Download THE ROAD TO THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

THE ROAD TO
CIVIL WAR
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
NORTH & SOUTH:
SECTIONALISM
•
NORTH:
 Favored a stronger central government (remember
Federalist)
 More dependency on government
 Growing industrial economy
 Larger cities developing
 More immigrants (larger population)
 Higher income (at least for the wealthy)
 More worldly influences
 Humanism on the rise
 Family structure on the decline
 Federal tax unbalanced
 Made more money
 Paid less in national taxes
•
SOUTH:
 Favored stronger state governments (remember
Anti-Federalist)
 Less dependency on central government
 More issues dictated by states
 Agricultural based economy
 Fewer large cities
 Less immigration
 Lower income (except for the wealthy elite)
 Stronger religious base
 Religious principles stay strong
 Family structure maintained
 Federal tax unbalanced
 Made less money
 Paid more in national taxes
NOTE: For simplicity we will use slavery as the central issue for the new
territories but remember there were a lot more issues at stake
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
•
1820 – Missouri petitioned to
become a state in the Union.
 Missouri wished to enter as a slave
holding state
 In order to maintain a balance of
power (representation) in Congress
another state had to enter as a free
state
•
Compromise was reached to allow
Missouri to enter as a slave state
and Maine would enter as a free
state
•
Compromise also drew a boundary
between slave and free territories
along the 360 30’ line of latitude
•
Compromise was meant to
appease both sides and maintain
equal representation in Congress
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
•
The second compromise on the issue of
congressional representation in the new
western territories
•
California (due to the gold rush of 1849)
was petitioning for statehood as a free
state
 No other territory was looking to enter the
Union at this time
 California’s admission would throw off the
balance of power/representation in
Congress in favor of the North
•
Compromise is reached to allow
California to enter as a free state IF…
 Utah & New Mexico Territories were
opened to popular sovereignty
•
The Compromise was more of a victory
for the North, Southern emotions were
enflamed
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
•
Proposed by Illinois Senator
Stephen Douglas
•
Kansas and Nebraska Territories
would be opened to popular
sovereignty
 Cancelled out the Missouri
Compromise
 Meant to calm emotions on both
sides (North & South)
•
More of a victory for the South
•
Effects:
 Gave new life to the Abolitionist
Movement
 Led to violent territorial wars in Kansas
BLEEDING KANSAS
•
Pro-Northern and Pro-Southern
groups flocked to the Kansas
Territory in order to gain more
support for their respective sides:
 “Jayhawkers” – nickname given to ProNorthern (Anti-slavery) groups in
Kansas
 “Border Ruffians” – nickname given to
Pro-Southern (Pro-slavery) groups in
Kansas
•
Arguments between the 2 groups and
territorial disputes led to an unofficial
war in the Kansas territory for
popular sovereignty
•
The unceasing violence in the
territory between the Jayhawkers and
Border Ruffians led to the nickname
of “Bleeding (or Bloody) Kansas”
BLEEDING KANSAS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tJ0ZjRxKhs
DRED SCOTT
•
John Sanford (a Southern businessman) moved
his family and slaves (including Dred Scott) into
a free territory
•
Dred Scott sued Sanford to gain his freedom and
the freedom of his family
 Cited the fact that slavery was outlawed in that
territory
•
In 1856-1857 numerous lower court appeals
allowed the case to climb all the way up to the
US Supreme Court (Dred Scott v. Sanford)
•
Chief Justice Roger Taney presided over the case
 Supreme Court ruled in favor of John Sanford and
Dred Scott remained enslaved
 Ruling stated that “African-Americans “were not
now nor ever meant to be American citizens”
JOHN BROWN
•
Abolitionist John Brown was a product of the
Bleeding Kansas conflicts
 Radical abolitionist and preacher
 Joined the Jayhawkers in the territorial wars in Kansas
•
Brown became a staunch abolitionist while living in
Springfield, Massachusetts
 Joined several anti-slavery movements and societies
while in Springfield
 Began seeing it as his “divine” calling to purge slavery
from America by any means necessary
 Brown also played minor roles in the Underground
Railroad after meeting with Harriet Tubman
•
In 1855, Brown moved to join the Jayhawkers
fighting in Kansas
 In 1856 Brown led a band of followers into a large
Ruffian area of Kansas and captured and killed several
Ruffians execution style
 This attack became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre
 Brown continued to attack numerous Ruffian held areas
in Kansas in a reign of terror that included the
execution of men, women, and even some children
 Brown began to get notoriety in America
 Abolitionists saw him as a hero
 Most Americans viewed him as a dangerous terrorist
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
Col. Robert E. Lee
Lt. Israel Greene
John Brown
•
Fresh from the bloodshed in Kansas John Brown
planned to begin an armed slave rebellion in the
South
•
In 1859, Brown lead a party of abolitionists to
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia)
 Party consisted of 16 white men, 3 free black men, 1 freed
slave, and 1 runaway slave
 Plan was to raid the Federal Arsenal in Harper’s Ferry and
take possession of the more than 100,000 weapons at the
arsenal
 After capturing the weapons Brown planned on moving
throughout the South, passing out the weapons, and
encouraging slaves to rise up and kill their owners
•
Brown’s men quickly seized the arsenal but then were
surprised by a counterattack organized by the citizens
on Harper’s Ferry.
 Brown’s raiders took refuge in the fire engine house near
the center of town and were quickly surrounded
 US Marines, under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee,
were dispatched to Harper’s Ferry
 October 18 , 1859 – Marines, led by Lt. Israel Greene,
storm the fire house killing several raiders and capturing
John Brown
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIorHCv5QDs
AFTERMATH OF BROWN’S RAID
•
John Brown was tried and convicted of
treason, murder, and inciting rebellion
 Brown was sentenced to be executed on
December 2, 1859
 Just before he was hanged he gave an eerie
prediction…
 “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the
crimes of this guilty land will never be purged
away but with blood…”
Thomas J. Jackson
 Several important figures in US history
witnessed Brown’s execution
•
John Brown’s execution fueled the fire
for a more aggressive abolitionist
movement and further divided the
North and South
 Radical abolitionists such as William Lloyd
Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet
Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe
praised Brown’s efforts
 Most American citizens regarded Brown’s
Pottawatomie Massacre and his plan to
target the wives and children of slave
owners after the raid as too violent and the
acts of a terrorist
Walt Whitman
John W. Booth
ABRAHAM LINCOLN DEBUTS IN POLITICS
•
In 1858, the state of Illinois was in the middle of an
election for one of their two Senate seats
 Two candidates rose to the occasion:
 Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
 Stephen Douglas (Democrat)
•
A series of seven debates were held across Illinois
between Lincoln and Douglas
 Douglas won the election and became Senator
 Lincoln, however, began to become known in politics
•
Lincoln spoke openly against the idea of state
secession with his phrase, “A house divided against
itself cannot stand”
•
Douglas spoke of his support of popular sovereignty
with his phrase, “[the Founders] left each state
perfectly free to do as it pleased on certain subjects”
•
The new Republican party would select Lincoln as
their Presidential candidate in the election of 1860
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
STEPHEN DOUGLAS
LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKfNMel5dug
Lincoln
Breckinridge
ELECTION OF 1860
Bell
Douglas
•
Despite his loss during the Senate race, Lincoln
becomes the Republican presidential candidate for the
1860 election
•
4 primary candidates run off in the election




Abraham Lincoln – Republican from Illinois
John C. Breckinridge – Southern Democrat from Kentucky
John Bell – Constitutional Unionist from Tennessee
Stephan Douglas - Northern Democrat from Illinois
•
Lincoln was a heavy favorite in the North but did not
appear on the ballots in the South
•
Breckinridge was a heavy favorite in the South but was
left off the ballots in the North
•
Lincoln did not win the popular vote but won the
electoral vote (and therefore became president)
•
Upon hearing of Lincoln’s election South Carolina
secedes from the Union
SECESSION: THE UNION DIVIDES
•
South Carolina’s secession triggers 10 other states to follow.
•
These 11 states form together to create the Confederate
States of America (CSA)
•
First Confederate capital is established in Montgomery,
Alabama (later moved to Richmond, Virginia)
•
February 1861 – Jefferson Davis of Mississippi elected
President of the CSA (Alexander Stephens of Georgia
elected Vice President)
•
The Confederacy quickly builds a working government and
begins to reach out for foreign support and assistance (in
order to gain an advantage, support, and empathy)
 James Mason – CS Ambassador to Britain
 John Slidell – CS Ambassador to France
 Pierre Rost – CS Ambassador to Spain
Jefferson Davis
Alexander Stephens
Ticket Out the Door:
GEORGIA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION
We the people of the State of Georgia in Convention assembled do declare
and ordain and it is hereby declared and ordained that the ordinance adopted
by the State of Georgia in convention on the 2nd day of January. in the year
of our Lord seventeen hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the constitution of
the United States of America was assented to, ratified and adopted, and also
all acts and parts of acts of the general assembly of this State, ratifying and
adopting amendments to said constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded
and abrogated.
We do further declare and ordain that the union now existing between the
State of Georgia and other States under the name of the United States of
America is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Georgia is in full
possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and
appertain to a free and independent State.
•
Passed January 19, 1861.
•
Read this passage and summarize it in 1 paragraph IN YOUR OWN WORDS