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Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
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excretion removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of
metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in
excess of requirements
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growth a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number
or cell size or both
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movement an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of
position or place
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nutrition the taking in of nutrients, which are organic substances and mineral
ions containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing
and assimilating them
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reproduction the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

respiration the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living
cells to release energy
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sensitivity the ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli)
and to make responses
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binomial system a system in which the scientific name of an organism is made
up of two parts showing the genus and species
Exercise 1.1 Leaves
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This Exercise will help you to improve your observation and drawing skills (Skill C2),
and also your knowledge of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. You will
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You need:
z two leaves, one from a monocotyledonous plant (monocot) and one from a
dicotyledonous plant (dicot)
z a sharp HB pencil and a good eraser
z a ruler to measure in mm.
a
Observe both leaves carefully, looking at both the upper and lower surfaces. Look
for any differences between the two leaves.
b
In the space overleaf, make a large, labelled drawing of the upper surface of one of
the leaves. The labels should point out any interesting features that you have noted.
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
Excerpt
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Use this check list to give yourself a mark for your drawing.
For each point, award yourself:
2 marks if you did it really well
1 mark if you made a good attempt at it, and partly succeeded
0 marks if you did not try to do it, or did not succeed.
Self-assessment check list for drawing
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You used a sharp pencil and rubbed out mistakes really thoroughly.
You have drawn single lines, not many tries at the same line.
You have drawn the specimen the right shape, and with different parts in the correct proportions.
You have made a really large drawing, using the space provided.
You have included all the different structures that are visible on the specimen.
You have drawn label lines with a ruler, touching the structure being labelled.
You have written the labels horizontally and neatly, well away from the diagram itself.
Take 1 mark off if you used any shading or colours.
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marks awarded
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IGCSE Biology
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
Excerpt
More information
12–14
10–11
7–9
5–6
1–4
c
i
Excellent.
Good.
A good start, but you need to improve quite a bit.
Poor. Try this same drawing again, using a new sheet of paper.
Very poor. Read through all the criteria again, and then try the
same drawing.
Measure the actual length of the leaf that you have drawn, in mm.
length of real leaf =
ii
mm
Measure the same length on your drawing.
length on drawing =
mm
iii Use your measurements to calculate the magnification of your drawing.
Write down the equation you will use, and show your working.
magnification =
d
Complete this table to describe at least three differences between the monocot leaf
and the dicot leaf. One feature has been suggested for you.
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distribution of veins
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978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
Excerpt
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This Exercise gives you practice in using a key, and also checks your knowledge of
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The drawings show four vertebrates.
A
B
C
D
a
Use the dichotomous key below to identify each of these four animals.
List the sequence of statements that you worked through to find the name.
Animal A has been done for you.
1
a
b
Shell present
Shell absent
Geochelone elephantopus
go to 2
2
a
Four legs
go to 3
b
No legs
Ophiophagus hannah
a
Scales on back form large plates
Crocodylus niloticus
b
Scales on back do not form large plates
Chamaeleo gracilis
3
4
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978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
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A
1b, 2a, 3a
Crocodylus niloticus
B
C
D
b
c
i
What is the correct term for the two-word Latin name of an organism?
ii
Explain what the two parts of the name tell you.
State one feature, visible on all of the animals in the drawings, which indicates that
they are all reptiles.
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978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
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Chapter 2 Cells
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tissue a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a
shared function
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organ a structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform
specific functions
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organ system a group of organs with related functions, working together to
perform body functions
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magnification
size of object in illustration ÷ real size of object
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This Exercise will help you to improve your knowledge of the structure of animal and
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The diagram shows an animal cell, and the outline of a plant cell. They are not drawn to
the same scale.
a
On the animal cell, label the following parts:
cell membrane
b
cytoplasm
cell wall
large vacuole containing cell sap
membrane around vacuole
nucleus
The actual maximum width of the animal cell is 0.1 mm.
i
6
nucleus
Complete the diagram of the plant cell, and then label the following parts:
cell membrane
chloroplast
c
cytoplasm
Measure the maximum width of the diagram of the animal cell, in mm.
IGCSE Biology
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Cambridge University Press
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Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
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ii
Calculate the magnification of the animal cell diagram. Show your working.
Magnification =
d
The magnification of the plant cell diagram is × 80. Calculate the real height of the
plant cell. Show your working.
Height =
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This Exercise helps you to improve your observation and drawing skills (Skill C2), as
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Look carefully at Figure 2.4 on page 14 in your coursebook.
a
i
In the space below, make a large diagram of the largest cell (the one just to the
left of centre). You cannot see all of the cell, as the top part is out of the picture.
Draw only the part that you can see.
ii
Label these structures on your diagram. You will have to make a sensible guess
as to which structure is the nucleus.
cell wall
position of cell membrane
chloroplast
nucleus
Chapter 2
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Cells
7
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
Excerpt
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Assess your drawing using the check list.
For each point, award yourself:
2 marks if you did it really well.
1 mark if you made a good attempt at it, and partly succeeded
0 marks if you did not try to do it, or did not succeed.
Self-assessment check list for drawing
FKHFNSRLQW
You used a sharp pencil and rubbed out mistakes really thoroughly.
You have drawn single lines, not many tries at the same line.
You have drawn the specimen the right shape, and with different parts in the correct proportions.
You have made a really large drawing, using the space provided.
You have included all the different structures that are visible on the specimen.
You have drawn label lines with a ruler, touching the structure being labelled.
You have written the labels horizontally and neatly, well away from the diagram itself.
Take 1 mark off if you used any shading or colours.
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b
marks awarded
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The magnification of the photograph in Figure 2.4 is × 2000.
i
Calculate the real width of the largest cell in the photograph.
Show your working.
Width =
ii
Calculate the magnification of your drawing of the plant cell.
Magnification =
8
IGCSE Biology
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-12443-0 - Cambridge IGCSE Biology Workbook, Second Edition
Mary Jones and Geoff Jones
Excerpt
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([HUFLVH 2UJDQHOOHV
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This Exercise tests your knowledge of the functions of organelles in animal and plant
cells.
This list contains organelles that are found in cells.
cell membrane
nucleus
cell wall
vacuole
cytoplasm
chloroplast
Write the name of the organelle beneath its function.
a
Contains chromosomes made of DNA, and controls the activity of the cell.
b
An extra, strong layer surrounding a plant cell, made of cellulose.
c
A jelly-like substance where many metabolic reactions happen.
d
Every cell is surrounded by one of these. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.
e
Some plant cells have these, but animal cells never do. This is where photosynthesis
takes place.
f
This is a space inside a cell that contains a liquid, for example cell sap.
Chapter 2
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Cells
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Chapter 3 Movement in and out of cells
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diffusion the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration
gradient, as a result of their random movement

osmosis the diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher
concentration (dilute solution) to a region of their lower concentration
(concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane

active transport movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell
membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher
concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during
respiration
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This Exercise asks you to handle and interpret data collected during an experiment,
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A student did an experiment to test this hypothesis:
The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion takes place.
She took five Petri dishes containing agar jelly. She cut four holes in the jelly in each
dish. She placed 0.5 cm3 of a solution containing a red pigment (coloured substance)
into each hole.
agar jelly
hole cut in jelly,
containing solution
The student then covered the dishes and very carefully placed them in different
temperatures. She left them for 2 hours. Then she measured how far the red colour had
diffused into the agar around each hole.
10
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