Download CHAPTER 15

1937–1945
CHAPTER 23
GLOBAL CONFLICT:
WORLD WAR II
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
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“…a day that will live in infamy.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941
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TIMELINE
1937
1938
1939
1941
Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces
December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay
March: Hitler annexes Austria
September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland
September: the Munich Accords
March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland
August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland
September: Britain and France declare war on Germany
Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act
June: Executive Order 8802
December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers
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TIMELINE continued
1942
1943
February: War Relocation Authority
Office of War Information
U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews
Operation Torch
June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway
August: Battle of Stalingrad begins
January: Battle of Stalingrad ends
United Mine Workers strike
Smith-Connally Act
May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender
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TIMELINE continued
1944
1945
Allied soldiers reach Rome
February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas
June: D-Day
June: Attack on Saipan
April: Hitler commits suicide
April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage
May: Victory in Europe
Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa
July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at
Potsdam, Germany
July: first test of atomic bomb
August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons
September: Japanese surrender
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GLOBAL CONFLICT:
WORLD WAR II Overview
 Mobilizing for War
 Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters the
War
 The Home Front
 Race and War
 Total War
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MOBILIZING FOR WAR
 The Rise of Fascism
 Aggression in Europe and Asia
 The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War
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The Rise of Fascism
 Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922
 Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923
 Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemns Versailles
Treaty and proposes Final Solution for
European Jewry
 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany in
1933
 Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler
becomes the Fuhrer of the Third Reich
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Aggression in Europe
 Hitler marches into Rhineland
 March 1938: Hitler annexes Austria
 September 1938: Hitler demands Sudentenland from
Czechoslovakia
 September 29, 1938: Hitler meets with Mussolini,
Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference
 March 1939: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
 August 1939: Hitler and Stalin sign pact of nonaggression and agree to divide Poland. September 1,
Hitler invades Poland.
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Aggression in Asia
 1931: Japanese military stage coup and take over
foreign policy
 1932: Japanese troops occupy Manchuria in China
 1937: Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces
 December, 1937: Japan sinks American gunboat on
Yangtze River, but apologizes
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The Great Debate:
Americans Contemplate War
 The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act
 The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies: advocate helping England by all means
short of war
 The America First Committee: isolationists
seeking protection behind the oceans
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PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED
STATES ENTERS THE WAR
 December 7, 1941
 Japanese American Relocation
 Wartime Migrations
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December 7, 1941
 7:55am: Japanese bombers attack U.S. naval
base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
 The surprise attack kills more than 2,000 U.S.
soldiers and destroying most of the U.S. Pacific
fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force
 Congress immediately declares war against
Japan.
 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on
the United States
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Japanese American
Relocation
 More than 100,000 Japanese
Americans rounded up and placed in
internment camps
 Executive Order of internment and War
Relocation Authority
 1943: some leave to attend colleges,
take service jobs, or serve in the
military
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Wartime Migrations
 African Americans migrate to northern
cities to work in war industry plants
 Mexicans imported to work in the
agricultural and seasonal jobs
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THE HOME FRONT
 Building Morale
 Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and
“Victory Girls”
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Building Morale
 Office of War Information
 Movies
 Radio programs
 Publications
 Posters
 Encouraging work in war industries and
preserving the “American way of Life”
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Home Front Workers, “Rosie the
Riveter,” and “Victory Girls”
 New employment opportunities for women
and disabled
 Wages climb
 Unions include women and minorities as
members
 Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a
patriotic duty
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RACE AND WAR
 The Holocaust
 Racial Tensions at Home
 Fighting for the “Double V”
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The Holocaust
 6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals,
disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani)
 American knowledge of Jewish persecution begins
in 1930s
 Word of extermination camps in 1941
 Anti-Semitism grows in the United States
 Denmark defies Nazis; Dominican Republic takes
in Jewish refugees
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Racial Tensions at Home
 Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters, suggests march to
Washington to protest discriminatory hiring
practices in defense industry
 Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802
banning discrimination in defense industries
 Fair Employment Practices Commission
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Fighting for the “Double V”
 African Americans enthusiastically enlist in
the armed services
 Navajo “Code Talkers”
 By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native
Americans serve during the war
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TOTAL WAR
 The War in Europe
 The War in the Pacific
 The End of the War
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The War in Europe
 Allies attack through “the soft underbelly of Europe”
 May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa
 Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets push Germans
back in February, 1943
 Summer of 1943: Allies sieze Sicily
 September 1943: Mussolini surrenders
 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of
German lives
 June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion)
 Allies at German border by September
 May, 1945: Germany surrenders
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World
War II
in
Europe
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The War in the Pacific




Phillipines fall to Japanese in May, 1942
May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea
August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle begins
General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern
Pacific
 Admiral Nimitz moves across the Central Pacific
 Late 1944: U.S. captures Mariana Islands and
begins bombing Japan
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World
War II
in the
Pacific
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The End of the War
 The Manhattan Project
 July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and
the Potsdam Declaration
 August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima:
80,000 people die immediately
 August 8, 1945: Atom bomb on Nagasaki
 September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders
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