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Early Modern Era: Europe during the Renaissance, Early Exploration, and the French Invasions of Italy - Circa 1453 – 1516 France after the HYW o Charles VII Burgundians and Armgnacs Royal Council New Taxes Jacques Coeur First Permanent Army o Louis XI “The Spider King” Anjou, Bar, Main, Provence o Charles VIII Invasions of Italy (Detailed later in this lecture) England o War of the Roses 1455-1485 York (white rose) Lancaster (red rose) o Lancaster Dynasty Henry VI o York Dynasty Richard Duke of York Edward IV Richard III o Tudor Dynasty Tied to Lancaster Dynasty Henry VII Court of the Star Chamber Holy Roman Empire o House of Hapsburg Frederick III Maximilian I (pictured) o Burgundy Charles the Bold Mary of Burgundy Mary Wed to Maximilian I Diet / Reichstag o Concessions Banned Private Warfare Court system Council of Regency Italian City States o Republic of Milan Visconti Sforza Family Controls Genoa o Republic of Florence Medici Family Ciompi Revolt (After Black Death) Cosimo de’ Medici Lorenzo “the Magnificent” o Republic of Venice The Great Council Doge Council of Ten o The Papal States Church Control o Naples/Sicily France Aragon o Trade Monopolies Portugal o Treaty of Windsor – 1386 Importance o Caravel o Prince Henry “The Navigator” o Trade/Conquest in West Africa African Empires Malinese Empire o Circa 1230s – 1600s Songhay (Songhai) Empire o Sunni Ali o Circa 1340–1591 o Trade: Gold Salt Slaves Portuguese Exploration o Bartholomew Diaz Cape if Good Hope / Cape of Storms o Vasco de Gama Rounded Africa, to India Aragon & Castile – “Future Spain” o “The Catholic Monarchs” Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castile Conquests: Navarre Granada Children – Arranged Marriages Catherine of Aragon & Prince Arthur of England o Later - Catherine of Aragon & Prince Henry (Henry VIII) of England Johanna of Castile & Phillip of Hapsburg o Charles I of Spain Christopher Columbus o Genoese Sailor o Shorter Route to India? o Portugal and Spain o August-October 1492 o San Salvador Treaty of Tordesillas o Spain o Portugal o Catholic Church Portugal o King Manuel I o Pedro Alvares Cabral With Diaz Brazil o Amerigo Vespucci Agent of the Medici’s First French Invasions of Italy o Treaty of Lodi o Alliance – Naples, Florence, Church (Alexander VI) Vs. Milan (Ludivuco Sforza of Milan) o France (Charles VIII) Allies with Milan to attack Naples March through Florence o Girolamo Savonarola & Piero de’Medici o Ferdinand of Aragon intervenes League of Venice Ferdinand of Aragon Venice Church Maximillian Hapsburg Milan (Defecting from France) Niccolo Machiavelli o Greatest Political theorist of the Renaissance o Study of Rome o Belief in Italian unification to resist invasion o The Prince o “Strongman” o Ends justify the means The Borgias o Pope Alexander VI o Cesare Borgia Claim on Romanga Pope Julius II o “Warrior Pope” Second French Invasion o “Holy League” - 1511 Pope Julius II Emperor Maximillion I (HRE) Ferdinand of Aragon Venice Third French Invasion o Pope Leo X Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici o Francis I of France o The Concordant of Bologna French control of French Bishops French assistance to church vs Conciliarism