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Bloodborne Pathogens
This training module is designed to provide a basic
understanding of bloodborne pathogens, common
modes of their transmission, methods of prevention,
and other pertinent information. This program is
designed to meet the requirements of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration‘s (OSHA) Bloodborne
Pathogens Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1030.
Athelas Institute, Inc.
Developed from Oklahoma State University Bloodborne Pathogens
Training
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OSHA’s official Bloodborne Pathogens Standardmay be found at:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_
table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051
What are Bloodborne Pathogens?
• Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria
that are carried in the blood and can cause
disease.
• There are many types including malaria,
syphillis, and brucellosis
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and
Hepatitis B (HBV) are the two specifically
addressed by OSHA’s standards.
HIV
HBV
• HIV is the virus that leads to acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A
person can carry HIV for many years
and not have symptoms until it turns
into full-blown AIDS.
• AIDS attacks the person's immune
system, which makes it difficult for the
body to fight off disease.
• Scientists and medical authorities agree
that HIV does not survive well outside
the body. Drying of HIV-infected human
blood or other body fluids reduces the
risk of environmental transmission to
essentially zero.
• HIV is found in very low quantities in
saliva and tears in some AIDS patients.
HIV has not been found in the sweat of
HIV-infected persons. Contact with
saliva, tears, or sweat has never been
shown to result in the transmission of
HIV.
• 1–1.25 million Americans are
chronically infected
• Symptoms include: jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, loss of appetite,
intermittent nausea, vomiting
• May lead to chronic liver disease, liver
cancer, and death
• Vaccination available since 1982
• HBV can survive for at least one week in
dried blood
HIV Stages of Progression
• First stage: happens when a person is actually
infected with HIV. May show no or few signs of
illness for many years.
• Second stage: an individual may begin to suffer
swollen lymph glands or other lesser diseases,
which begin taking advantage of the body’s
weakened immune system. The second stage is
believed to eventually lead to AIDS.
• Third stage: the body is completely unable to
fight off life threatening diseases and infections
HIV Symptoms
• Symptoms of HIV infection can vary, but often
include:
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Weakness
Fever
Sore throat
Nausea
Headaches
Diarrhea
White coating on the tongue
Weight loss
Swollen lymph glands
HBV Symptoms
• Symptoms of HBV infection include:
Much like the mild “flu”
Fatigue
Stomach pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Jaundice (yellowing of skin) and darkened urine will
occur as the disease progresses
– Can take 1-9 months before symptoms become
noticeable
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What do you do if you think you have
been exposed to HIV or HBV?
Exposure
Consult with
your physician
or doctor
ASAP
Semen
Any body fluid
that is visibly
contaminated
with blood
Saliva
Vaginal
secretion
Bloodborne Pathogens:
Modes of Transmission
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal
fluid
Synovial fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Pleural fluid
HIV and HBVare most commonly
transmitted through:
Sexual contact
Sharing of hypodermic needles
From mothers to their babies at/before birth
Accidental puncture from contaminated needles,
broken glass, or other sharps
• Contact between broken or damaged skin and
infected body fluids
• Contact between mucous membranes and
infected body fluids
•
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Accidental puncture from contaminated needles and other sharps can result in
transmission of bloodborne pathogens.
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In most work places or laboratories, transmission is most likely to occur because
of accidental puncture from contaminated needles, broken glass, or other
sharps; contact between broken or damaged skin and infected body fluids; or
contact between mucous membranes and infected body fluids. For example, if
someone infected with HBV cut his or her finger on a piece of glass, and then
you cut yourself on the now infected piece of glass, it is possible that you could
contract the disease. Anytime there is blood-to-blood contact with infected
blood or body fluids, there is potential for transmission.
UNBROKEN SKIN FORMS
AN IMPERVIOUS BARRIER
AGAINST BLOODBORNE
PATHOGENS. HOWEVER
• Infected blood can enter your
system through:
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Open sores
Cuts
Abrasions
Acne
Any sort of damaged or broken
skin such as sunburn or blisters
• Bloodborne Pathogens may
also be transmitted through
mucous membranes:
– Eyes, nose, mouth
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Personal Protective Equipment
Work Practices
Engineering Controls
It is extremely important to use personal
protective equipment and work practice controls
to protect yourself from bloodborne pathogens
Universal Precautions
• A prevention strategy in which all blood and
potentially infectious materials are treated as
if they are, in fact, infectious, regardless of the
perceived status of the source of the
individual. WHETHER YOU THINK THE BLOOD/BODY
FLUID IS INFECTED WITH BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS OR
NOT, YOU TREAT IT AS IF IT IS.
Personal Protective Equipment
• The first thing you should do in any situation where you may
be exposed to bloodborne pathogens is to ensure you are
wearing personal protective equipment.
• For example, you probably see medical personnel, doctors,
nurses, dentists, dental assistants, etc. wear latex or
protective gloves as a precaution.
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• Rules to follow:
To protect yourself, it
is essential to have a
barrier between you
and the potentially
infectious material.
– Always wear personal
protective equipment in
exposure situations
– Remove personal protective
equipment that is torn or
punctured, or has lost its
ability to function as a barrier
to bloodborne pathogens
– Replace personal protective
equipment that is torn or
punctured
– Remove personal protective
equipment before leaving
work
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What to Wear & When…
If you are working in an area with
routine exposure to blood or
potentially infectious materials,
the necessary personal protective
equipment should be readily
accessible. Contaminated gloves,
clothing, personal protective
equipment, or other materials
should be placed in appropriately
labeled bags or containers until it
is disposed of, decontaminated, or
laundered. It is important to find
out where these bags or
containers are located in your area
before beginning your work.
• Bleeding control—latex gloves
• Spurting blood—latex gloves,
protective clothing (smocks or
aprons), respiratory mask,
eye/face protection (goggles,
glasses, or face shield)
• Post-accident cleanup—latex
gloves
• Janitorial work—latex gloves
Personal Protective Equipment
GLOVES
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Should be made of latex, nitril,
rubber, or other water impervious
materials.
Double gloving provides an
additional layer of protection for
thinner gloves
If you have a cut or sore already,
these should be covered with a
bandage before wearing gloves
If a glove is damaged (tear or
puncture), don’t use it!
When removing gloves, do not
touch the outside of the gloves
with any bare skin, and be sure to
dispose in a proper container.
http://www.ehs.okstate.edu
Personal Protective Equipment
GOGGLES
• Used when there is a risk of
splashing or vaporization of
contaminated fluids.
• Bloodborne pathogens can
be transmitted through thin
membranes of the eye
(protect them!)
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Personal Protective Equipment
FACE SHIELD
• Will protect against
splashed to the nose and
mouth.
• Provides additional face
protection when worn with
goggles.
APRONS
•
Helps protect clothing and keeps
blood or other contaminated fluids
from soaking through to the skin.
* Clothing that becomes
contaminated with blood should be
removed as soon as possible
because fluids can seep through
and come in contact with the skin.
Contaminated laundry should be
handled as little as possible, and
should be placed appropriately in a
labeled bag or container until it
becomes decontaminated,
disposed of, or laundered.
Be Creative
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• If you find yourself in a
situation where you
have come in contact
with blood or other
body fluids and you
don’t have standard
personal protective
equipment handy, be
creative, but cautious!
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Hygiene Practices
HANDWASHING
• The most important practice
used to prevent transmission
• The easiest practice used to
prevent transmission
• Hands or other skin should be
thoroughly following exposure
• Use antibacterial soap if
possible and avoid harsh soaps
that might open fragile scabs
or sores
NEVER EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE
• If you are working in an area
where there is reasonable
likelihood of exposure (i.e. a
lab), you should never:
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Eat
Drink
Smoke
Apply cosmetics or lip balm
Handle contact lenses
Decontamination & Sterilization
• All surfaces and equipment that come in
contact with blood or potentially infectious
material must be contaminated and sterilized
ASAP.
• Decontamination should be done by:
• Using a solution of household bleach diluted between
1:10 and 1:100 with water (10% bleach = 1/4 cup
bleach per one gallon of water).
• Lysol or some other EPA-registered tuberculocidal
disinfectant (check labels to make sure they meet this
http://www.ehs.ku.edu
requirement)
Decontamination & Sterilization
• If/when cleaning up a blood spill:
– Carefully cover the spill with paper towels or rags.
– Pour the 10% solution of bleach over the towels or
rags and let soak for at least 10 minutes.
• This process ensures any bloodborne pathogens are killed
before you begin cleaning or wiping the material.
• You should also leave disinfectant in place for 10 minutes
also when decontaminating equipment and other objects.
• By covering the spill before using the disinfectant,
you are decreasing the risk for splashing and
vaporization.
Sharps
Needles
Broken
Glassware
• Handle & dispose of carefully to avoid contact or puncture
• Must be disposed in sharps container
• Sharps containers must be closeable, puncture-resistant, leak-proof on
sides and bottom, and must be labeled or color-coded
• When moving sharps containers, make sure the container is closed to
prevent spilling or protrusion of contents.
• Needles should never be recapped
• Needles should be moved only by using a mechanical device or tool such as
forceps, pliers, or broom and dustpan
• Should be disposed of in labeled sharps container only
• Broken glass visibly contaminated with blood must be sterilized with an
approved disinfectant solution before it is disturbed or cleaned up.
• Decontaminated glassware may be disposed of in a sharps container.
• Broken glassware with no visible contamination should not be picked up
with the hands, but swept into a dustpan.
• Uncontaminated glassware may be disposed of in a puncture resistant,
closeable container (cardboard box, coffee can)
Exposure Controls
• Warning labels must be affixed to containers of regulated
waste, refrigerators, and freezers containing blood or other
potentially infectious materials.
– Labels are fluorescent orange, red, or orange-red
• Bags used to dispose of regulated waste must be red or
orange-red, and they must have the biohazard symbol readily
visible.
• Regulated waste should be double bagged
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Exposure Controls
REGULATED WASTE
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Any liquid or semi-liquid blood or
other potential infectious materials
Contaminated items that would
release blood or other potentially
infectious materials in a liquid or
semi-liquid state if compressed
Items that are cracked with dried
blood or other potentially
infectious materials and are
capable of releasing these
materials during handling
Contaminated sharps
Pathological and microbiological
wastes containing blood or other
potentially infectious materials
NON-REGULATED WASTE
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Does not fit the definition of any
regulated waste.
Non-regulated waste that is not
generated by a medical facility such
as the Student Health Center,
Wellness Center, or human healthrelated research laboratory may be
disposed in regular plastic trash
bags if it has been decontaminated
or autoclaved prior to disposal.
All bags containing such materials
must be labeled, signed, and dated,
verifying that the materials inside
have been decontaminated
according to acceptable procedures
that pose no health threat.
Emergency Procedures
• In an emergency situation involving blood or
potentially infectious materials, you should
always use Universal Precautions and try to
minimize your exposure by wearing gloves,
splash goggles, packet mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation masks, and other barriers.
If blood is splashed into the eye
or mucous membrane, flush the
affected area with running water
for at least 15 minutes
Exposure
Wash the
exposed area
thoroughly
with soap and
running water.
Use nonabrasive,
antibacterial
hand soap.
Report the
exposure to
your
supervisor
ASAP
Fill out an
exposure
report form,
if you desire.
This form will
be kept in
your file for
40 years.
You may
request
blood
testing or
Hepatitis B
vaccination
if you have
not already
received it.
Hepatitis B Vaccinations
• Employees who have routine exposure to bloodborne
pathogens shall be offered the Hepatitis B vaccine
series at no cost to themselves unless:
– They have previously received the vaccine
– Antibody testing has revealed they are immune
– The vaccine is contraindicated for medical reasons
• Although your employer must offer the vaccine to you,
you do not have to accept that offer. You may opt to
decline the vaccination series, in which case you will be
asked to sign a declination form.
• If you decline the offer, you may still receive the series
at anytime during your employment thereafter.
Hepatitis B Vaccinations
• If you are exposed to potentially infectious materials on the
job, you may request a Hepatitis B vaccination at that time.
• If the vaccine is administered immediately after exposure, it is
extremely effective at preventing the disease.
• The vaccination is given in a series of 3 shots. The second is
given one month after the first, and the third is given five
months after the second. This builds the body’s immunity to
the virus.
• There is no danger of contracting the disease from the
vaccination.
• Once vaccinated, there is no need to receive the series again.
• Booster shots are available, and may be recommended (for
example, if there is an outbreak at a particular location.)
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