegren, Hans, 21
Elling Barstad, Trond, 45
Ellmen, Mikko, 53
Elo, Riikka, 12
Enberg, Katja, 13
Ericson, Lars E, 80
Erkinaro, Jaakko, 4, 53
Eskelinen, Anu, 14
F
Fountain, Toby, 15
Freitak, Dalial, 37
G
Gehrmann, Friederike, 84
Goenaga, Julieta, 26
B
Banta, Gary Thomas, 69
Barres, Benoit, 67
Barron, Elizabeth S., 92
Baudry, Gautier, 28
Biasi, Christina, 79
Blanchet, F. Guillaume, 8
Bonsdorff, Erik, 40
Borer, Elizabeth, 6
Brommer, Jon, 7
Budria, Alexandre, 8
H
Häikiö, Elina, 99
Hänninen, Heikki, 84
Höckerstedt, Layla, 25
Hájek, Tomás, 88
Haimi, Jari, 41
Halme, Panu, 16, 92
Hanski, Ilkka, 15, 56, 91
Harrison, Paula, 17
Harrison, Susan, 14
Heikki, Roininen, 18
Heimonen, Kaisa, 18
Heiskanen, Karoliina, 80
Hilker, Monika, 42
Hiltunen, Minna, 66
Hiltunen, Teppo, 19
Hoikkala, Anneli, 3
Honkola, Terhi, 20
Hopkins, Juhani, 28
Hornett, Emily, 85
Huhta, Esa, 86
Husby, Arild, 21
Huttunen, Satu, 23
Huusko, Ari, 73
Huusko, Karoliina, 22, 80
Hyyryläinen, Anna, 23
C
Calhim, Sara, 27
Candolin, Ulrika, 8, 28
Chong, Swee Wong, 15
Collet, Marie, 26
D
De Bona, Sebastiano, 9
Del-Castillo-Alonso, María-Ángeles, 23
Dickel, Franziska, 37
Dobler, Susanne, 78
Duplouy, Anne, 85
E
Ekblad, Camilla, 11
Eklöv, Peter, 63
Elina, Oksanen, 18
103
List of Authors
I
Immonen, Elina, 26
Löytynoja, Ari, 2
Lü, Yihe, 74
López-Sepucre, Andrés, 9
Laakkonen, Juha, 2
Laakso, Jouni, 90
Laaksonen, Toni, 11, 27
Laine, Anna, 32
Laine, Anna-Liisa, 49, 67, 83
Le Tortorec, Eric, 51
Lehmann, Philipp, 36
Lempa, Kyösti, 33
Leppänen, Sanna, 45
Lindstedt, Carita, 98
Lindström, Kai, 97
Lindström, Leena, 36
Liski, Jari, 93
Louhi, Katja-Riikka, 30
J
Järvistö, Pauliina, 27
Jørgensen, Christian, 13
Jelkänen, Elli, 66
Jernvall, Jukka, 2
Johnston, Susan E., 4
Jokelainen, Pikka, 100
Jokinen, Henri, 40
Joutsensaari, Jorma, 89
Juutinen, Artti, 71
K
Känkänen, Riina, 93
Kaitala, Arja, 28
Kaitala, Veijo, 90
Kankaala, Paula, 66
Kankaanpää, Tuomas, 87
Kapfer, Jutta, 54
Karvonen, Anssi, 29, 30
Kasurinen, Anne, 99
Kauranen, Hannele, 3
Kawakami, Taki, 21
Keinänen, Markku, 48
Kesäniemi, Jenni, 69
Keski-Saari, Sarita, 18, 48
Kipper, Silke, 42
Kleier, Sven, 42
Klemme, Ines, 30
Knott, Emily, 41, 69
Koivisto, Reijo, 45
Koivuniemi, Heini, 22
Kontunen-Soppela, Sari, 18
Korrensalo, Aino, 88
Koskela, Esa, 34, 65
Koski, Tuuli-Marjaana, 31
Kotiaho, Janne, 16
Kunnasranta, Mervi, 47
M
Mäntylä, Elina, 42
Mökkönen, Mikael, 34
Mönkkönen, Mikko, 51, 71, 92
Maanavilja, Liisa, 35
Maljanen, Marja, 89
Mappes, Johanna, 9, 37, 78, 98
Mappes, Tapio, 34, 65
Margus, Aigi, 36
Markkola, Annamari, 22, 61, 80
Martínez-Abaigar, Javier, 23
Martikainen, Pertti, 79
Martikainen, Pertti J, 89
Martz, Françoise, 23
Matala, Juho, 57, 100
Mattila, Johanna, 40
Mazziotta, Adriano, 51, 71
Medlar, Alan, 2
Merikanto, Ilona, 90
Merilaita, Sami, 97
Miettinen, Kaisa, 71
Mikola, Juha, 48
Mikonranta, Lauri, 37
Miura, Kazumi, 38
Mononen, Laura, 39, 74
L
Lönn, Eija, 34
104
List of Authors
Mukherjee, Shinjini, 81
Mustamäki, Noora, 40
Mustonen, Marina, 41
Rönnegård, Lars, 21
Raatikainen, Kaisa J., 92
Raju, Sajan, 81
Rautio, Pasi, 23
Repo, Anna, 93
Reschka, Wolfgang, 94
Reunanen, Pasi, 71
Roininen, Heikki, 45, 50
Rojas, Bibiana, 98
Rosa, Elena, 95
Roslin, Tomas, 55
Rousi, Matti, 18
Ruokolainen, Lasse, 56
Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa, 22, 61, 80
Ruuhola, Teija, 57
Ruuskanen, Suvi, 58
N
Núñez-Olivera, Encarnación, 23
Nevalainen, Seppo, 57
Niemelä, Eero, 4
Niemela, Petri, 43
Niemi, Marja, 47
Nieminen, Marko, 15
Niitepõld, Kristjan, 44
Nikula, Ari, 57, 86
Nivala, Vesa, 57
Nonaka, Etsuko, 91
Nyeko, Philip, 50
Nyman, Tommi, 45
S
Sävilammi, Tiina, 72, 82
Saarinen, Timo, 84
Saastamoinen, Marjo, 95
Saccone, Patrick, 59
Saija, Ahonen, 61
Salo, Tiina, 60
Saravesi, Karita, 22, 61
Scharnweber, Kristin, 63
Scheinin, Matias, 40
Schmitt, Thomas, 3
Schuett, Wiebke, 27
Setälä, Heikki, 64
Shaw, Mark, 45
Siljanen, Henri, 79
Sims, Angela, 65
Sirén, Jukka, 15
Skog, Anu, 54
Smeds, Linnea, 21
Sohel, Shakwat, 97
Soriano-Sancha, Gonzalo, 23
Sorvari, Jouni, 12
Stjernberg, Torsten, 11
Strandberg, Ursula, 66
Suisto, Kaisa, 98
Sulkava, Seppo, 11
O
Oksanen, Sari, 47
Orell, Panu, 4, 53
Ovaskaninen, Otso, 91
P
Paaso, Ulla, 48
Packalen, Petteri, 74
Papakostas, Spiros, 72
Parratt, Steven, 49
Peña, Carlos, 77
Penttinen, Ritva, 12
Piiroinen, Saija, 36
Piiroinen, Tiina, 50
Pippuri, Inka, 74
Podkopaev, Dmitry, 71
Pohjanmies, Tähti, 51
Primmer, Craig, 53, 72, 82
Primmer, Craig R., 4
Pusenius, Jyrki, 100
Pyykkönen, Tuija, 54
Q
Qvarnstrom, Anna, 21
R
Rönkä, Katja, 96
105
List of Authors
Suominen, Otso, 22
Susi, Hanna, 67
Watts, Phillip, 34
Welti, Nina, 79
Wheat, Chris, 77
Winding Hansen, Benni, 69
Wirta, Helena, 55
T
Tahvanainen, Teemu, 68
Thonig, Anne, 69
Tiiva, Päivi, 99
Toivanen, Tero, 16
Tonteri, Elina, 100
Triviño, Maria, 51, 71
Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina, 32, 35, 88
Tuomi, Mikko, 93
Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, 93
Turkia, Tytti, 102
Turunen, Minna, 23
Tyukmaeva, Venera, 3
Y
Yli-Pirilä, Pasi, 89
Yrjälä, Kim, 81
Z
Zueva, Ksenia, 82
U
Uusi-Heikkilä, Silva, 72
V
Várkonyi, Gergely, 45
Valbuena, Ruben, 74
Vale, Pedro F., 67
Valkama, Jari, 74
Valkonen, Janne, 9
Valosaari, Kata-Riina, 33
van Cann, Joannes, 65
van Nouhuys, Saskya, 94
Vanhala, Pekka, 93
Vapalahti, Olli, 100
Vehanen, Teppo, 73
Velmala, William, 27
Vihervaara, Petteri, 39, 74
Vikberg, Veli, 45
Virkkala, Raimo, 74
Virtanen, Risto, 54, 59
von Numers, Mikael, 76
W
Wäli, Piippa, 22, 61, 80
Wahlberg, Niklas, 77
Waldron, Samuel, 78
Watts, Phill, 65
106
List of Keywords
Symbols
<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>, 8
Åland islands, 11
Butterfly, 44
butterfly, 85
C
Callosobruchus maculatus, 26
carbon sequestration, 64, 93
Carbon storage and sequestration, 71
cascade model, 39
chemical defense, 98
chlorophyll, 24
chlorophyll fluorescence, 32
citizen science, 75
Climate change, 76
climate change, 17
Climate variability, 13
climate warming, 18
clones, 41
co-infection, 30
CO2 assimilation, 32
colour polymorphism, 98
Columnaris disease, 90
common garden, 18
Communities, 12
community dynamics, 19
competition, 14, 56, 73
connectivity, 25, 86
contemporary evolution, 72
cost of defense, 98
culture, 20
current reproduction, 27
cuticular hydrocarbon, 3
A
Acari, 12
acquired immunity, 30
Adaptation, 15
adaptation, 17
adaptive evolution, 43
agarics, 16
Aging, 26
agri-environment scheme, 92
agricultural biodiversity, 92
Alces alces, 57
Allee effect, 56
animal behaviour, 43
Ant associates, 12
aposematic, 78
Applied nucleation, 50
Archipelago, 76
arctic, 87
articifial light, 28
Atlantic salmon, 5
avian olfaction, 31
avpr1a, 34
B
Baltic Sea, 40, 60
bank vole, 34
behavior, 7
Betula pendula, 18, 48
Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii, 22
biodiversity, 17, 86
bioenergy, 93
biotic interactions, 80
biotic modulators, 14
bird, 58
Body size, 38
boreal forest, 52
boreal lakes, 63
boreal spruce forest, 79
brownification, 63
D
defensive compounds, 48
denitrification, 79
diapause, 3
diet, 11
direct and indirect effects, 14
disease ecology, 101
dispersal, 44
distributed experiment, 6
distribution, 40
Distribution pattern, 76
107
List of Keywords
disturbance, 80
DNA barcode, 55
Drosophila, 3
foraging behaviour, 31
forest, 75
Forest management, 71
fragmentation, 86
Functional composition, 59
fungal community, 22, 62
future reproduction, 27
E
early life stress, 65
eco-evolutionary dynamics, 19, 91
ecology, 33
ecosystem service, 75
ecosystem service indicators, 39
Ecosystem service trade-offs, 71
ecosystem services, 17, 39, 68, 81
emission, 89
endangered species, 96
Endosymbiont, 85
energy wood, 16
Environmental change, 99
environmental change, 8
environmental cues, 70
environmental ecology, 96
Environmental opportunist, 90
environmental parasitology, 8
epidemiology, 8, 67
eutrophication, 97
evaluation, 33
evolutionary biology, 33
experimental studies, 73
Experimental treatment, 59
Extinction, 15
eyespots, 10
G
gene expression, 41, 72
gene-environment interaction, 43
genetic variation, 91
genomic adaptations, 82
genotypic differences, 48
global change, 85
GPS Phone tag, 47
grassland, 6
Greenland, 55
group foraging, 97
GWAS, 21
H
Habitat fragmentation, 15
habitat-specific movement modelling, 96
helminths, 2
herbivore, 6
herbivore community, 18
herbivory, 57, 62, 80
home range, 47
host-parasite interaction, 19
Host-parasite interactions, 29
Host-parasitoid interactions, 38
host-pathogen interaction, 67
hybridization, 5
hyperparasite, 49
F
female ornament, 28
fine scale genetic divergence, 5
first passage time, 47
fish assemblage, 40
fisheries-induced evolution, 72
Fishing-induced evolution, 13
fitness, 21, 65, 85
fitness cost, 27
food web, 66, 87
food web structure, 55
foraging, 47, 94
I
ideal free distribution, 97
Immunity, 38
immunity, 37, 95
indirect (genetic) effect, 7
interacting phenotypes, 7
intra-locus sexual conflict, 21
108
List of Keywords
invasive species, 36
Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing, 22
iridescence, 78
isolation-by-distance, 20
isolation-by-environment, 20
Multiobjective optimization, 71
Multiple infection, 29
mutualism, 31
Myrmecophily, 12
N
natura 2000, 86
nature conservation, 68
niche partitioning, 81
nitrification, 89
nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium, 6
nitrous acid, 89
nitrous oxide, 79
nutrients, 57
L
landscape, 87
landscape management, 92
landscape structure, 91
language, 20
large lakes, 66
Lepidoptera, 37
LIDAR, 75
Life history, 13
life history, 95
litter decomposition, 48
local adaptation, 5, 53
Logged plantation, 50
logging residues, 93
long-term vegetation changes, 54
longitudinal study, 2
O
olfaction, 42
Overwintering, 83
oxtr, 34
P
parasitation, 94
parasite, 82
parasitoid, 94
pathogen, 49
peat mining, 68
peatland, 35, 79, 88, 89
peatlands, 68
perch, 63
personality, 43
phenolics, 24
phenology, 84, 87
photosynthesis, 88, 99
phylogenomics, 77
physiology, 44
Pinus sylvestris, 99
Plant colonization, 50
plant communities, 54
Plant dynamic, 59
Plant pathogen, 83
Plantago lanceolata, 25
poecilogony, 70
polypores, 16
M
male fertility, 3
management, 73
Markov Chain Model, 59
mate choice, 28, 53
maternal effects, 58
mating, 56
metabarcoding, 2
metagenomics, 62
metal tolerance, 41
metapopulation, 49, 91, 96
microclimate, 84
mimicry, 10
mire succession, 32
Mitochondria, 26
modeling, 93
molecular gut content analysis, 55
moose, 57
moth outbreaks, 22
movement, 56
109
List of Keywords
polyunsaturated fatty acids, 66
population density, 65
population divergence, 63
precipitation change, 14
Predator-prey model, 90
prey-predator interaction, 10
primates, 2
priming, 37
productivity, 54, 88
pyrosequencing, 81
stress tolerance, 36
structural colouration, 78
stump removal, 16
sublethal, 36
sustainable forest management, 52
synchrony, 102
systemic induction, 42
T
TBE, 101
TBEV in wild cervids, 101
thyroid hormone, 58
tick-borne encephalitis virus, 101
timber production, 52
trade-off, 95
transcriptome, 82
transcriptome sequencing, 72
transcriptomes, 77
transgenerational effects, 36
tritrophic interactions, 31
Tropical forest, 50
turbidity, 97
R
rapid evolution, 19
reliable signalling, 98
reproduction, 7, 70
reproductive success, 53
Resilience, 13
Resistance evolution, 25
rewetting, 35
S
salmonids, 73
seagrass, 60
seasonality, 40
selection, 21
semi-natural grasslands, 92
sex ratio, 102
Sexual conflict, 26
sexual conflict, 27
sexual selection, 28, 53
SI model, 90
snowmelt, 84
social behavior, 34
soil microbial activity, 35
spatial autocorrelation, 102
spatiality, 81
Speciation; parasitoids; enemy-free space, 46
species richness, 54
Sphagnum, 24, 35
Sphagnum mosses, 32
spionids, 70
squirrel, 102
stress, 44, 60
U
urban air quality, 64
urban runoff, 64
UVB, 24
V
Vascular plant, 76
vegetation, 80
Vegetation structure, 38
Virulence, 29
vision, 42
volatile organic compounds, 42, 99
W
warning signal, 78
White-tailed eagle, 11
within-host interaction, 30
110
ACCEPTED AFTER DEADLINE
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
____________________________________________________________________________
Social and dietary stress and its implications on the life-history traits in wild
rodents (bank vole – Myodes glareolus)
J. van Cann*, E. Koskela, T. Mappes, A. Sims & P. Watts
University of Jyväskylä
Finland
For mammals, stress can come in many forms of which two are low food availability and
high population densities. Especially when stress is experienced prenatally or during the
early life, it can have profound effects on the life-history of the animal. It is theorized that
the environmental conditions of the mother can lead to predictive adaptive changes in
the offspring, and that this is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. In this study pregnant
bank voles were exposed to either one or both stressors consisting of a low-protein diet,
which mimics an environment with low food availability, and repeated close contact
between pregnant females, which mimics a high population density. Life-history traits of
the offspring were measured after which they were placed in semi-natural enclosures
with either high or low population where they were allowed to breed. Preliminary results
show that social stress has a negative effect on the litter size, while food stress has a
negative effect on birth weight. However, exposure to both stressors does not result in a
lower birth weight, indicating that there is some terminal investment. This study is part of
larger research which has monitored three generations, focusing on epigenetics,
hormones and behavior.
________________
*Presenting
author
111
ACCEPTED AFTER DEADLINE
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Oral presentation
____________________________________________________________________________
Finnish noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) represent a single haplotype lineage
Makkonen, J.1*, Kokko, H.1, Vainikka, A.2, Kortet, R.2 & Jussila, J.1
1
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio,
Finland
2
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101
Joensuu, Finland
The IUCN Red List indexes the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) as vulnerable, with a
declining population trend all over Europe. The main threats to the species are the lethal
disease named crayfish plague and the introduced North American crayfishes that act
as the carriers of the disease. In Finland, the noble crayfish is considered as a native
species, of which original distribution area covers the southern part of the country below
the 61° latitude. However, the species distribution has been expanded to cover almost
the whole country by manmade translocations. In Europe, the high diversity centre of the
species, indicating a glacial refuge, has been suggested to be in the Balkan area. The
aim of this study was to survey the genetic diversity among the Finnish noble crayfish
populations and to compare the results to the data from Europe. Altogether, the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) -gene was sequenced from 742 individuals
representing 57 populations across Finland. As a result, only a single haplotype was
found. Based on these results, the genetic diversity of noble crayfish (A. astacus) in its
Northern distribution range is remarkably low. The observed lack of variation can result
from several mechanisms including small size of the founder population or the
eradication of the original populations due to the crayfish plague epidemics. It is also
possible that all contemporary Finnish noble crayfish populations originate from
stockings with originally no variation with respect to COI-gene.
______________
*Presenting
author
112
ACCEPTED AFTER DEADLINE
Finnish National Ecology Meeting
February 10–11, 2015, Joensuu, Finland
Poster presentation
____________________________________________________________________________
Association between standard metabolic rate and boldness in differently captured
Eurasian perch
Reetta Väätäinen*,1, Marina Torrellas Arnedo2, Hannu Huuskonen1, Jukka
Kekäläinen1,3, Raine Kortet1 and Anssi Vainikka1
1
2
University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
3
Centre for Evolutionary Biology, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
Current theory suggests that individuals with high minimum metabolic rate have high
energy demand and therefore show high boldness, aggressiveness and activity in their
food acquisition. It has also been proposed that these individuals would have higher
vulnerability to angling due to higher risk-taking and higher food intake rate. Fishing
might consequently select for individuals with these physical and behavioral qualities
and induce evolution towards less active behaviour and lower metabolic rates. We
studied standard metabolic rate (SMR) of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) captured
using various methods and found that it explained variation in the boldness of perch
Individual vulnerability to angling or different angling gear did not predict perch boldness
or SMR. The total plasma concentration of thyroxine (T4) predicted SMR but not
boldness. These results support the theory on the link between metabolism and
personality, but question the hypothesis on boldness-selective angling.
______________
*Presenting
author
113