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CONTENTS
Chapter 1
The Analyzing Medical Terms ………………………………………
2
Chapter 2
The Common Suffixes and Prefixes in Medical Terms ….…..………
7
Chapter 3
The Body's Organization ……………………………….…….………
Chapter 4
The integumentary system ………………………….…………….
Chapter 5
The Musculoskeletal System ……………………………………..
Chapter 6
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems …..……………………..
Chapter 7
The Respiratory system ……………….……………..……………
Chapter 8
The Digestive System ……………………………………………..
Chapter 9
The Endocrine System …………………..………………………..
Chapter 10
The Immune System ………………………………………..……..
Chapter 11
The Urinary system ………………………………………………..
Chapter 12
The Reproductive System ………………………….……………..
Chapter 13
The Nervous System ………………….…………………………..
Chapter 14
The Special Sense ……………………….………………………..
Chapter 15
Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery ……………………………..
Chapter 16
Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes , Regions &
Additional Terms …………………………………………….…..
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Chapter 1
The Analyzing Medical Terms
Learning Objectives
I. Combining Word Elements
II. Common Roots in Medical Terms
III. Common Suffixes in Medical Terms
IV. Additional Suffixes
V. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Combining Word Elements, Common
Roots and Suffixes in Medical Terms, also Additional Suffixes , it will be
sufficient for you to be exposed to their meanings without learning roots that
are better left for introduction in those later chapters.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Name Combining Word Elements.
 List Common Roots in Medical Terms.
 List Common Suffixes in Medical Terms.
 Define Additional Suffixes.
2
Analyzing Medical Terms
Most medical terms have Latin or Greek roots, and for that reason, some
people think that medical terminology is internationally recognized, like
metric symbols. However, that notion is false. Medical terms are always part
of the language that includes them, and they often vary when translated. For
example, the word artery is English.
Nevertheless, learning the Latin and Greek elements that make up medical
terms is a useful way to study them. In fact, such knowledge will enable you
to decipher some terms the first time you encounter them. Here are six
examples of terms ending with the word element -logy, which means “study
of.”
Most readers will probably know psychology and cardiology. Psych (from the
Greek word for “mind”) coupled with -logy tells us that psychology is the
study of mental processes and behavior. Card (from the Greek word for
“heart”) indicates that cardiology is the medical specialty dealing with the
heart. The roots path, hem, derm, and ger mean, respectively, disease, blood,
skin, and old age.
The good news is that there are only about 300 Latin and Greek word
elements, from which thousands of medical terms may be formed. Once you
have learned those word elements, you can forget about Greek and Latin,
since medical terms are, as already stated, English words. In learning medical
terminology, you are not studying a foreign language.
Combining Word Elements
You may have noted that one or more vowels, or a vowel-consonant
combination, appears between each root and the word element -logy. Those
letters are required to make medical terms pronounceable.
1. psych + o + logy =psychology
2. path + o + logy =pathology
3. hemat + o + logy =hematology
4. cardi + o + logy =cardiology
5. dermat + o + logy=dermatology
6. ger + onto + logy =gerontology
A suffix, which by definition comes last in a word, will be preceded by a
hyphen. Thus, the suffix –logy, when it appears by itself in this book, will be
written -logy, with the hyphen indicating that one or more word elements will
always come before it.
1
When a prefix is present in a word, it comes first, and this book therefore
presents it with a following hyphen to indicate that one or more word
elements normally follow. For example, the pre- in prefix is itself a prefix
meaning “before,” a meaning that may help you remember the meaning of the
word prefix: namely, a word element that comes before.
TABLE 1-1 Common Roots of medical Terms
Root
Refers to
card/i/o
Heart
derm/o, dermat/o
Skin
ger/o, geront/o
Aged
hem/o, hemat/o
Blood
neur/o
a nerve cell, the nervous system
oste/o
Bone
path/o
Disease
psych/o
Mind
TABLE 1-2 Common Suffixes in Medical Terms
Suffix
Meaning
-algia
Pain
-derm
Skin
-dynia
Pain
-it is
Inflammation
-logy
study of, specialty of
-path/y
Disease
Additional Suffixes
The suffixes given in the following table will come into play when you study
the terminology concerned with individual body systems.
TABLE 1-3 Additional Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-cyte
Cell
-edema
excessive fluid in intracellular tissues (edema is a word and,
technically, not a suffix)
-emesis
Vomiting
-globin
the protein of hemoglobin (globin is a word and,
technically,
not a suffix)
-iasis
a suffix used to convert a verb to a noun indicating a
condition
4
-ism
-lith
-lysis
-mania
-opsy
-pathy
-phobia
-poiesis
-sclerosis
-sis
-stasis
-stenosis
-stomy
-tome
a noun-forming suffix indicating a condition, practice, or
doctrine
a stone, calculus, calcification
Disintegration
a morbid impulse toward a specific object or thought
visual examination
Disease
a word meaning fear, often appearing as a suffix
producing or formation
not really a suffix, but a root meaning “hard” that
sometimes combines with other roots to indicate a condition
of hardness
Condition
level; unchanging
narrowed, blocked
permanent opening
instrument for cutting
Exercise 1-1 Matching Word Elements with Meanings
Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2 according to the
corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
1. itis
A.
a suffix meaning “pain”
2. neur/o
B.
another suffix meaning “pain”
3. algia
C.
a root meaning “skin”
4. logy
D.
a suffix meaning “the study of”
5. hemat/o
E.
a root referring to the mind
6. dynia
F.
a suffix meaning “inflammation”
7. psych/o
G.
a root referring to the nervous system
8. dermat/o
H.
a root meaning “blood”
9. path/o
J.
a root meaning “bone”
10.oste/o
K.
a word root that can also be a suffix
Exercise 1-2 Complete the following medical terms to end each
sentence.
1. removal of a nerve is neur‫ـ‬
2. large numbers of immature,cancerous white blood cells is a blood
condition known as leuk‫ـ‬
3. an X-ray record of a joint is arthr‫ـ‬
4. study of the kidney is nephr‫ـ‬
5. tumor of the liver is hepat‫ـ‬
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6. visual examination of the abdomen is lapar‫ـ‬
7. an incision of a joint is called arthr‫ـ‬
8. abnormal condition of the skin is dermat‫ـ‬
9. inflammation of the skin is dermat‫ـ‬
10. a specialist in the study of blood is a hemat‫ـ‬
Answers key :
Exercise 1-2
1-f
2-g
6- a or b
7-e
3-a or b
8-c
Exercise 1-2
1. neurectomy
2. leukemia
3. arthrogram
4. nephrology
5. hepatoma or hepatocellular carcinoma
6
4-d
9-k
5-h
10-j
6. laparoscopy
7. arthrotomy
8. dermatosis
9. dermatitis
10. hematologist
Chapter 2
The Common Suffixes and Prefixes in Medical Terms
Learning Objectives
I. Common Suffixes in Medical Terms
II. Suffixes That Denote Adjectives
III. Common Prefixes in Medical Terms
IV. Prefixes of time or speed
V. Prefixes of direction and position
VI. Prefixes of Size or Number
VII. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Combining Word Elements, Common
Roots and Suffixes in Medical Terms, also Additional Suffixes , it will be
sufficient for you to be exposed to their meanings without learning roots that
are better left for introduction in those later chapters.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Name Combining Word Elements.
 List Common Roots in Medical Terms.
 List Common Suffixes in Medical Terms.
 Define Additional Suffixes.
7
Common Suffixes
The word suffix comes to us from the Latin word suffixum, which may be
translated “to attach under or to the end of.” By definition, then, the word
element called a suffix must come at the end of the word. Although the suffix
is last in a medical term, it most often comes first in its definition. For
example, appendicitis means “inflammation(-itis) of the appendix.” So the
suffix, in this case -itis, provides us with the first word of the defining phrase.
That fact also gives us a reason for learning suffixes before learning roots and
prefixes.
Categories of Suffixes
Dividing suffixes into functional categories makes them easier to learn. Here
are the four divisions:




suffixes that signify medical conditions.
suffixes that signify diagnostic terms, test information, or surgical
procedures.
suffixes associated with a medical specialty or specialist.
suffixes that convert a noun to an adjective.
TABLE 2-1 SUFFIXES THAT SIGNIFY MEDICAL CONDITIONS
Suffix
Refers to
-algia
pain
-cele
protrusion, hernia
-dynia
pain
-ectasis, -ectasia
expansion or dilation
-emia
blood
-iasis
presence of; formation of
-itis
inflammation
-malacia
softening
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition
-penia
reduction of size or quantity
-plasia
abnormal formation
-plegia
paralysis
-ptosis
downward displacement
-rrhage
flowing forth, as occurs in a hemorrhage: hem/a/t/o
2
-rrhea
-rrhexis
-spasm
-pnea
(blood) + -rrhage
discharge
rupture
muscular contraction
breath, respiration
TABLE 2-2 Suffixes that signify diagnostic terms, test information, or
surgical procedures
Suffix
Refers to
-centesis
surgical puncture
-desis
surgical binding
-ectomy
surgical removal
-gen, -genic, origin, producing
genesis
-gram
written or pictorial record
-graph
device for graphic or pictorial recording
-graphy
act of graphic or pictorial recording
-meter
device for measuring
-metry
act of measuring
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
Suture
-scope
device for viewing
-scopy
act of viewing
-tomy
incision
-tripsy
crushing
Suffixes That Denote Adjectives
The suffixes -ac,-al,-aneous,-ar,-ary,-derm ,-eal,-eous,-iatric,-ic,-oid,-otic,ous,-tic,-ular convert root nouns to adjectives.
Common Prefixes
A prefix is a word element that comes at the beginning of a word. You may
have noticed that the word prefix itself contains a prefix, namely, “pre-.” The
second part of the word prefix is “fix,” and that additional fact gives us a
perfect definition of prefix: something attached (fixed) in front of or before
(pre-) something else.
Most of the prefixes occurring in medical terms are also found in everyday
English. That is, you probably already use most of the prefixes contained in
this chapter. Even so, you may not be aware of their exact meanings or even
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that they are prefixes, since most English speakers have no reason to analyze
the words they use. For example, when we are admitted to an anteroom, we
may not stop to think that the prefix ante- means “before” and that an
anteroom is so called because it is a room we enter before entering another
room. Likewise, when we say, “My workday starts at 8 AM,” most of us don't
realize that AM is an abbreviation for ante meridiem. In that word, antemeans “before” and meridiem means “noon.”
More often than not, medical terms do not include a prefix. But when one is
present, it always comes at the very beginning of the word and is critical to its
meaning. For example, hyper glycemia (“high blood sugar”) and hypo
glycemia (“low blood sugar”) name conditions that are exact opposites.
Categories of Prefixes
Dividing prefixes into functional categories, just as we did with suffixes,
makes them easier to learn. There are four logical divisions:




prefixes of time or speed
prefixes of direction
prefixes of position
prefixes of size or number
TABLE 2-3 Prefixes of Time or Speed
Prefix
Refers to
ante-, preBefore
bradyabnormally slow rate of speed
neoNew
postAfter
tachyrapid, abnormally high rate of speed
TABLE 2-4 Prefixes of Direction
Prefix
Refers to
Prefix
Refers to
abaway from, outside of, beyond
adtoward, near to
con-, sym-,
With
syncontraAgainst
diaacross, through
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TABLE 2-5 prefixes of position
Prefix
Refers to
ecOutside
ectoOutside
enInside
endoWithin
epiupon, subsequent to
exOutside
exoOutside
extraBeyond
hyperabove, beyond normal
hypobelow, below normal
infrainside or below
interBetween
intraInside
mesoMiddle
metaBeyond
panall or everywhere
paraalongside, like
retrobackward, behind
TABLE 2-6 Prefixes of Size or Number
Prefix
Refers to
biTwo
hemi-, semiHalf
macroBig
microSmall
monoOne
olig-, oligoa few
panall or everywhere
quadriFour
triThree
uniOne
EXERCISE 2-1 Matching Suffixes with Meanings
Choose the letter next to the Column 2 definition corresponding to each suffix in
Column 1 and write it in the space provided.
Column 1
Column 2
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1.
2.
3.
4.
-cyte
-edema
-emesis
-globin
5. -iasis
6. -ism
7. -lith
8. -mania
9. -opsy
10. -pathy
11. -phobia
12. -poiesis
13. -sis
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
-stasis
-tenosis
-stomy
-tome
-lysis
-sclerosis
A. a morbid impulse toward a specific object or thought
B. a noun-forming suffix indicating a practice or a doctrine
C. a stone, calculus, calcification
D. a suffix used to convert a verb to a noun indicating a
condition
E. disease
F. a word meaning fear, often appearing as a suffix
G. cell
H. condition
J. excessive fluid in intracellular tissues
K. instrument for cutting
L. level: unchanging
M. narrowed; blocked
N. not really a suffix, but a root meaning hard that
sometimes combines with other roots or prefixes to indicate a
condition of hardness
O. permanent opening
P. producing
Q. the protein of hemoglobin
R. disintegration
S. visual examination
T. vomiting
EXERCISE 2-2 Select from the following terms to complete the sentences
below:
Angiography
Colocolostomy
Mammogram
Angioplasty
Colostomy
Oophorectomy
Bronchoscopy
Hysterectomy
Phlebotomy
Chemotherapy
Laryngoscopy
thoracentesis
1. surgical repair of a blood vessel using a catheter (tube), balloon, and stent is……
2. treatment using chemical to destroy malignant cells is……
3. X- ray record of the breast is a (an)……
4. Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest is……
5. A new opening of the large intestine to the outside of the body is a (an)… …
6. A new internal connection (anastomosis) between two parts of the large bowel
(intestine) is a (an)… …
7. Removal of the uterus is a (an)… …
8. Process of recording X-ray images of blood vessels after injecting contrast is……
9. Visual examination of the voice box is……
10. Incision of a vein to withdraw blood is……
12
EXERCISE 2-3 Write the medical term for the following:
1. Bursting forth of blood
2. Hardening of fatty plaque (in the lining of the arteries)
3. Pertaining to time ( occurring over a long period of time)
4. X- ray record of the spinal cord
5.Sharp, sudden, brief
6. treatment using cold temperatures
7. record of electricity in the brain
8. surgical puncture to remove fluid the membrane surrounding the fetus
9. muscle pain
10. malignant tumor of bone marrow
11. enlargement of the heart
12. abnormal condition of the death of cells
13. disease condition of the kidney
14. incision of the skull
EXERCISE2-4 Provide the terms for the following procedures:
1. Excision of the gallbladder
2. Excision of the appendix
3. Excision of a breast
4. Excision of the uterus
5. Excision of an ovary
6. Excision of the voice box
7. Excision of a kidney
8. Excision of a gland
9. Excision of the large intestine
10. Excision of a fallopian tube
11. Excision of tonsils
12. Excision of the skull
13. Excision of the abdomen
14. Excision of the chest
15. Opening of the windpipe to the outside of the body
16. Opening of the colon to the outside of the body
17. Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest
18. Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
19. Incision of a vein
20. Visual examination of the voice box
11
Answers key :
EXERCISE 2-1
1-g
2-j
3-t
4-q
5-d
11-f
12-p
13-h 14-l
15-m
EXERCISE2-2
1. angioplasty
5. colostomy
2. chemotherapy
6. colocolostomy
3. mammogram
7. hysterectomy
4. thoracentesis
EXERCISE 2-3
1.hemorrhage
2. atherosclerosis
3. chronic
4. myelogram
6-b
16-o
7-c
17-k
8-a
18-r
9-s
19-n
8. angiography
9. laryngoscopy
10. phlebotomy
7. electroencephalogram
8. amniocentesis
9. myalgia
10. myeloma or multiple
myeloma
11. cardiomegaly
12. necrosis
13. nephropathy
14. craniotomy
EXERCISE 2-4
1.cholecystectomy
2.appendectomy
3. mastectomy
4.hysterectomy
5.oophorectomy
6.laryngectomy
8.adenectomy
9.colectomy
10.salpingectomy
11.tonsillectomy
12.craniectomy
13.laparectomy
15.tracheostomy
16.colostomy
17.thoracentesis
18.arthrocentesis
19.phlebotomy
20.laryngoscopy
7.nephrectomy
14.thoracectomy
5. acute
6. cryotherapy
14
10-e
Chapter 3
The Body's Organization
Learning Objectives
I. Introduction
II. Study of the Body
III. Basic Structure
IV. Characteristics of Living Matter
V. Cells
VI. Tissues
VII. Organs
VIII. Systems
IX. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn basic structure and characteristics of
living matter such as cells, tissues, organs, systems to increase your reading
comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Describe the main methods used in examination of a patient.
 List the main components of a medical history.
 Name seven forms of treatment.
 Describe how staging is used in treatment of cancer.
 Name and describe eight imaging techniques.
 Identify and use the roots and suffixes pertaining to diagnosis
 and surgery
 Define additional medical terms pertaining to diagnosis and
treatment include surgery.
11
 Interpret abbreviation used in diagnosis and treatment.
The Body's Organization
To begin building medical terms, we must first come to understand how the
human body is constructed and how it works. The first distinction to be made
is between the terms anatomy and physiology. Briefly, anatomy is the study of
the body, and physiology is the study of the body's functions. Insofar as
construction is concerned, the body is like all other material objects. It is made
up of atoms that can combine to become chemical molecules.
The human body has a chemical basis, and the chemicals act together to form
cells and to power the biologic “machinery” contained within them. This
machinery processes the food we eat and the air we breathe. It carries away
unwanted substances and enables cells to reproduce themselves, each cell
according to the DNA code it contains. The wonder of all this activity
becomes even more mind-boggling when one discovers that the average adult
human body contains about 70 trillion cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of life from which tissues, organs, and systems
ore constructed (cyt-is the root for cell). Cells similar in structure and function
form a mass called a tissue. Groups of different tissues combine to form an
organ of the body (for example the liver, heart or lungs), each of which
performs a special function. The organs are grouped into systems for the
forming specific and more complicated functions.
Six branches of science deal with the study of the body. They are anatomy,
physiology, pathology, embryology, histology, and biology:
Anatomy, which literally means cutting apart, is the study of the structure of
the body and the relationship of its parts. It derives its name from the fact that
the structure of the human body is learned mainly from dissection.
Physiology is the study of the normal functions and activities of the body.
Pathology is the study of the changes caused by disease in the structure of
functions of the body.
Embryology is the study of the origin and development of an organism. After
conception, the period from the second through the eighth week is called the
embryonic stage. After this, the developing organism is referred to as the
fetus.
Histology is the microscopic study of the minute structure, composition, and
function of normal cells and tissues.
Biology is the study of all forms of life.
The Major Body Cavities
The two major body cavities, one in the front of the body and one in the back,
are divisible into subcavities. The front body cavity is called the ventral
16
cavity. The Latin word venter means “belly,” and the English adjective ventral
consists of a shortened version of that Latin word combined with the suffix al, which you learned in past Chapter. The cavity in the back of the body is
called the dorsal cavity, from the shortened Latin word dorsum, which means
“back,” and the suffix -al. The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic
and abdominopelvic cavities. The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial
and spinal cavities.
TABLE 3-1 The Two Major Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions
Ventral Cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Subcavities
Subcavities
1. thoracic
1. cranial
2. abdominopelvic
2. spinal
TABLE 3-2 New Roots related to Body Cavities
Root
Origin
Meaning
abdomin/o
abdomen (French for “abdomen”) abdomen
crani/o
cranium (from Greek kranion)
skull
thorac/o
thorax (Greek for breastplate)
chest
TABLE 3-3 Directional Adjectives
Anatomic Position Direction
anterior or ventral toward the front and away from the back of the body
distal
away from the attachment point of a limb (arm or leg)
inferior
away from the head
lateral
away from the middle of and toward the side of the body
medial
toward the middle of the body
posterior or dorsal toward the back and away from the front of the body
proximal
toward the attachment point of a limb (arm or leg)
superior or cranial toward the head
Body Systems
Apart from their locations in body cavities, each of the organs, tissues, bones,
and so on, belongs to one or more specific body system, in which they work
together to carry out physiologic functions. The body systems are as follow:
 Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Heart, Blood
and Blood Vessels, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Endocrine
17
System, Immune System, Urinary ystem, Reproductive System, Nervous
System, Eye, and Ear.
TABLE 3-4 NEW ROOTS RELATED TO BODY SYSTEMS
Root
System
Meaning
angi/o
blood and immune
vessel
my/o
muscular
muscle
pneum/o,
respiratory
lung
pneumon/o,
pneumat/o
3.The Body's Organization
EXERCISE 3-1. Supply the correct medical term for the following:
1. A stroke is a cerebro- (two words).
2. A heart attack is a myo- (two words).
3. Use of a machine that filters wastes from the blood is hemo-.
4. Injection if fluid into the abdominal cavity and then withdrawal of them fluid
(containing waste material) is peri- (two words).
5. A noncancerous tumor of muscle is a myo6. A cancerous tumor of muscle is a myo‫ـ‬
7. High levels of wastes (urea) in the blood is ur8. Blood in the urine is hemat9. High numbers of malignant (cancerous) white blood cells is leuk10. Slightly elevated numbers of white blood cells due to an infection in the body
is leuko‫ـ‬
11. Normal discharge of blood during menstruation is men‫ـ‬
12. Excessive bleeding during menstruation is men‫ـ‬
13. Hardening of arteries is called arterio‫ـ‬
14. Use of high- energy rays to treat cancerous tumors is radio‫ـ‬
EXERCISE 3-2. Circle the term that best completes the meaning of the
sentences:
1. After routine breast self- examination, Nora felt a small lump in her breast. She
consulted her doctor who scheduled a diagnostic (mammoplasty, mastectomy,
mammogram). The examination showed a stellate (star- shaped) mass and a
(biopsy, necropsy, laparoscopy) revealed an infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Nora
decided to have her breast removed (hysterectomy, mastectomy,
salpingectomy), although her physician gave her the option of having
humpectomy followed by (cryotherapy, thiractomy, radiotherapy).
2. in addition to her surgery, Nora had a sentinel node biopsy of a (an) (inguinal,
12
thoracic, axillary) lymph node to determine whether the cancer had spread.
Ingection of contrast revealed the primary (sentinel) lymph node, which was
removed and microscopically examined.
3. Sylvia had irregular bleeding in between her periods. She was 50 years old and
beginning menopause. On pelvic exam, Dr. Hawk felt a large, lobulated uterus.
Biopsy revealed a large fibroid, which is a benign (noncancerous) tumor of
muscle tissue (myeloma, myoma, hematoma). The doctor suggested a total
abdominal (gastrectomy, hysterectomy, cholecystectomy).
4. Victoria had never been comfort with the bump on her nose. She saw a plastic
surgeon, who performed (mammoplasty, rhinoplasty, angioplasty).
5. sam was experiencing cramps, diarrhea, and a low- grade fever. He was
diagnosed with ulcerative (colitis, meningitis, laryngitis) and had several bouts
of (uremia, menorrhagia, septicemia) caused by inflammation and rupture of
the bowel wall.
6. Bill felt chest pain every time he climbed a flight of stairs. He went to his
doctor, who did a coronary (myelogram, angiogram, dialysis) that revealed
(adenocarcinoma, nephrosis, atherosclerosis) in one of his coronary arteries.
The doctor recommended (angioplasty, thoracentesis, amniocentesis). This
would prevent futher (myosarcoma, ischemia, leukocytosis) and help bill avoid
a (peritoneal, vascular, myocardial) infarction, or heart attack, in the future.
EXERCISE 3-1
1.cerebrovascular accident ‫ ـ‬clot or hemorrhage in an artery of the brain leads to
decreased blood flow (ischemia) to brain tissue and necrosis (death of brain cells).
2. myocardial infarction ‫ ـ‬ischemia to heart muscle leads to infarction (death or
necrosis of heart muscle cells).
3. hemodialysis complete separation of waste material from the blood using a
machine that receives the patients blood and after filtration sends the blood back
into the patients body.
4. peritoneal dialysis fluid is introduced into the abdominal cavity and then
removed after wastes have passed into the fluid from the peritoneal blood vessels.
5. myoma benign muscle tumors occurring in the uterus are fibroids.
6. myosarcoma malignant tumors of connective or flesh tissue are sarcomas.
7. uremia this indicates failure of the kidneys to eliminate nitrogen- containing
wastes, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid from the bloodstream.
8. hematuria this indicates bleeding in the urinary tract.
9. leukemia immature, cancerous white blood cells are produced in excess from
the bone marrow or lymph nodes.
10. leukocytosis normal, mature white blood cells are produced to fight infection.
11. menorrhea lining of the uterus breaks down due to changes in hormone
19
levels.
12. menorrhagia long or heavy menstrual periods; often caused by bengin muscle
tumors or fibroids in the uterus.
13. arteriosclerosis the most common type is atherosclerosis or collection of fatty
plagues in arteries.
14. radiotherapy using high energy X-ray, gamma rays, or protons to destroy
cancerous cells.
EXERCISE 3-2
1. mammogram, biopsy, mastectomy, radiotherapy
2. axillary
3. myoma, hysterectomy
5. colitis, septicemia
6. angiogram, atherosclerosis, angioplasty, ischemia, myocardial
20
Chapter 4
The Integumentary system
Learning Objectives
I.
Word Elements related to the Integumentary System
II.
Common Disorders and Procedures Associated with the Integumentary
System
III. Sublayers of the Epidermis
IV. Surgical Terms
V.
Case History
VI. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Word Elements, Common Disorders
and Procedures, Sublayers of the Epidermis, Surgical Terms and Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of Integumentary system and to increase your reading
comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter it’s expected that student will be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Integumentary System.
21
The Integumentary System
Integumentum is Latin for “covering” or “shelter,” and thus the skin, nails,
and hair covering our bodies is called, collectively, the integumentary system.
There are only two layers of skin, the epidermis and the dermis. The
epidermis is divisible into five sublayers and the dermis into two sublayers,
the names of which will be given later.
The following lists word elements that are used in forming terms related to the
integumentary system.
I. Word Elements related to the Integumentary System
word of Element
Type
Refers to
corium (KO-ree-uhm) Latin word for “skin”
synonym for
dermis
cutis
Latin word meaning “skin”;
skin
cutaneous, which refers to the
skin.
cyan/o
Root
blue
-cyte
Suffix
cell
derm/o; dermat/o
Root
skin
epiprefix
upon
follicul/o
Root
follicle
kerat/o
Root
horn-like
leuk/o
Root
white
melan/o
Root
black
onych/o
Root
nail
-phyte
Suffix
plant
pil/o
Root
hair
subprefix
below
sudor/i
Root
sweat
xer/o
Root
dry
The Skin
The skin is said to be the body's largest organ, and since the skin covers the
entire body more than 20 square feet on average and weighs about 24 pounds,
the claim would seem to be true. As already noted earlier, the skin is
composed of two parts: the epidermis is the outer layer, and the dermis is the
inner layer.
22
The Epidermis
The epidermis protects the body from the outside world, a pretty big job for
something only three one-thousandths of an inch thick. The epidermis on the
palms of our hands and the soles of our feet is somewhat thicker than that, but
even there, it is only about two one-hundredths of an inch thick. The
epidermis is divisible into five sublayers.
III. Sublayers of the Epidermis
Epidermal Skin
Layer
Brief Description
stratum corneum the tough, waterproof outer sublayer of the skin
stratum lucidum the transparent, barely discernible sublayer just below the
stratum corneum
stratum
the grainy sublayer between the stratum lucidum and
granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum spinosum the spiny sublayer just below the stratum ganulosum;
contains cells that create an immune response to protect the
body against foreign bodies that get through the first three
outer sublayers of skin
stratum
the innermost sublayer of skin, which butts against the loose
germinativum
connective tissue of the dermis; forms epidermal ridges that
connect with the dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
A layer of subcutaneous tissue, located just beneath the dermis, is composed
of connective tissue. Synonyms for subcutaneous tissue include hypodermis,
subfascia, and the fat layer because subcutaneous tissue stores lipids. The
Latin word cutis, which means “skin,” gives us the English adjectives
cutaneous and subcutaneous.
Keratin and Melanin
Composed of keratinocytes, keratin is a protein that toughens the outer layer
of skin and is a key component in the formation of hair and nails. Melanin, a
pigment composed of melanocytes present in the dermis, gives the skin its
color and provides protection against the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. Hair and
nails are both composed of epithelial cells filled with keratin. Keratinocytes
and melanocytes are simply the cells that make up keratin and melanin.
21
The Structure of Hair and Nails
A hair follicle is a mass of cells that forms a cavity, out of which a hair grows.
The word follicle is derived from a Latin word meaning “small sac.” Most
sebaceous glands are located close to, but are not part of, hair follicles.
Although they are distinct from hair follicles, sebaceous glands share hair
follicle ductwork to transmit their oily secretions to each hair and its adjacent
skin. Certain hairless areas of skin, mostly on the face, chest, or back, contain
sebaceous glands that have their own follicles and ductwork.
Nails are composed of layers of hardened cells of the stratum corneum (the
outermost sublayer of the epidermis).
IV. Common Disorders and Procedures Associated with the
Integumentary System
Term
Definition
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
dermatoma
skin tumor
dermatomegaly
excessive skin, often hanging in folds
dermatomycosis
fungal infection of the skin
dermatopathy
any disease of the skin
dermatoplasty
plastic surgery performed on the skin
epidermitis
inflammation of the epidermis
melanoma
tumor of the melanocytes
onychectomy
surgical removal of a nail
onychomalacia
softening of the nails
onychomycosis
fungal infection of a nail
onychopathy
any disease of the nails
onychoplasty
surgical repair of a nail
onychotomy
incision into a nail
paronychia
infection around a nail
IV. Surgical Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. biopsy(BI-op-se)
DEFINITION
view of life (the removal of living tissue from the
body to be viewed under the microscope)
24
2. dermatoautoplasty
(der- ma- to- AW- toplas- te)
3. dermatoheteroplasty
(der- ma- to- HET- ero- plas- te)
4.dermatoplasty
(DER- ma- to- plas- te)
1. onychectomy
(on- i- KEK- to- me)
2. rhytidectomy
(rit-i- DEK- to-me)
3. Rhytidoplasty
4. (RIT-i-do- plas- te)
Plastic repair using patient’s own skin for
the skin graft
Plastic repair using skin from others for
the skin graft
Plastic repair on the skin
Excision of a nail
Excision of wrinkles
Plastic repair of wrinkles
IV. Case History:
50- year- old white female presents in the dermatologist’s office with a
complaint of changes in nevus located in medial aspect of left eyebrow.
Changes include hair loss, “crusty” surface, and some enlargement of lesion.
Nevus has been present for approximately 3 years. Hair loss present for 2
years. Patient has past history of actinic keratosis and current of nonrelated
eczema bilaterally on both foreams. Biopsy revealed basal cell carcinoma,
nodular, transected at base.
V. Operative Report:
Patients operative site was prepped with betadine. Xylocaine 1% with
epinephrine was used as local anesthesia. Skin was incised at superior pole of
lesion. Lesion was then excised as diagnosed, including a margin of clinical
normal dermis. Specimen submitted to pathology. The superior pole was
sutured. Hemostasis achieved with electrocautery. Two “A” to “T” flaps were
then constructed on superior aspect of upper eyelid. Flaps and upper eyelid
undermined 2 to 3 mm. flaps sutured with 6/0 vicryl, followed by 6/0 nylon
for closure. Pressure dressing applied.
Exercise 4-1 Matching Terms with Definitions
Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2 according to the
corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. _____ melanin
A. oil-producing glands
2. _____ epidermis
B. protein that toughens the outer layer of the skin
3. _____ lunula
C. physician who specializes in dermatology and
21
diagnoses and treats skin abnormalities
4. _____ sebaceous
D. responsible for pigment or color of skin
5. _____ dermatologist
E. the outer layer of the skin
6. _____ stratum corneum
F. the white, crescent-shaped area of the nail
7. _____ avascular
G. BSA
8. _____ keratin
H. without vessels or veins
9. _____ sudoriferous glands I. the outermost sublayer of the epidermis
10._____ body surface area
J. sweat-producing glands
EXERCISE 4-2
Analyze and define the following surgical terms.
1. rhytidectomy
2. biopsy
3. dermatoautoplasty
4. onychectomy
5. rhytidoplasty
6. dermatoheteroplasty
EXERCISE 4-3
Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the word parts it’s
expected that studenthave learned.
1. excision of wrinkles
2. view of life(the removal of living tissue from the body)
3. Plastic repair using skin from others
4. excision of a nail
5. plastic repair of wrinkles
6. plastic repair on the skin
Answers key :
EXERCISE 4-1
1
2
3
D
E
F
4
A
5
C
6
I
7
H
8
B
9
J
10
G
EXERCISE 4 - 2
WR
S
1. rhytid/ectomy
WR S
2. bi/opsy
WR CV WR CV S
3.dermat/o/aut/o/plasty
WR
S
4. onych/ectomy
WR CV S
excision of wrinkles
view of life (removal of living tissue)
plastic repair using patient’s own skin for the skin
graft
excision of a nail
26
5. rhytid/o/plasty
WR CV WR CV S
6.dermat/o/heter/o/plasty
plastic repair of wrinkles
plastic repair using skin from others for
the skin graft
EXERCISE 4 - 3
1. rhytid/ ectomy
2. bi/opsy
3. dermat/o/heter/o/plasty
4. onych/ectomy
5. rhytid/o/plasty
6. dermat/o/plasty
27
Chapter 5
The Musculoskeletal System
Learning Objectives
I. Common Roots
II. Shoulder Muscles
III. Muscle Action in the Aarms and hands
IV.Common Disorders and Procedures
V. Surgical Terms
VI.Diagnostic Procedural Terms
VII. Case History
VIII.Operating report
IX.Finding
X.Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Common Roots, Shoulder Muscles,
Muscle Action in the arms and hands, Common Disorders, Surgical and
Diagnostic Procedural Terms of Musculoskeletal System and Operating report
to increase your reading comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar
passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Musculoskeketal System.
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic
procedural terms related to the Musculoskeketal System.
22
The Muscular System
There are approximately 206 bones in the human body. The total number of
muscles is harder to calculate because of the various ways to distinguish them.
But it is safe to say that there are many more muscles than bones. In fact,
muscles make up about half of the average person's total body weight.
Muscles are necessary for all the obvious activities, such as lifting objects,
running, jumping, throwing a ball, and swinging a bat. However, muscles are
also needed for seeing, talking, eating, digesting, breathing, smiling,
frowning, blinking, and so on. And then, of course, there is the heart muscle.
I. Common Roots related to the Muscular System
Word Roots
Refers to
kine; kinesi/o
movement
ligament/o
ligament
muscul/o
muscle
my/o
muscle
tend/o; tendin/o
tendon
Muscle Types
There are three kinds of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal
muscles are distinguished not only by the jobs they do, but also by their large
size in comparison with the cardiac and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are
sometimes referred to as striated (from the Latin verb striare, which means “to
groove”) because their fibers run parallel to each other. The cardiac muscle
contains striated fibers, too, but they are much shorter and not as obvious.
The third type, smooth muscles that (like the heart) work involuntarily,
include the sphincter muscles and others that surround internal organs such as
the esophagus.
Since muscles serve in so many different ways, they occur in many different
sizes, shapes, and forms, and include the ligaments and tendons. Ligaments,
from the Latin noun ligament, meaning “string,” connect muscles to bones,
cartilage, or other tissue structures. They contain a protein called elastin,
which makes them regain their shape after being stretched, much in the same
way an elastic band does. Tendons are similar to ligaments and are located
with the muscles of the appendicular skeleton. The Achilles tendon is an
example with which nearly everyone is familiar. The name tendon comes
from the Latin verb tendo, which means “stretch.”
In this chapter, we will look at some of the skeletal muscles within the axial
29
skeleton, along with the main ones associated with the appendicular skeleton.
Muscles Associated with the Axial Skeleton
Facial Muscles
A muscle called the orbicularis oris enables us to move our lips and to open
and close our mouths. Another called the corrugator supercilii allows us to
move our eyebrows. Supercilium means “eyebrow” in Latin. Another muscle,
called the orbicularis oculi, makes it possible for us to close our eyes.
Muscles beginning with the word orbicularis are to be found “around”
something. The orbicularis oris is around the mouth, and an orbicularis oculi
is to be found around each eye .
Muscles of the Tongue
The tongue has four muscles ending with the word element glossus, which
comes from a Greek word glossa, meaning “language.” The word root gloss/o
also means “tongue,” and can be combined with many of the suffixes you
already know, e.g., glossodynia. The names of the four tongue muscles are as
Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Palatoglossus, Styloglossus.
Muscles Surrounding the Spinal Column
The spinal column includes spinal extensors, also called the erector spinae,
which enable one to move the head and neck and to extend and flex the spine.
In addition, the trapezius and latissimus dorsi cover the back and facilitate
movement of the trunk of the body.
Muscles Associated with the Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder Muscles
The trapezius muscles, mentioned earlier in connection with the axial
skeleton, are actually part of both the axial and appendicular skeletons, in that
they start at the neck and extend to the clavicles and the scapulae. Thus, they
can help to move not only the neck and body trunk but also the shoulder
girdle, depending on the action of associated muscles.
II. Shoulder Muscles
Muscles
serratus anterior
levator scapulae
pectoralis minor
rhomboideus (both major and minor)
subclavius
Movement
upward or upward rotation
upward or upward rotation
downward or downward rotation
downward or downward rotation
downward or downward rotation
10
Arm and Hand Muscles
The main muscles of the arm start with the deltoid, where the arm joins the
shoulder. The biceps brachii and triceps brachii, work in conjunction with the
brachialis. In common speech, the words biceps and triceps are used
indiscriminately to refer to the biceps and triceps in the arm. However, the leg
also contains biceps and triceps.
The muscles associated with the ulna are the flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor
carpi ulnaris. A similar pair, the flexor carpi radialis and the extensor carpi
radialis longus, are associated with the radius. All these names contain
“carpi,” which means “wrist” or “hand,” because they flex or extend the hand,
depending on whether the name begins with “flexor” or “extensor.”
Similarly, any muscle that contains the word element digiti or digitorum will
affect finger movement of some kind, and any muscle with pollicis (pollex is
the Latin word for “thumb”) in its name has to do with the thumb. Prominent
terms include theextensor digitorum and the abductor pollicis longus.
III. Muscle Action in the Aarms and hands
Muscle Name
Action
biceps brachii
flexes the upper arm and forearm
brachialis
flexes the forearm
deltoid
rotates the arm sideways
triceps brachii
extends the forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes and curls the hand inward
flexor carpi radialis
flexes and curls the hand outward
extensor carpi radialis longus extends and curls the hand outward
extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and curls the hand inward
Muscles of the Lower Extremities
The gluteus maximus, the muscle located within each buttock, helps to rotate
the thigh. Beneath the gluteus maximus lies the gluteus medius and beneath
that, the gluteus minimus, both of which facilitate walking by supporting the
pelvis.
The major muscles in the front (anterior) of the thigh, known collectively as
the quadriceps femoris, comprise the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus
intermedius, and rectus femoris, all of which serve to extend the leg. The
longest muscle in the leg (and in the whole body, by the way) is the sartorius,
which flexes and rotates the thigh. This motion is the one we use to cross our
legs when we are sitting down.
The posterior of the thigh contains a muscle group commonly called the
11
hamstring. The hamstring is made up of three muscles: the biceps femoris, the
semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus. Together, they flex the leg and
extend the thigh.
The anterior muscles controlling the feet are the tibialis anterior, the peroneus
tertius, and the peroneus longus. The posterior muscle group controlling the
foot is called the triceps surae.
The anterior muscles controlling the toes are the extensor hallucis longus and
theextensor digitorum longus. The posterior muscles controlling toe
movement are the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus. Just
as “pollicis” is derived from pollex (“thumb”), “hallucis” is derived from
hallux (“great toe”).
IV. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Muscular
System
Term
Definition
kinesalgia; kinesialgia
pain caused by muscle movement
kinesiology
study of movement
myasthenia
muscular weakness
myectomy
excision of part or all of a muscle
myelitis
inflammation of a muscle
myocele
protrusion of muscle tissue through a tear in its outer
sheath
myodynia
muscle pain
myogenesis
formation of muscle cells
myoid
adjective meaning “resembling a muscle”
myology
study of muscles
myoma
benign neoplasm of muscle tissue
myomalacia
softening of muscle tissue
myositis
inflammation of a muscle
myospasm
muscle contraction
tenodynia, tenontodynia
pain in a tendon
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
tenontoplasty
reparative or plastic surgery of the tendons
tenorrhaphy
suturing of a tendon
tenotomy, tendotomy
surgical division of a tendon
The Skeletal System
The human skeleton begins to form about 6 weeks after fertilization and
continues to grow and develop until the person is 25 years old. The human
skeleton, which includes approximately 206 bones, performs many duties. It
12
serves as a rigid but articulating (which means “allowing for movement”)
framework for all our muscles and other tissues. It also protects our vital
organs by forming a shield to ward off blows. Its less obvious jobs are to
produce and store essential minerals and to make blood cells.
In this chapter, you will learn that the skeleton may be divided into two parts:
the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton consists of the skull
and the chest bones, along with those of the spinal column, and the
appendicular skeleton includes all the bones found in the shoulders, limbs, and
pelvic area.
Common Roots related to the Skeletal system
Root
Refers to
arthr/o
joint
brachi/o
arm
carp/o
wrist
chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
cranium
dactyl/o
finger, toe
oste/o
bone
orth/o
correct
spondyl/o
vertebrae
vertebr/o
vertebrae
Cranial Bones
The six main cranial bones are the frontal bone, two parietal bones (one on
each side), two temporal bones (one on each side), and the occipital bone.
These cranial bones are joined by sutures, which are fibrous membranes that
occur between the bones.
Facial Bones
The main facial bones are the nasal bone, zygomatic bones (two), maxilla, and
mandible. The nasal bone forms the bridge of the nose, and the two zygomatic
bones form the cheeks. The maxilla is the upper jawbone and the mandible is
the lower jawbone.
Thoracic Bones
The adjective thoracic is formed from the word thorax, which is Latin for
“breastplate” (chest armor), and thus thoracic refers to the chest area. The
thoracic bones, which include the sternum, the ribs, and associated cartilage,
11
are known collectively as the thoracic cage . It is a cage not in the sense of an
enclosure to keep an animal from escaping, but is rather more akin to a roll
cage on a car, in that it has the purpose of protecting that which is inside.
At the back (posterior), each of the 12 pairs of ribs is attached to its
correspondingly numbered vertebra.
The anterior (front) rib attachments are to the sternum, but rib pairs 11 and 12
“float,” which means that they do not attach to the sternum, but only to the
vertebrae.
The Spinal Column
The spinal column includes 33 vertebrae (singular: vertebra). The first 24 are
numbered consecutively according to their positions along the first three
sections of the body axis. The seven beginning with the letter C are the
cervical vertebrae, so named because they are part of the neck (cervix is Latin
for “neck”). Lumbus is Latin for “loin,” and thus the lumbar region is part of
the lower back.
The Joints
A joint (from the Latin junctio, meaning “junction”) is simply a “meeting
place” between bones. Some joints are highly movable (articulating), e.g., the
knee and elbow joints, and some are capable of little or no movement. A joint
with no movement is called a synarthrosis, and one with little movement is
called an amphiarthrosis. Any of the suture joints in the cranium would be a
good example of a synarthrosis, and the vertebral bodies within the spinal
column are examples of amphiarthroses.
A joint that has free movement is called a diarthrosis or a synovial joint. The
spaces within each synovial joint are filled with a viscous (thick) liquid called
synovial fluid.
Bursae, found wherever tendons or ligaments impinge on other tissues, consist
of spaces within connective tissue that are filled with synovial fluid. Bursitis
is a common English word that means “inflammation of a bursa,” which may
be, but is not always, connected to a joint cavity.
Cartilage is classified as connective tissue, but the term is included here
because cartilage enables movement (articulation) in the synovial joints.
Joints are often named for the bones they join together; for example, the
humeroulnar joint (the conjoining bones are the humerus and ulna) and the
humeroradial joint (the conjoining bones are the humerus and radius) together
make up the elbow.
14
One other term that you should know in connection with joints is patella, a
Latin word meaning “small dish.” The common name for the patella is
kneecap.
Bones of the Arms and Hands
The long bone extending from the shoulder and ending at the elbow is called
the humerus, not because it is the “funny bone” but because humerus is the
Latin word for “shoulder.” There is a connection with the word humorous,
however. The phrase funny bone was coined as a joke because the ulnar
nerve, which causes the pins-and-needles sensation when it is struck, is
located where the humerus joins the elbow.
The ulna and radius extend from the elbow down to the wrist . The wrist
includes eight bones called carpals, from the Greek word karpos, meaning
“wrist.”
The Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle, so named because it surrounds and protects the pelvic
organs, consists of the twohip bones, right and left, along with the sacrum,
noted earlier in connection with the spinal column. The hip bone, also called
the os coxae, is a fusion of three bones: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis .
Bones of the Legs
The femur, Latin for “thigh,” extends from the hip to the knee, and the tibia
and fibula carry on from the knee to the ankle. The tibia, Latin for “shin,” is
the shin bone or heavy bone of the lower leg; the fibula, from the Latin word
figibula, meaning “fastener,” does not bear the body's weight, but together
with the tibia, it is connected to the talus (ankle bone).
Bones of the Ankles and Feet
Tarsus (from the Greek tarsos, “a flat surface”) is sometimes used as a
technical name for the ankle. Whatever one chooses to call it, the ankle is a
complex mechanism, as any reader who has suffered a broken ankle already
knows. The ankle includes seven bones as talus, calcaneus (heel bone),
cuboid, navicular,cuneiform bones (the name of three bones, respectively,
preceded by the adjectives lateral, intermediate, andmedial).
The tarsals and metatarsals of the ankle and foot correspond with the carpal
and metacarpal bones of the wrist and hand.The bones making up the fingers
and toes are both called phalanges.
V. Surgical Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
11
1. aponeurorrhaphy……
suture of an aponeurosis
(ap  o  nu  RO R  a  fe )
2. arthroclasia…………
surgical breaking of a (stiff) joint
(ar  thro  KLA  zhe  a)
3. arthrodesis………….
surgical fixation of a joint
(ar  thro  DE  sis)
4. arthroplasty…………
surgical repair of a joint
5. arthrotomy………….
incision of a joint
6. bursectomy…………
excision of a bursa
7. bursotomy…………….
incision of a bursa
8. carpectomy…………..
excision of a carpal bone
9. chondrectomy………
excision of a cartilage
10. chondroplasty………
surgical repair of a cartilage
11. costectomy…………
excision of a rib
12. cranioplasty……….
surgical repair of the skull
( AR  thro  plas  te )
(ar  THROT  o  me )
(bur  SEK  to  me )
(bur  SOT  o  me )
(kar  PEK  to  me )
(kon  DREK  to  me )
( KON  dro  plas  te )
(kos  TEK  to  me )
(KRA - ne - o - plas - te)
13. craniotomy………..
(kra - ne - OT - o - me)
incision into the skull (as for surgery of the
brain)
14. diskectomy………….
excision of an intervertebral disk
15. laminectomy………
(lam  i  NEK  to  me )
excision of the lamina (often done to relieve
the symptoms of a ruptured disc)
16. maxillectomy………..
excision of the maxilla
17. meniscectomy……..
excision of the meniscus (performed for a
torn cartilage)
surgical repair of a muscle
(dis  KEK  to  me )
(mak  is  LEK  to  me )
(man  i  SEK  to  me )
18. myoplasty…………
(MI  o  plas  te )
19. myorrhaphy……….
suture of a muscle
16
(mi  OR  a  fe )
20. ostectomy………….
excision of bone
21. osteoclasis…………
22. osteoplasty…………..
surgical breaking of a bone (to correct a
deformity)
surgical repair of the bone
23. osteotome…………
instrument used for cutting the bone
(os  TEK  to  me )
(os  te  OK  la  sis)
(OS  te  o  plas  te )
(OS - te - o - tom)
24. osteotomy…………
incision of the bone
25. patellectomy………
excision of the patella
(os  te  OT  o  me )
(pat - e - LEK - to - me)
26. phalangectomy……
excision of a finger or toe bone
27. rachiotomy………..
incision into the vertebral column
28. spondylosyndesis…
(spon  di  lo  SIN  de  sis)
fusing together of the spine (spinal fusion)
29. synovectomy………
(sin  o  VEK  to  me )
excision of the synovial membrane
(of a joint)
30. tarsectomy………...
excision of one or more tarsal bones
31. tenomyoplasty………
surgical repair of the tendon and muscle
32. tenorrhaphy…………
suture of a tendon
( fal  an  JEK  to  me )
(ra  ke  OT  o  me )
(tar  SEK  to  me )
(ten  o  MI  o  plas  te )
(ten - OR - a - fe)
33. tenotomy……………
(ten  OT  o  me )
incision of the tendon
VII. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
(built from word parts)
1.
surgical puncture of a joint to
arthrocentesis……………………... aspirate fluid
(ar  thro  sen  TE  sis)
2. arthrogram……………………
x-ray film of a joint
17
( AR  thro  gram)
3. arthroscopy…………………….. visual examination inside a joint
(ar  THROS  ko  pe )
4. electromyogram………………... record of the (intrinsic) electric
activity in a (skeletal) muscle
(e  lek  tro  MI  o  gram)
VII. Case History :
This 37-year-old married African-American male is admitted to the
orthopedic service of the hospital. He complains of pain when walking and
golfing. He says that his knees have "been painful" for many years since he
quit playing semiprofessional football. But the pain has become very severe in
the last six months. He is scheduled for arthroscopy. His preoperative
diagnosis is degenerative arthritis, left knee, with possible tear, medial
meniscus.
VIII. Operative Report:
After induction of spinal anesthetic, patient was positioned on the operating
table and a tourniquet applied over the upper left thigh. Following positioning
of the leg in a circumferential holder, the end of the table was flexed to allow
the leg to hang freely. The patient’s left leg was prepped and draped in the
toumiquet was inflated to 300 mm Hg. The knee was inspected using
anterolateral and anteromedial parapatellar port holes.
IX. Findings:
The synovium in the suprapatellar pouch showed moderate to severe
inflammatory changes with villi formation and hyperemia. The undersurface
of the patella showed loss of normal articular cartilage on the lateral patellar
facet with exposed bone in that area and moderate to severe chondromalacia
of the medial facet. Similar changes were noted in the intercondylar groove.
In the medial compartment. the patient had smooth articular cartilage on the
femur and moderate chondromalacia of the tibial plateau. The lateral meniscus
appeared normal with examination and probing were repeated with no
additional pathology being identate until the bleeding was showed. The
wounds were steri-stirpped closed, a sterile bandage with an external Ace
wrap applied, and the patient returned to the postoperative recovery area in
stable condition.
12
Exercise 5-1 Matching Terms with Definitions
Place the letter of the definition in the right column in the space next to the matching term
in the left column.
Term
1. _____ latissimus dorsi
Definition
A. the middle muscle of the buttock
2. _____ gluteus medius
3. _____ deltoid
4. _____ extensor
5. _____ tendonitis
6. _____ myodynia
7. _____ adduction
B. the study of movement
C. a “three-headed” muscle located in the upper arm
D. moving inward
E. a muscle that extends the fingers
F. a muscle around the mouth
G. the triangular-shaped arm muscle that joins with the
shoulder
H. muscles that wrap around the side and back
J. pain in a muscle
K. inflammation of a tendon
8. _____ triceps brachii
9. _____ kinesiology
10. _____ orbicularis oris
Exercise 5-2. Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2 according to
the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. sutures
A. rib pairs one through seven
2. costae fluctuantes
B. inflammation of a joint
3. diarthrosis/synovial
C. the lower jawbone joint
4. zygomatic bones
D. the breastbone
5. arthritis
E. fibrous membranes that occur between cranial bones
6. sternum
F. the bone formed from five fused vertebrae near the base
of the spinal column
7. costae verae
G. a joint that has free movement or articulation
8. cartilage
H. the “cheek” bones
9. sacrum
I. connective tissue
10. mandible
J. “floating ribs” (they are not attached at the sacrum)
11. phalanges
K. the heel bone
12. calcaneus
L. the wrist bones
13. clavicle
M. the bones making up the fingers and the toes
14. tibia
N. the collarbone
15. carpals
O. the shin bone
EXERCISE 5-3. Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the
word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
1. surgical breaking of a bone (to correct a
deformity)
WR
19
CV
S
2. excision of bone
WR
3. surgical repair of the bone
WR
4. incision of the bone
WR
5. instrument used for cutting the bone
WR
6. surgical breaking of a (stiff) joint
WR
S
CV
S
S
CV
S
CV
S
7. surgical fixation of a joint
WR
CV
S
8. surgical repair of a joint
WR
CV
S
9. incision of a joint
WR
S
10. excision of a cartilage
WR
S
11. surgical repair of a cartilage
WR
CV
S
12. surgical repair of a muscle
WR
CV
S
13. suture of a muscle
WR
14. surgical repair of a tendon and muscle
WR
CV
S
WR CV
15. inscision into the tendon
WR
S
16. suture of a tendon
WR
S
17. excision of a rib
WR
S
18. excision of the patella
WR
S
19. suture of an aponeurosis
WR
S
20. excision of a carpal bone
WR
S
21. exision of a finger or toe bone
WR
S
22. exision of the meniscus
WR
23. fusing together of the spine
WR
24. excision of the lamina
CV
WR
40
S
S
P
S
S
25. excision of a bursa
WR
S
26. incision of a bursa
WR
S
27. incision into the skull
WR
S
28. surgical repair of the skull
WR
S
29. excision of the maxilla
WR
S
30. incision into the vertebral column
WR
S
31. excision of one or more tarsal bones
WR
S
32. excision of the synovial membrane
WR
S
33. excision of an intervertebaral disk
WR
S
Answers key :
EXERCISE 5-1
1
H
2
A
3
G
4
E
5
K
6
J
7
D
8
C
9
B
10
F
EXERCISE 5- 2
1
E
2
J
3
G
4
H
5
B
6
D
7
A
8
I
EXERCISE 5- 3
1. oste/o/clasis
2. ost/ectomy
3. oste/o/plasty
4. oste/otomy
5. oste/o/tome
6. arthr/o/clasia
7. arthr/o/desis
8. arthr/o/plasty
9. arthr/otomy
10. chondr/ectomy
11. chondr/o/plasty
12. my/o/plasty
13. my/orrhaphy
14. ten/o/my/o/plasty
15. ten/otomy
9
F
10
C
11
M
12
K
18. patell/ectomy
19. aponeur/orrhaphy
20. carp/ectomy
21. phalang/ectomy
22. menisci/ectomy
23. spondyl/o/syn/desis
24. lamin/ectomy
25. burs/ectomy
26. burs/otomy
27. crani/otomy
28. crani/o/plasty
29. maxilla/ectomy
30. rachi/otomy
31. tars/ectomy
32. synov/ectomy
41
13
N
14
O
15
L
16. ten/orrhaphy
17. cost/ectomy
33. disk/ectomy
Chapter 6
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Learning Objectives
I. Common Word Elements related to the Heart
II. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Heart, Blood and
Blood Vessels
III. Common Abbreviations
IV.Surgical Terms
V. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
VI.Case History
VII. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Common Word Elements, Common
Disorders and Procedures associated with the Heart, Common Abbreviations
Component Parts of Surgical Terms, Diagnostic Procedural Terms of
Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems and to increase your reading
comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Ojectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
 Related to the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other surgical terms related to the
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic
procedural terms related to the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other diagnostic procedural terms
42
related to the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System.
The Heart
The heart, which is part of the cardiovascular system, pumps blood to every
cell in the body. That job is critical, because without the oxygen and nutrients
that the blood delivers, body cells quickly die. This chapter introduces terms
relating to the structure, function, and disorders of the heart, along with those
that name some of the procedures and treatments that keep it working when it
malfunctions.
I. Common Word Elements related to the Heart
Word or Word
Element
Type
Refers to
aort/o
Root
aorta
atri/o
Root
atrium
bradyprefix
slow
card/i/o
Root
heart
corona
from the Latin word for
the adjective form “coronary” is
“crown”
sometimes used to describe
anatomic structures.
echo
English word from Greek a reverberation of sound; not
mythology
properly
called a root, such as echogram
and echocardiography)
electr/o
Root
electrical
endoprefix
inner, inside
-gram
Suffix
written record
my/o
Root
muscle
periprefix
around, surrounding
-stenosis
Suffix
a narrowing
tachyprefix
fast
valv/o,
Root
valve
valvul/o
ventricul/o
Root
ventricle
The Location of the Heart
The heart is encased in and separated from the walls of the pericardial cavity
by three linings: the epicardium, which forms the outer part of the heart; the
41
pericardial sac; and the pericardium. The heart fits tightly inside the
pericardial cavity, a subcavity of the thoracic cavity. The pericardial cavity is
lined with a serous (thin) membrane called the pericardium, and the heart is
within yet a second lining called the pericardial sac. This sac contains about
half an ounce of fluid, which lies between it and the heart's outer lining.
The Structure of the Heart
The membrane forming the outer lining of the heart is called the epicardium.
Immediately beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, comprising the
muscles, blood vessels, and nerve tissue that make up the bulk of the heart.
The heart's inner surface is called the endocardium.
The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left
atrium, and the left ventricle. They are separated by septa(singular,septum).
The names and locations of the septa are easy to remember because they
include the names of the parts they separate. They are the interventricular
septum (separates the two ventricles) and the interatrial septum (separates the
two atria). Also, each atrium is divided from each ventricle by an
atrioventricular septum, which contains various valves.
The right atrioventricular valve, also sometimes called the tricuspid valve,
leads from the right atrium into the right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar
valve connects the right ventricle to the lungs, which also connect to the left
ventricle through the left atrium by way of the left atrioventricular valve, also
sometimes called the bicuspid ormitral valve. The aortic semilunar valve leads
out of the left ventricle.
Blood Flow through the Heart
The best way to understand how blood flows through the heart is to keep the
heart's job in mind. When blood comes back to the heart after having
delivered oxygen and other nutrients to the body's cells, it needs to be
replenished before going out again. It re-enters the heart at the right atrium.
From there it moves into the right ventricle, from which it is pumped into the
lungs. After being recharged with oxygen, the blood moves back into the heart
through the left atrium and into the left ventricle, from which it is pumped out
for yet another trip through the body.
Heart Disorders and Procedures
The heart can be compared to a mechanical device that relies on electricity for
its operation. Electrical impulses emitted within the heart stimulate the heart
to pump. When the electrical system malfunctions, the heart will beat too fast,
44
too slow, at an irregular pace, or not at all, depending on the nature of the
malfunction.
Arrhythmia is most often defined as an irregular heartbeat at any speed. When
the heart pumps too fast, defined as any rate greater than 100 beats per
minute, the condition is called tachycardia. The Greek word for “fast,” tachys,
gives us the prefix tachy- and also the common English word tachometer. A
heart that is pumping too slow, which is defined as any rate less than 60 beats
per minute, exhibits a condition known as bradycardia. The prefix brady- is
also of Greek origin, coming from the word for “slow”: bradys. Tachycardia
is also called tachyarrhythmia, and bradycardia is called bradyarrhythmia.
II-1. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Heart
Term
Definition
atriomegaly
enlargement of an atrium
atrioseptoplasty
surgical repair of an atrial septum
bradycardia
also called bradyarrhythmia; abnormally
slow heartbeat
cardiac arrest
abbreviated CA, describes the sudden cessation
of heart activity
cardiodynia
heart pain
cardiogram
a graphic trace of heart functions
cardiograph (also
a machine to electrically measure heart
“myocardiograph,”
functions
as well as “electrocardiograph,”)
cardiomalacia
softening of the heart
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
cardiomyoplasty
a surgical procedure that involves engaging the
latissimus dorsi muscle to stimulate the heart
cardiopathy
cardiorrhaphy
cardiorrhexis
cardiotomy
carditis
endocarditis
myocardial infarction(MI)
myocarditis
pericardiorrhaphy
pericardiotomy
any heart disease
suturing of the wall of the heart muscle
rupture in the wall of the heart muscle
incision into the heart
inflammation of the heart
inflammation of the endocardium
heart attack
inflammation of the heart muscle
suturing of the pericardium
incision into the pericardium
41
pericardiotomy
pericarditis
tachycardia
valvoplasty; also valvuloplasty
valvotomy; also valvulotomy
valvulitis
ventriculoplasty
ventriculoscopy
incision into the pericardium
inflammation of the pericardium
abnormally rapid heartbeat also called
tachyarrhythmia;
surgical repair of a heart valve
surgical removal of a blocked heart valve
(stenosis of a heart valve) by cutting into it
inflammation of a heart valve
surgical repair of a heart ventricle
examination of a heart ventricle with an
endoscope
III.Common Abbreviations
The Heart
Abbreviation
Meaning
ACV
acute cardiovascular [disease]
CA
cardiac arrest
CAD
coronary artery disease
CCU
cardiovascular care unit
CHD
cardiovascular heart disease
CIPS
cardiovascular imaging procedure
CRFS
cardiovascular risk factors
CSU
cardiovascular surgery unit
CT
cardiovascular technologist
CVICU
cardiovascular intensive care unit
CVIS
cardiovascular imaging systems
EKG or ECG
electrocardiogram; electrocardiograph;
electrocardiography; cardiogram
MI
myocardial infarction
The Blood and Blood Vessels
Before studying the terms commonly associated with the blood, we will
consider the vessels through which it travels. The reason for doing so is that
blood vessels share with the heart the job of transporting blood to all the cells
in the body. This chapter introduces the terms relating to blood vessels,
constituents of blood, common diseases, and methods of diagnosis and
treatment.
Word Elements Specific to the Blood and Blood Vessels
The word elements are shown in the following table often found in terms
46
relating to the blood and blood vessels. You will recognize them in many of
the terms you will learn.
I-I.Common Word Elements related to the Blood and Blood vessels
Element
Type
Refers to
ang/i/o
Root
vessel
arteri/o
Root
artery
ather/o
Root
gruel-like
-ectasis
Suffix
dilation
-emia
Suffix
blood
hem/o;
Root
blood
hemat/o
phleb/o
Root
vein
thromb/o
Root
clot
varic/o
Root
dilated; from the Latin
word varix (“a dilated vein”)
vas/o
Root
vessel
vascul/o
Root
vessel
ven/o
Root
vein
Capillaries, Arteries, and Veins
Capillaries
The capillaries (singular: capillary) are a good place to start in a study of the
blood vessels, not because they are the largest of the vessels; on the contrary,
they are the smallest. They are mentioned first, however, because they are the
most numerous and because they deliver nutrients from the blood to the
body's cells. The transfer of blood to the capillaries begins in large vessels and
progresses through vessels of ever-diminishing size.
Arteries
Arteries (singular: artery) carry blood away from the heart and, eventually, to
the capillaries. Arteries contain muscle tissue, which allows them to vary their
diameters. Two terms are associated with this action: they are vasoconstriction
(a narrowing of the artery's diameter) and vasodilation (an enlarging of the
artery's diameter). When the muscle tissue contained within an artery
contracts, vasoconstriction occurs, thereby producing a resistance that
increases blood pressure. When the muscle tissue relaxes, vasodilation occurs
to effectively lower the blood pressure. All arteries have this capability, but in
varying degrees, depending on their function.
47
The arteries nearest the heart must be able to accommodate the large volume
of blood it pumps out with each beat. Artery diameters become smaller as
they get nearer to the capillaries. The three kinds of arteries are conducting
arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Conducting Arteries
Conducting arteries, sometimes called elastic arteries, can have an inside
diameter as great as an inch. The aorta is an example of a conducting artery.
The pulmonary artery and the aortic trunk are examples of conducting
arteries, which move blood away from the heart. Three major conducting
arteries branch from the aortic arch. They are the brachiocephalic trunk, the
left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. Both the right
subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery attach to the
brachiocephalic trunk.
Medium-Size Arteries
Medium-size arteries, sometimes called muscular arteries (because they
contain a lot of muscle tissue), typically have an inside diameter of about onesixth of an inch—roughly the height of the letters h and l in this sentence. The
external carotid artery in the neck is an example of a medium-size artery.
Arterioles
Arterioles are the smallest arteries, with an average inside diameter of 0.0018
of an inch, or about 1/100 the size of a medium-size artery. Arteries and
arterioles connect to the capillaries, which can be as tiny as one blood cell (or
about one-fourth the size of an arteriole) in diameter.
Veins
Veins carry blood back to the heart. They follow the same path as the arteries
(with blood flowing in the reverse direction, of course). Also, like the arteries,
they vary in diameter, becoming larger as they approach the heart because of
the increasing volumes of blood they must carry.
The vein counterparts of the conducting arteries are the superior vena cava
and the inferior vena cava. Together, they are known as the venae cavae, the
Latin plurals for vena and cava. All the other large veins of the body system
drain into one or the other of these. The counterparts of the muscular arteries
and arterioles are the medium veins and venules. As its name implies, the
superior vena cava drains blood from the upper body, including the head,
neck, shoulders, and arms. The inferior vena cava, likewise, receives blood
from the lower body, the dividing line being the diaphragm.
42
The Superior Vena Cava
The superior vena cava collects the blood returning from the cranium from
smaller veins, such as the great cerebral vein and the internal jugular vein,
which runs alongside the common carotid artery. The brachiocephalic veins
collect returning blood from the vertebral vein and then connects up with the
azygos vein, which in turn connects to the superior vena cava, often referred
to by its abbreviation: SVC.
The Inferior Vena Cava
Blood entering the inferior vena cava (IVC) includes that returning from the
lower limbs, spinal cord, liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs. The names
of these veins include the digital, tibial, femoral, and lumbar veins, all of
which are familiar enough to you by now to indicate what parts of the body
they serve. The gonadal, hepatic, and renal veins serve the following parts of
the body: the reproductive organs, the liver, and the kidneys, respectively.
You will learn more about the terminology associated with these organs in
later chapters.
Terminology of the Blood
Whole blood is made up of plasma and the formed elements it contains.
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma, a yellowish liquid that is 90% water, also contains proteins and
other nutrients in solution, such as water-soluble vitamins and minerals. In
addition, it carries the formed elements that are a part of whole blood: namely,
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Thus, although whole blood remains a
fluid, it is about five times denser than water.
The three main classes of blood plasma proteins are albumins, globulins, and
fibrinogens. Two other terms that name common blood proteins are
antibodies(also known as immunoglobulins) and lipoproteins.
Formed Elements (Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets)
Erythrocytes are red blood cells, abbreviated RBC, and leukocytes are white
blood cells, abbreviated WBC. Red blood cells make up 99.9% of the formed
elements in the blood. Hemoglobin, which is abbreviated Hb and binds only
to RBCs, gives blood its red color. Each RBC contains approximately 280
million Hb molecules. A single drop of blood contains about 260 million red
blood cells. The number of white blood cells present in a drop of blood is only
35,000 or so, although WBCs are not much larger than the RBCs.
49
White blood cells do not all do the same job and are not all the same size.
However, all WBCs are at least slightly larger than RBCs. In fact, the WBCs
of one category are double the size of RBCs.
Platelets, which are very small in comparison to both RBCs and WBCs, are
formed elements that are important in the coagulation process. They are
produced in the bone marrow and vary somewhat in shape.
II-I. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with Blood and Blood
Vessels
Term
Definition
aneurysm
a bulge in an artery (or a heart chamber)
angiitis (also vasculitis)
inflammation of a blood vessel
angiogram
the printed record obtained through
angiography
angiography
radiography of a blood vessel after injection
of a contrast medium
angiopathy (also vasculopathy) any disease of blood vessels
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel
angiorrhaphy
suture of a vessel
angiospasm
spasm in blood vessels
angiostenosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
angiotomy
incision into a blood vessel
arteriolitis
inflammation of the arterioles
arteriopathy
any disease of the arteries
arterioplasty
surgical repair of an artery
arteriorrhexis
rupture of an artery
arteriorrhaphy
suturing of an artery
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
arteriospasm
spasm of an artery
arteriostenosis
narrowing of an artery
arteriotomy
an incision into an artery
arteriovenous
adjectival form of “arteries and veins”
arteritis
inflammation of an artery or arteries
hemolysis
change or destruction of red blood cells
hemopathy
any disease of the blood
hemophilia
congenital disorder affecting the coagulation
process
hemorrhage
discharge of blood
hemorrhagic fever
category that includes a number of viral
diseases, one of which is Ebola fever
10
vasculitis (also angiitis)
vasculopathy (also angiopathy)
vasoparalysis
vasoparesis
vasospasm
inflammation of a vessel
any disease of blood vessels
paralysis of blood vessels
similar to but less severe than vasoparalysis
spasm in blood vessels (angiospasm)
III-I.Common Abbreviations:
The Blood and Blood Vessels
Abbreviation
Meaning
Hb
hemoglobin
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
IVC
inferior vena cava
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
RBC
red blood cells
SVC
superior vena cava
WBC
white blood cell
IV. Surgical Terms
TERMS
(built from word parts)
1. angioplasty………………
(AN-jē-ō-plas-tē)
2.
3. 2. angiorrhaphy…………….
(an-jē-ŌR-a-fē)
3. endarterectomy
4. (end-ar-ter-EK-tō-mē)
5.
6. 4. pericardiostomy
(par-i-kar-dē-OS-tō-mē)
5. phlebectomy
7. (fle-BEK-tō-mē)
8. 6. phlebotomy
(fle-BOT-ō-mē)
7. splenectomy
(sple-NEK-tō-mē)
8. splenopexy
(SPLE- nō-peks-ē)
DEFINITION
surgical repair of a blood vessel
suturing of a blood vessel
excision of the thickened interior
(intima) of an artery
creation of an artificial opening in
The outer (double)layer of the heart
excision of a vein
incision into a vein to remove blood or
to give blood or intravenous fluids,
also called venipuncture
excision of the spleen
surgical fixation of the spleen
11
9. thymectomy
(thī-MEK-tō-mē)
excision of the thymus gland
 Other Surgical and Treatment Terms
TERM
DEFINTION
1. aneurysmectomy
surgical excision of the ballooning of a weakened
(an-ū-riz-MEK-tō-mē) blood vessel wall
2. bone marrow transplantinfusion of normal bone marrow cells from
a donor with matching cells and tissue to a
recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia
type of leukemia
3. cardiac pacemaker
battery-powered or nuclear-powered apparatus
implanted under the skin to regulate heart rate
4. coronary artery bypass surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to
graft (CABG)
heart muscles by detouring around blocked arteries
5. defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium
(dē-fib-ri-LĀ-shun)
through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac
6. embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus or clot
(em-bō-LEK-tō-mē)
7. femoropopliteal bypass surgery to establish an alternate route from
(FEM-or-ō-pop-li-TĒ-al) femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass
obstructive portion
8. hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins
(hem-(m (hem-ō-royd-EK-tō-mē)
in the rectal region
9. intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
an injection of a medication in a blocked
(in-tra-KOR-ō-na-rē)
coronary vessel to dissolve blood clots
(thrombol LI-tik)
10. laser angioplasty
(LĀ-zer) (AN-jē-ō-plas-tē)
11. mitral commissurotomy
(mi -tral)(kom-(Mī-tral)
(kom-i-shūr-OT-ō-mē)
the use of light amplification by simulated
radiation or laser beam to open blocked arteries
especially in lower extremities
surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral
valve by breaking apart the leaves (commissures) of
the valve
12
12. percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
(per-kū-TĀ-nē-us)
(trans-LŪM-in-al) (KOR-ō-na-rē)
13. vein ligation and stripping
(li-GA-shun)
procedure in which a balloon is passed through
a blood vessel to the area in which plaque is formed.
Inflation of the balloon then flattens the plaque against
vessel wall and allows the blood to circulate more
freely.
surgical method of tying off a varicose vein and
removing it
V. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
TERM
1.angiography
(an-jē-OG-ra-fē)
2.angioscope
(AN-jē-ō-skōp)
3. angioscopy
(an-jē-OS-kō-pē)
4.aortogram
(ā-ŌR-tō-gram)
5. arteriogram
(ar-TE-rē-ō-gram)
6. echocardiogram
(ek-ō-KAR-dē-ō-gram)
7. electrocardiograph
(e-lek-trō-KAR-dē-OG-ra-fē)
9. electrocardiography
(e-lek-trō-kar-dē-OG-ra-fē)
10.phlebography
(fle-BOG-ra-fē)
11.phonocardiogram
(fō-nō-KAR-dē-ō-gram)
12.sphygmocardiograph
(sfig-mō-KAR-dē-ō-graf)
13.stethoscope
(STETH-ō-skōp)
14.venogram
(VĒ-nō-gram)
DEFINITION
process of x-ray filming a blood vessel (after an injection
of contrast medium; the procedure named for the vessel to
be studied, such as a femoral angiography).
instrument used to visualize a blood vessel.
visual examination of a blood vessel
x-ray film of the aorta (made after an of contrast
medium)
x-ray film of an artery (taken after an
injection of contrast medium)
record made of the structure and motion heart
using sound waves of the heart
instrument used to record the electrical
activity of the heart
process of recording the electrical activity of the
heart
process of x-ray filming a vein (filled with
contrast medium)
graphic record of heart sound
instrument used to measure pulse waves and
heart beat
instruument used to listen to listen to chest sounds
produced by heart and lungs
x-ray film of the veins (taken after an injection
of dye)
11
15.hematocrit (HCT)
(he-MAT-ō-krit)
16.leukocyte count (WBC)
(LŪ-kō-sīt)
17.lymphadenography
(lim-fad-e-NOG-ra-fē)
18.lymphangiogram
(lim-FAN-jē-ō-gram)
19.lymphangiography
(lim-fan-jē-OG-ra-fē)
separated blood (volume percentage of
erythrocytes in whole blood after separation by
centrifuge)
white blood cell count (number of white blood
cells per cubic millimeter of blood)
process of x-ray filming the lymph nodes
and glands (after an injection of contrast medium)
x-ray film of the lymphatic vessels
process of x-ray filming the lymphatic vessels
(after an injection of contrast medium)
Blood and Lymphatic System
1.complete blood count(CBC) basic blood screening that includes tests
on hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell
morphology (size and shape), leukocyte
count and white blood cell differential
(types of WBCs)
2. coagulation time
blood test to determine the time it takes for
(kō-ag-ū-LĀ-shun)
blood to form a clot
3. hemoglobin (Hgb)
oxygen-carrying components in red blood
(HĒ-mō-glō-bin)
cells, responsible for giving blood its color
4. prothrombin time(PT)
test to determine certain coagulation
(prō-THROM-bin)
activity defects; also used to monitor
anticoagulation therapy
5. bone marrow biopsy
needle puncture to remove bone marrow
for study, usually from the sternum or
ilium , to determine certain blood cell
diseases, such as leukemia and anemia
VI. CASE History:
This is the third hospitalization for this 76-year-old widowed Filipino
female who was admitted for recurrent angina. The patient has a long history of stable angina pectoris and had a positive treadmill test in 1988. A
thallium treadmill test in 1991 showed reversible apical ischemia. In may
of 1992. she underwent cataract surgery. She developed severe chest pain
postoperatively. The EKG at that time showed ischemic ST changes in the
anterior leads. A subsequent coronary angiography revealed a 90% focal left
anterior descending stenosis. The patient then underwent angioplasty of this
lesion. The 90% stenosis was dilated to a 20% stenosis. The patient had an
14
uncomplicated course and discharged home.
Over the last 10 days the patient has had at least 5 episodes of chest pain,
all relieved by rest or a single nitroglycerin tablet. She had a episode yesterday
while gardening, which lasted almost 20 minutes before subsiding after a
second nitroglycerin. She came to her cardiologist’s office today.
An electrocardiogram was done which showed marked anterior T wave
inversion in the anterior leads and she was immediately sent to this hospital
for an evaluation.
Atherogenic risk factors include hypercholesterolemia for which she is now
taking lovastatin. She is also hypertensive and smokes one pack per day.
She is not diabetic. Current medications are lovastatin 20 mg daily,enalaprill,
20 mg bid, nifedipine 10 mg tid, nitroglycerin prn.
Recommendations:
Patient is being admitted on an urgent basis for emergency cardiac catheterization and redilatation if necessary. Serial EKGs and enzymes will be
obtained to rule out a myocardial infarction.
EXERCISE 6 – 1 Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the
word parts which have been learned.
1. excision of the thickened
interior of an artery
P WR
S
2. surgical fixation of the spleen
WR
CV
S
3. suturing of a blood vessel
WR
4. incision into a vein
S
WR
S
5. excision of the thymus gland
WR
6. creation of an artificial
opening in the outer layer of the heart
S
P
WR
7. surgical repair of a blood vessel
S
WR
CV
8. excision of a spleen
WR
S
9. excision of a vein
WR
S
EXERCISE 6-2 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
11
S
1. Surgical excision of hemorrhoids is called a(n)
.
2. The surgical method of tying off a varicosed vein and removing it is
called
.
3. The procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel to flatten
plaque against the vessel wall when the balloon is inflated is called
.
4. To regulate the heart rate, the physician may insert a(n)
under
the patients' skin.
5. A mitral
is the name of the surgery performed to repair
a stenosed mitral valve.
6. The surgery performed to detour blood around a blocked artery so that a
new blood supply can be given to heart muscles is called
.
7.The surgical excision of an aneurysm is called a(n)
.
8. A(n)
is the name of the surgery performed to establish an alternate
route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass obstructive portion.
9.
is the name of the procedure to open blocked arteries with a
laser beam.
10. An injection of a medication into a blocked coronary coronary vessel
to dissolve blood clots is called
therapy.
11.
is the application of electric shock to the myocardium
through the chest wall to restore cardiac rhythm.
12.
is a procedure to transfuse bone marrow cells to recipient
from donor with matching tissue and cells.
13.
is the surgical removal of embolus or clot.
EXERCISE 6- 3 Match the first column with the correct definitions in the second column one.
1.
aneurysmectomy
a.
pressing plaque against a blood vessel wall
2.
coronary artery
by inflating a balloon passed through the graft
bypass
blood vessel
3.
femoropopliteal bypass b.
tying off and removal of a varicose vein
4.
hemorrhoidectomy
c.
application of electric shock to
5.
cardiac pacemaker
myocardium through chest wall to restore
6.
mitral commissurotomy
cardiac rhythm
7.
percutaneous
d.
apparatus implanted under the skin to
transluminal coronary
regulate heart beat
8.
vein ligation and
e.
procedure performed to open blocked
stripping
arteries using a laser beam
9.
defibrillation
f.
diverts blood past a blocked artery in the heart
10. laser angioplasty
g.
use of a medication to dissolve blood clots
in blocked coronary vessel
11. bone marrow transplant h.
excision of a weakened ballooning blood
vessel wall
16
12.
intracoronary
thrombolytic therapy
i.
13.
embolectomy
j.
k.
I.
m.
n.
normal bone marrow cells infused from
donor with matching tissues and cells into
recipient with leukemia
surgical removal of an embolus
surgical procedure to establish an alternate
route from femoral artery to popliteal
artery to bypass obstructive portion
surgical excision of varicose veins in the
rectal area
surgical procedure to break apart the
leaves of the mitral valve
surgical removal of a thickened artery
EXERCISE 6 – 4 Build diagnostic procedural terms for the following definitions
by using the word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
For example : instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
WR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
CV
WR
CV
S
instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
instrument used to listen to chest sounds
x-ray film of an artery (taken after an injection of contrast medium)
x-ray film of the veins(taken after an injection of contrast medium)
process of making an x-ray film of a blood vessel
record of the electrical activity of the heart
record made of the structure and motion of the heart using sound waves
graphic record of heart sounds
instrument used to measure pulse waves and heart beat
x-ray film of the aorta (taken after an injection of contrast medium)
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
separated blood (volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood after
separation by centrifuge)
x-ray film of lymphatic vessels
white blood cell count(number of cells per cubic millimeter of blood)
process of x-ray filming the lymph nodes and glands
red blood cell count (number of cells per cubic millimeter of blood)
process of x-ray filming the lymphatic vessels
instrument used to visually examine a blood vessel
process of x-ray filming a vein
visual examination of a blood vessel
17
EXERCISE 6 – 5 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
1.
A device for measuring blood pressure is called a (n)
.
2.
is the name of the blood test that determines the time
it takes for blood to form a clot.
3.
A test, performed to diagnose coronary artery disease, in which the
patient while an EXERCISE cardiogram is recorded is a (n)
4.
is the name of a basic blood-screening test.
5.
the name of the study in which ultrasound is used to determine the
velocity of flow of blood within vessels is called
.
6.
two-dimensional photographic representation of the heart taken after
the introduction of radioactive material is called a (n)
7.
is the name given to a procedure performed to determine
certain blood diseases, such as leukemia.
8.
A blood test performed to determine certain coagulation defects and
to monitor anticoagulation therapy is called
.
9.
is the name given to a procedure in which a
catheter is introduced into the heart to determine pathology in the
heart or its vessels.
10. The oxygen-carrying component in the red blood cells is called
11. A
measures venous flow to the limbs.
test.
.
.
EXERCISE 6- 6 Match the terms in the first column with the correct definitions in the
second column.
1.
cardiac catheterization
a. device used for measuring
arterial blood pressure
2.
cardiac scan
b. test during which an EXERCISE
electrocardiogram is made
3.
complete blood count
c. test to determine certain coagulation
activity defects
4.
coagulation time
d. passage of a tube into the heart to
determine disease within the heart
5.
hemoglobin
e. two-dimensional photograph of heart
6.
doppler flow studies
f. measures venous flow to the limbs
7.
prothrombin time
g. responsible for the red color of blood
8.
sphygmomanometer
h. basic blood screening test
9.
bone marrow biopsy
i. determines the time it takes for blood to
clot
10. treadmill stress test
j. study in which ultrasound is used to
determine the velocityof the flow
of blood within vessels
12
f
11.
impedance plethysmography k. performed to determine certain
blood cell diseases, such as leukemia
l. test to determine the number of
red blood cells
Exercise 6- 7 Read each statement, then indicate whether you think it is true or false.
Statement
True
1. The term for inflammation of the pericardium is valvulitis.
___
2. Atriomegaly is enlargement of an atrium.
___
3. MI is the abbreviation that stands for an abnormally rapid heartbeat.
___
4. Tachycardia is an abnormally rapid heartbeat.
___
5. Cardiotomy is the surgical repair of an atrial septum.
___
6. Softening of the heart is termed cardiomalacia.
___
7. A myocardiograph is used to examine a heart ventricle.
___
8. Cardiorrhaphy is a surgical repair of a heart valve.
___
9. The surgical procedure that involves engaging the latissimus dorsi muscle ___
to stimulate the heart is a pericardiotomy.
10.Arrhythmia is the general term for an irregular heartbeat.
___
False
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Exercise 6-8 Place the letter of the definition in the right column in the space next to the
matching term in the left column.
Term
Definition
1. ______ myocardial infarction A. a separation between the two ventricles of the heart
2. ______ aortic semilunar valve B. inflammation of the pericardium (the serous
membrane lining the pericardial cavity)
3. ______ intraventricular septum C. the heart muscle, which includes the nerves and
blood vessels
4. ______ endocardium
D. the valve leading from the right atrium to the right
ventricle
5. ______ left ventricle
E. the serous membrane forming the outer lining of the
heart
6. ______ cardiologist
F. the heart's inner surface
7. ______ myocardium
G. a heart specialist
8. ______ epicardium
H. heart attack
9. ______ pericarditis
J. the heart chamber responsible for pumping
oxygenated blood out to the body
10.______ right atrioventricular K. the valve leading out of the left ventricle
(tricuspid) valve
11.______ troponin
L. enlargement of the heart
12.______ septum
M.coronary artery disease, which refers to narrowing
and/or blockages of the heart muscle
13.______ cardiomegaly
N. a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
14.______ tachycardia
O. a protein released into the blood-stream when an MI
occurs
15.______ stenosis
P. disease of the heart muscle
16.______ CAD
Q. a thin wall that separates cavities or masses
17.______ atrioseptoplasty
R. a heart rate over 100 beats per minute
19
18.______ cardiomyopathy
19.______ bradycardia
20.______ cardiac arrest
S. sudden cessation of heart activity, not necessarily a
result of MI
T. surgical repair of an atrial septum
U. a narrowing and/or blockage
Exercise 6-9 Place the letter of the definition in the right column in the space next to the
matching term in the left column.
Noun
Definition
1. _____ hemoglobin
A. carries blood back to the heart
2. _____ arteriole
B. the smallest but most numerous of the blood vessels,
responsible for transferring nutrients directly to the cells
3. _____ erythrocytes
C. the blood plasma proteins that are also known as antibodies
4. _____ capillary
D. contains muscle tissue and carries blood away from the heart
5. _____ leukocytes
E. the protein that gives blood its red color
6. _____ platelets
F. a large venous vessel that drains blood from the upper body
to be transported to the heart
7. _____ immunoglobulin G. red blood cells
8. _____ vein
H. the smallest of the arteries, connecting with the capillaries
9. _____ superior vena
J. white blood cells
cava (SVC)
10._____ artery
K. a formed element found in whole blood, which is important
in the coagulation process
11._____ angiostenosis
L. surgical repair of a blood vessel
12._____ vasculopathy
M.discharge of blood
13._____ aneurysm
N. a congenital disorder affecting the coagulation process,
causing excessive bleeding
14._____ angioplasty
O. “hardening” of the arteries
15._____ HDL
P. the narrowing of a blood vessel
16._____ angiography
Q. a bulge in an artery or a heart chamber
17._____ LDL
R. radiography of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast
medium
18._____ arteriosclerosis S. any disease of the blood vessels
19._____ hemorrhage
T. “good cholesterol”; picks up “dead” cholesterol from cells
and removes it
20._____ hemophilia
U. “bad cholesterol”; delivers cholesterol to the body
Exercise 6-10 Read each statement, then indicate whether you think
it is true or false.
1. A vein that connects brachiocephalic veins with the superior vena
cava is the renal vein.
2. Conducting arteries are the largest of the arteries and nearest the
heart.
3. Vasoparalysis is the paralysis of blood vessels.
4. Vasculitis is any disease of blood vessels.
5. Hemopathy is any disease of the blood.
60
True
___
False
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
6. Erythrocytes are white blood cells.
___
___
7. The vein in the neck that runs alongside the common carotid
___
___
artery is the vertebral vein.
8. Lumbar veins are in the kidneys.
___
___
9. The great cerebral vein is in the cranium.
___
___
10.The three main blood plasma proteins include the femorals,
___
___
globulins, and albumins.
Exercise 6-11 Choose the term in the right column that correctly completes the sentence.
Sentence
Origin
1. is the inflammation of a vessel.
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis; arteriospasm
2. Hardening of the arteries is referred to as
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis; arteriospasm
3. The phrase means a pain in the chest.
angiitis; angina pectoris;
arteriosclerosis;
arteriospasm
4. A change in or destruction of red blood cells is known as
hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
5. is a congenital disorder affecting the coagulation process.
hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
6. Any disease of the blood may be referred to as
hemolysis; hemopathy;
hemophilia; hemorrhage
7. An incision into a blood vessel is called
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiotomy
8. X-raying a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
angiography; angioplasty;
is called
angiorrhaphy; angiogram
9. is the surgical repair of a blood vessel.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiotomy
10.A printed record obtained through angiography is an.
angiography; angioplasty;
angiorrhaphy; angiogram
Answers key :
EXERCISE 6 - 1
1. end/arter/ectomy
2. spleen/o/pexy
3. angi/orrhaphy
4. phleb/otomy
5. thym/ectomy
EXERCISE 6- 2
1. hemorrhoidectomy
2. vein ligation and stripping
3. percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty
6.peri/cardi/ostomy
7. angi/o/plasty
8. splen/ectomy
9. phleb/ectomy
8. femoropopliteal bypass
9. laser angioplasty
10. intracoronary thrombolytic
61
4. pacemaker
5. commissurotomy
6. coronary artery bypass graft
7. aneurysmectomy
EXERCISE 6 - 3
1. h
3. k
2. f
4. l
5. d
6. m
11. defibrillation
12. bone marrow transplant
13. embolectomy
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. e
EXERCISE 6 - 4
1. electr/o/cardi/o/graph
2. steth/o/scope
3. arteri/o/gram
4. ven/o/gram
5. angi/o/graphy
6. electr/o/cardi/o/gram
7. ech/o/cardi/o/gram
8. phon/o/cardi/o/gram
9. sphygm/o/cardi/o/graph
10. aort/o/gram
13.j
11.electr/o/cardi/o/graphy
12. hemat/o/crit
13. lymph/angi/o/gram
14. leuk/o/cyte
15. lymph/aden/o/graphy
16. erythr/o/cyte
17. lymph/angi/o/graphy
18. angi/o/scopy
19. phleb/o/graphy
20. angi/o/ scopy
EXERCISE 6-5
1. sphygmomanometer
2. coagulation time
3. treadmill stress
4. complete blood count
5. doppler flow studies
6. cardiac scan
Exercise 6- 6
1
2
d
e
11
f
11. i
12. g
7. bone marrow biopsy
8. prothrombin time
9. cardiac catheterization
10. hemoglobin
11. impedance plethysmography
3
h
4
i
5
g
6
j
7
c
8
a
9
k
10
b
Exercise 6- 7
1
2
False
True
3
False
4
True
5
True
6
True
7
False
8
False
9
False
10
True
Exercise 6- 8
1
2
H
J
11
12
N
P
3
A
13
K
4
F
14
Q
5
I
15
T
6
G
16
L
7
C
17
S
8
E
18
O
9
B
19
M
10
D
20
R
62
Exercise 6- 9
1
2
E
H
11
12
O
R
3
G
3
P
4
B
14
K
5
I
15
S
6
J
16
Q
7
C
17
T
8
A
18
N
9
F
19
L
10
D
20
M
Exercise 6- 10
1
2
False
True
3
True
4
False
5
True
6
False
7
False
8
False
9
True
10
False
Exercise 6- 11
1
angitis
6
hemopathy
2
arteriosclerosis
7
angiotomy
3
angina pectoris
8
angiography
61
4
hemolysis
9
angioplasty
5
hemophilia
10
angiogram
Chapter 7
The Respiratory system
Learning Objectives
I. Surgical Terms
II. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
III. Case History
IV. Pulmonary consultation
V. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms and Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of Respiratory system and Pulmonary consultation to
increase your reading comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar
passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Respiratory system.
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic
procedural terms related to the Respiratory system.
64
The Respiratory System
You have already learned that the heart pumps blood through the circulatory
vessels, from which it delivers oxygen and other important nutrients to all
parts of the body. For the blood to obtain the oxygen it carries, our lungs must
first make it available by extracting it from the air we breathe. That is the job
of the respiratory system. Most of the oxygen (98.5%) goes into hemoglobin
and the rest is absorbed by plasma. The process has to be continuous because
the body's tissues cannot store oxygen. Because the respiratory system is the
source of oxygen for the whole body, one can hardly overestimate the
importance of keeping it in good working order. In this chapter, you will learn
terminology associated with the respiratory system and its common disorders,
along with terms that name some of the procedures currently available for
diagnosis and treatment.
Word Elements Specific to the Respiratory System
The roots and suffixes shown in the following table are often found in terms
related to the respiratory system. You will recognize them in many of the
terms you will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 7-1 Common Word Elements related to the Respiratory System
Root or Suffix
Refers to
bronchi/o
bronchus
laryng/o
larynx
nas/o, rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
phren/o
diaphragm
-pnea (suffix)
breathing (a suffix used in such terms as
dyspnea,
which means “difficulty in breathing”)
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o lung
sinus/o
sinus cavity
trache/o
trachea
Breathing
Our lungs are the biggest of our respiratory organs. Air flows into the lungs
through the nose, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The
61
best way to understand the whole system, and thus remember its terminology,
is to divide it into two parts: the upper respiratory system and the lower
respiratory system.
The Upper Respiratory System
The upper respiratory system is composed of the nose, nasal cavity, and
pharynx, which together act as a series of passageways to move air toward the
lungs.
The Nose
Air that enters through the nose encounters the body's first line of defense
against contaminants in the air. Any large particulate matter contained in air
entering the nose is filtered out by the hairs inside the nose.
The Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is the second line of defense against any foreign material
trying to get into the respiratory system. The mucus that coats the lining of the
nasal cavity filters out particles that are too small to be picked up by the hairs
in the nose. Also, incoming air is warmed and moistened as it passes through
the nasal cavity, while outgoing air gives up its heat and water vapor. To
maintain good health, it is essential to keep the lower respiratory system warm
and humidified.
The Pharynx
Incoming air passes out of the nasal cavity into the pharynx, where it is further
purified and filtered to eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals.
The Lower Respiratory System
The Larynx
The larynx marks the beginning of the lower respiratory system. Its job, apart
from its other major task of providing us with a means of speech, is to pass the
now purified air into the trachea. Along with the epiglottis, which is
technically part of the digestive system, the larynx also prevents food and
drink from entering the trachea.
The Trachea and Bronchi
The trachea is often called the windpipe because air flows through it into the
bronchi. Leaving the bronchi, incoming air passes into the lungs. The trachea
is a bit more than 4 inches long, and the bronchi start at about shoulder level.
66
The bronchi become smaller and smaller as they move into the lungs, and
both secondary (second-order) and tertiary (third-order) bronchi are terms you
should become familiar with, along with bronchioles, which are somewhat
like the capillaries in the cardiovascular system. That is, they get smaller and
smaller as they extend deeper into the lungs, eventually reaching a diameter of
about half a millimeter.
The Lungs
The right lung looks something like half of a bigger-than-normal football with
the tip, called the apex, pointing upward and the bottom part, called the base,
resting on top of the diaphragm. The left lung looks almost the same except
for an indentation on its inner side to accommodate the heart.
As air flows deep inside the lungs, it branches off from the bronchioles into
tiny passageways and sacs called alveoli (singular: alveolus). The alveoli
contained in the lungs receive oxygen from the air so that it can be picked up
by the blood in the capillaries associated with them. Since alveoli occur in
other parts of the body, you should use the adjective pulmonary when
speaking or writing of those in the lungs. The lungs also contain arteries and
veins, which are preceded by the adjective pulmonary to indicate their
location in the lungs.
The Diaphragm
Although the diaphragm is located at the very bottom of the respiratory
system, it initiates the breathing process. When the diaphragm moves
downward, the partial vacuum thus formed draws air into the lungs. When it
pushes upward, air is expelled from the lungs.
Common Abbreviations:
The Respiratory System
Abbreviation
Meaning
AARC
American Association for Respiratory Care
AART
American Association for Respiratory Therapy
AIURT
acute infections of the upper respiratory tract
ALR
acute lower respiratory infection
CNRD
chronic nonspecific respiratory diseases
ERV
expiratory reserve volume (as measured with test
equipment)
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume (as measured with test
equipment)
PFT
pulmonary function test
67
RV
T&A
TLC
TV
SOB
COPD
residual volume (as measured with test equipment)
tonsils and adenoids (also tonsillectomy and
adenoidectomy)
total lung capacity (as measured with test equipment)
tidal volume (as measured with test equipment)
shortness of breath
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
TABLE 7-2 Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the
Respiratory System
Term
Definition
apnea
absence of breathing
asthma
a lung disease characterized by reversible inflammation and
constriction
bronchial pneumonia inflammation of the smaller bronchial tubes
(bronchopneumonia)
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles
bronchiostenosis
narrowing of the bronchial tubes
bronchitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial
tubes
bronchomalacia
degeneration or softening of
the bronchi
bronchoplasty
surgical repair of a bronchus
bronchopneumonia
inflammation of the smaller bronchial tubes
(bronchial pneumonia)
bronchorrhaphy
suturing of a bronchus
bronchorrhea
excessive mucus production by a bronchus
bronchoscope
a device used for visual inspection of the interior of a
bronchus
bronchoscopy
inspection with a bronchoscope
bronchospasm
abnormal contraction of bronchi
bronchostenosis
chronic narrowing of a bronchus
bronchotomy
incision into a bronchus
dyspnea
difficult breathing
emphysema
condition in which the alveoli are inefficient because of
distension
laryngectomy
excision of the larynx
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngology
study of the larynx and its abnormalities
laryngoplasty
surgical repair of the larynx
62
laryngoscope
laryngoscopy
laryngospasm
laryngostenosis
laryngotomy
pharyngitis
pharyngocele
pharyngoplasty
pharyngoplegia
pharyngoscope
pharyngoscopy
pharyngospasm
pharyngostenosis
pharyngotomy
phrenalgia
phrenoplegia
pneumolith
pneumonectomy
pneumonia,
pneumonitis
pneumonopexy
pneumonorrhaphy
pneumonotomy
rhinalgia
rhinitis
rhinodynia
rhinology
rhinopathy
rhinoplasty
rhinorrhea
rhinoscope
rhinoscopy
rhinostenosis
rhinotomy
instrument with a light at the tip to aid in visual inspection
of the larynx
visual inspection of the larynx with the aid of a
laryngoscope
involuntary contraction of the larynx
a narrowing of the larynx
incision into the larynx
inflammation of the pharynx
a hernia or diverticulum in the pharynx
surgical repair of the pharynx
paralysis of the pharynx
instrument with a light at the tip to aid in the visual
inspection of the
pharynx
visual inspection of the pharynx with the aid of a
pharyngoscope
involuntary contraction of the pharynx
narrowing of the pharynx
surgical incision into the pharynx
pain in the diaphragm
paralysis of the diaphragm
calculus in a lung
removal of pulmonary lobes from a lung
inflammation of a lung caused by infection, chemical
inhalation, or
trauma
surgical fixation of a lung
suturing of a lung
incision into a lung
pain in the nose
inflammation of the inner lining of the nasal cavity
rhinalgia; pain in the nose
study of the nose and its abnormalities
any disease of the nose
surgery performed on the nose
discharge from the rhinal mucous membrane
a small mirror with a thin handle; used in rhinoscopy
visual inspection of the nasal areas
narrowing or obstruction occurring in the nasal passages
surgical incision into the nose
69
sinusitis
sinusotomy
tracheitis
tracheomalacia
tracheomegaly
tracheoplasty
tracheorrhagia
tracheostenosis
tracheotomy
inflammation of the sinuses
incision into a sinus
inflammation of the trachea
softening (degeneration) of tracheal tissue
abnormal dilation of the trachea
surgical repair of the trachea
hemorrhage of the trachea
abnormal narrowing of the trachea
incision into the trachea
I. Surgical terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. adenoidectomy………….…….
(ad-e-noyd-EK-to-me)
2. bronchoplasty……………........
(BRON-ko-plas-te)
3. laryngectomy……………….....
(lar-in-JEK- to-me)
4. laryngocentesis……………….
(lar-in-go-sen-TE-sis)
5. laryngoplasty……………….…
(lar-IN-go-plas-te)
6. laryngostomy………………….
(lar-in-GOS-to-me)
7. laryngotracheotomy…………...
(lar-in-go-ira-ke-OT-o-me)
8. lobectomy……………………..
(lo-BEK-to-me)
9. pleurocentesis………………....
(plur-o-sen- TE-sis)
10. pleuropexy…………………...
(plu-ro-PEK-se)
11. pneumobronchotomy………...
(nu-mo-bron-KOT-o-me)
12. pneumonectomy………….......
(nu-mon- EK-to-me)
DEFINITION
excision of the adenoids
surgical repair of a bronchus
excision of the larynx
surgical puncture of the larynx to aspirate
fluid
surgical repair of the larynx
creation of an artificial opening into the
larynx
incision of the larynx and trachea
excision of a lobe of the lung
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from
pleural space
surgical fixation of the pleura
incision of lung and bronchus
excision of a lung
70
13. rhinoplasty………..………….
(RI-no-plast-e)
14. septoplasty…………………..
(sep-to-PI-AS- te)
15. septotomy……………….........
(sep-TOT-o-me)
16. sinusotomy……………….......
(si- nu- SOT-o-me)
17. thoracocentesis……….............
(tho-rak-o-sen-TE- sis)
18. thoracotomy…………….........
(tho-rak-OT-o-me)
19. tonsillectomy………………..
(ton- sil-EK-to-me)
20. tracheoplasty…………….......
(TRA-ke-o- plas-te)
21. tracheostomy……………........
(tra-ke-OS-to-me)
22. tracheotomy…………….........
(tra-ke-OT-o-me)
surgical repair of the nose
surgical repair of the (nasal) septum
incision into the (nasal) septum
incision of a sinus
surgical puncture of chest cavity to
aspirate fluid (also called thoracentesis)
incision into the chest cavity
excision of the tonsils
surgical repair of the trachea
creation of an artificial opening into
the trachea
incision of the trachea
II. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
(built from word parts)
1.bronchogram …………... x-ray film of the bronchi
(BRON-ko-gram)
2.bronchography ………… process of x-ray filming the bronchi
(bron-KOG-ra-fe)
3.bronchoscope…………… instrument used for visual examination of
(PRON-ko-skop)
the bronchi
4.bronchoscopy ………….
(bron-KOS-ko-pe)
1. endoscope …………..…
(EN-do-skop)
6. endoscopic …………….
visual examination of the bronchi
instrument used for visual examination
within a hollow organ or body cavity
(Current trend is to use endoscopes for
surgical procedures as well as for viewing.)
visual examination of a hollow organ or
71
(EN-do-skop-ic)
body cavity (Used to describe the current
practice of performing surgeries using
endoscopes.)
6. laryngoscope …..……… instrument used for visual examination of
(lar-IN-gos-ko-pe)
the larynx
8.laryngoscopy…………….. visual examination of the larynx
(lar-in-GOS-ko-pe)
7. oximeter ………………. instrument used to measure oxygen
(ok-SIM-e-ter)
(saturation in the blood)
8. spirometer……………… instrument used to measure breathing (or
(spi-ROM-e-tre)
lung volumes)
9. Thoracoscope ……..…..
(tho-RA-ko-skop)
10.Thoracoscopy………..
(tho-ra-KOS-ko-pe)
instrument used for visual examination of
the thorax
visual examination of the thorax
III. Case History:
This 55-year-old Asian male was admitted to the hospital with complaints of
recent cough, dyspnea, and shortness of breath. He denies hemoptysis, chest
pain, or night sweats. Complains of weight loss and chronic cough of 6
months duration, Moderate clubbing of fingers. History of smoking 2
packs/day for 40 years. Referred for pulmonary consult.
IV. Pulmonary Consultation:
Chest x-ray reveals a suspicious lesion in the left upper lobe proximal to the
left bronchus, and diffuse interstitial fibrotic lesions. Indirect laryngoscopy
shows edematous vocal cords with no obvious nodules; however at entry of
the left bronchus a lesion is observed which partially obstructs the opening.
Blood gases show alveolar hypoventilation of moderate degree and significant
hypoxemia for age. Evaluating the overall situation for this man, it is my
feeling this patient may have bronchogenic carcinoma. My approach to the
workup would be to obtain full pulmonary function tests, including lung
volumes and diffusing capacity, and to obtain a biopsy of the lesion in the
bronchus. The question also arises as to his having pulmonary hypertension,
but he doesn't seem to demonstrate any overt evidence of cor pulmonale at
this time. I will also obtain a gallium scan to see if there is active
inflammation in other locations in the lung not shown in the above workup.
72
Exercise 7-1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1.______ pulmonary A.the “indentation” in the right lung that makes way for
alveoli
the heart
2.______ diaphragm B.this helps prevent food and drink from entering the
trachea, and acts as the “voice box”
3.______ pulmonary C.referring to the upper tip of each lung
4.______ trachea
D.accomplishes the mechanical process of breathing by
means of its upward and downward movements
5.______ cardiac arch E.tiny “sacs” in the lungs that receive oxygen from the
bronchioles and transfer it to the capillaries
6.______ base
F.the “windpipe”; air flows through it to the bronchi
7.______ larynx
G.its epithelium purifies air coming from the nasal
cavity
8.______ bronchioles H.referring to the bottom of each lung
9.______ apex
I.indicating something in or associated with the lungs
10.______ pharynx
J.the smallest extensions of the bronchi, which pass air
directly to the alveoli
11.______ emphysema K.a lung disease characterized by reversible
inflammation and constriction
12.______ bronchitis
L.surgery performed on the nose
13.______ dyspnea
M.narrowing of a bronchial tube
14.______ tracheotomy N.inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
bronchial tubes
15.______
O.inflammation of a lung, caused by infection, chemical
bronchiostenosis
inhalation, or trauma
16.______ apnea
P.inspection using a bronchoscope
17.______ rhinoplasty Q.absence of breathing
18.______
R.condition in which the alveoli are inefficient due to
bronchoscopy
distension
19.______ asthma
S.incision into the trachea
20.______ pneumonia, T.difficult breathing
pneumonitis
71
EXERCISE 7-2 Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the
word parts it’s xpected that studenthave learned.
EXAMPLE
Pleur
WR
o
CV
1. surgical repair of the trachea
2. incision of larynx and trachea
pexy
S
WR
CV
WR
CV WR
3. surgical puncture of the pleural cavity
to remove fluid
4. incision into the chest cavity
S
WR
CV
WR
5. creation of an artificial opening into
the trachea
6. excision of the tonsils
S
S
S
WR
S
WR
S
WR
S
7. incision of the trachea
8. surgical repair of a bronchus
WR
CV
S
9. excision of the larynx
WR
10. surgical puncture of the larynx to
aspirate fluid
11. surgical repair of the nose
S
WR
CV
S
WR
CV
S
12. incision of a sinus
WR
13. surgical puncture of a chest cavity to
aspirate fluid
14. excision of the adenoids
WR
S
CV
WR
S
S
15. surgical repair of the larynx
WR
CV
S
16. excision of a lobe of the lung
WR
17. incision of lung and bronchus
74
S
WR
18. creation of an artificial opening into
the larynx
19. excision of a lung
CV
WR
S
WR
S
WR
S
20. incision into the septum
WR
S
21. surgical repair of the septum
WR
CV
S
EXERCISE 7-3 Build diagnostic procedural terms for the following definitions
by using the word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
EXAMPLE: instrument used to measure oxygen ox / i / meter
WR CV
S
1. visual examination of the larynx
WR
CV
S
2. instrument used to measure
breathing
WR
CV
S
3. x-ray film of the bronchi
WR
CV
S
2. instrument used for visual
examination of the larynx
WR
CV
S
5. visual examination of the bronchi
WR
CV
S
6. measurement of breathing
WR
CV
S
7. instrument used for visual
examination of the bronchi
WR
CV
S
8. process of x-ray filming the bronchi
WR
CV
S
9. visual examination of a hollow
organ or body cavity
P
S(WR)
10. instrument for visual examination of
the thorax
WR
CV
S
11. instrument used for visual
examination of a hollow organ or body
P
S(WR)
cavity
12. visual examination of the thorax
WR
CV
S
71
Answers key:
EXERCISE 7-1
1
2
E
D
11
12
R
N
3
I
13
T
EXERCISE 7- 2:
1. trache/o/plasty
2. laryng/o/trach/otomy
3. pleur/o/centesis
4. thorac/otomy
5. trache/ostomy
6. tonsil/ectomy
7. trache/otomy
8. bronch/o/plasty
9. laryng/ectomy
10. laryng/o/centesis
EXERCISE 7-3:
1. layng/o/scopy
2. spir/o/meter
3. bronch/o/gram
4. laryng/o/scope
5. bronch/o/scopy
6. spir/o/metry
4
F
14
S
5
A
15
M
6
H
16
Q
7
B
17
L
8
J
18
P
9
C
19
K
11. rhin/o/plasty
12. sinus/otomy
13. thorac/o/centesis or thora/centesis
14. adenoid/ectomy
15. laryng/o/plasty
16. lob/ectomy
17. pneum/o/bronch/ otomy
18. laryng/ostomy
19. pneumon/ectomy
20. sept/otomy
21. sept/o/plasty
7. bronch/scope
8. bronch/o/graphy
9. endo/scopic
10. thorac/o/scope
11. endo/scope
12. thorac/o/scopy
76
10
G
20
O
Chapter 8
The Digestive System
Learning Objectives
I.
Common Word Elements and Procedures
II.
Common Disorders and Procedures
III. Surgical Terms
IV. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
V.
Case History
VI. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms snd Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of digestive system and to increase your reading
comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Objective :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Digestive System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other surgical terms related to the
Digestive System
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic
procedural terms related to the Digestive System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other diagnostic procedural terms
related to the Digestive System
77
The Digestive System
In this Chapter, you learned how blood transports oxygen to all the body's
cells. You may also recall that, besides oxygen, the blood transports nutrients
to the cells, which use the food we eat as fuel to do all their various jobs. But
before that can happen, the food must be converted into a usable form. The
digestive system does this job in somewhat the same way that a refinery
converts crude oil into special carbon molecules that can fuel a car engine.
The difference is that the digestive system's products are proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates.
The digestive system may be considered according to the functions of its
parts. The first part consists of the muscular apparatus that food travels
through to become converted into usable form, and the second includes the
various glands and organs that provide the chemicals needed for the process.
Like the heart and respiratory system, the digestive system operates
continuously.
This chapter introduces the terms associated with the anatomy and physiology
of the digestive system, along with those of its common disorders, diagnostic
tests, and treatments.
Word Roots Specific to the Digestive System
The word roots shown in the following table are often found in terms related
to the digestive system. You will recognize them in many of the terms you
will learn in this chapter.
I. Common Word Elements related to the Digestive System
Root or Suffix
Refers to
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
colon/o
colon
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
pancreat/o
pancreas
72
phag/o
sial/o
-scope
-scopy
eating; swallowing
salivary glands
suffix meaning “device for visual examination”
suffix meaning “visual examination”
The Muscular Apparatus of the Digestive System
Digestion starts in the mouth and proceeds through the pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The “apparatus” as a whole has
several names: alimentary canal, digestive tract, and gastrointestinal
(abbreviated GI) tract.
The operation of the digestive tract has two terms that describe how it moves
its contents along from one part to the next. The process begins with
swallowing, the technical word for which is deglutition. Peristalsis, which
refers to the involuntary muscle contractions within the rest of the tract, takes
over after we swallow.
The Pharynx
You encountered the pharynx in the respiratory system, but the pharynx has
“dual citizenship.” It belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems
because it is a passageway for both air and for food and drink. Liquid and
chewed (masticated) food enters the pharynx from the oral cavity, and
muscular action sends it on to the esophagus.
The Esophagus
Because the esophagus is about a foot long, it has to get through the
diaphragm to reach the stomach. It does so by passing through an opening
called the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm. That opening is properly part of
the diaphragm and not the esophagus, and the term is mentioned here only
because of its name.
The Stomach
The stomach is the center of the system, both physically and functionally. Its
four main areas are the fundus, cardia, body, and antrum. The stomach's first
job is to act as a temporary storage place for the food we eat, which allows
time for its second job: secreting acid and enzymes to help break down
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Digestion thus includes not only mechanical
changes, such as the reduction of particle size and liquefaction (converting
solids to liquids), but also the chemical changes needed to produce fuel for the
body's cells. After 3 or 4 hours, the contents of the stomach, which by that
79
stage is a liquid called chyme (pronounced kyme), begin to enter the small
intestine.
The Small Intestine
Ninety percent of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, and the
other 10% occurs in the large intestine.
The first 10 inches of the small intestine is called the duodenum, which comes
from the Latin word duodeni, meaning “twelve each,” the reference being to
its length of 12 finger-breadths. The adjective duodenal may already be
familiar to you since the phrase duodenal ulcer is fairly common. Even though
the duodenum is attached to the stomach, a duodenal ulcer is technically a
condition of the small intestine.
The segment coming right after the duodenum is the jejunum, which is about
8 feet long. That name comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means
“fasting” (i.e., abstaining from taking in food and thereby becoming empty).
The jejunum is the segment from which most nutrients are emptied into the
bloodstream. The final segment of the small intestine is called the ileum,
which is about 12 feet long.
The Large Intestine
Besides absorbing 10% of nutrients, the large intestine compacts waste
material for elimination. The term colon is sometimes used as a synonym for
the large intestine, which can be subdivided into the ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
Other Organs of Digestion
To enable the digestive tract to complete its work, many chemicals are
needed. Some of these come from the stomach, of course, but they are also
supplied by the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder.
The Salivary Glands
As mentioned earlier, digestion starts in the mouth, where it is aided by the
salivary glands, so-called because they produce saliva. There are three
separate pairs of salivary glands, located in different parts of the oral cavity.
They are called the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands.
Although saliva is more than 99% water, it contains essential enzymes that
break down complex carbohydrates. Saliva also contains antibodies that kill
bacteria.
20
The Pancreas
The pancreas acts as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. The pancreas
provides insulin directly to the bloodstream (endocrine function) and secretes
a fluid containing enzymes into the small intestine (exocrine function). Both
of these pancreatic secretions are essential to digestion.
The Liver
Although nearly all nutrients are absorbed in the small and large intestines,
blood from the digestive tract also absorbs some of those nutrients, which are
then passed on to the liver. The liver extracts and stores these nutrients for
later use. In this way, the liver keeps the body's metabolism balanced and
promotes good health by releasing fat-soluble vitamins, such as A and D,
when the body needs them.
The liver also produces bile, which helps in breaking down the lipids (fats) so
that they will mix with the other liquids. After bile does its work in the small
intestine, it goes back to the liver where it is recycled and used again.
The Gallbladder
Although the liver produces and recycles bile, the gallbladder, which is
located in a depression under the liver, stores, condenses, and delivers the bile
to the small intestine. The gallbladder is also sometimes referred to as the
cholecystis or cholecyst, yielding the word root cholecyst/o.
Disorders of the Muscular Apparatus
Enterology is the medical specialty concerned with the intestinal tract.
Therefore, enterologists discover and treat many ailments of the digestive
system, including those with names that include enter/o as a root. Among
those ailments are enteralgia (enterodynia), enteritis, enterorrhagia,
enterospasm, and enterostenosis. By now, you should be able to define those
terms without looking them up. The term that encompasses all of them is
enteropathy.
Disorders of the Salivary Glands, Pancreas, and Liver
The same conditions that affect other parts of the body can affect glands such
as the salivary glands. Therefore, sialostenosis, sialorrhea, and sialography are
terms you can most likely define without looking them up.
The general term referring to diseases of the pancreas is pancreatopathy.
When the pancreas fails to produce insulin in the required amounts, a
21
condition known as diabetes occurs. There are many subcategories of this
condition, the best known of which is diabetes mellitus.
The root hepat/o will serve you well in your efforts to decipher liver
abnormalities. Simply begin with hepatopathy, which includes all abnormal
conditions, and then apply your knowledge of the many other suffixes you
now know. Likewise, cholecyst/o is the root you will encounter in the names
of many abnormal gallbladder conditions.
II. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Digestive
System
Term
Definition
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystopathy
any disease of the gallbladder
cholecystotomy
incision into the gallbladder
colectomy
excision of all or part of the colon
colitis
inflammation of the colon
colonoscope
device used in colonoscopy
colonoscopy
visual inspection of the colon with a colonoscope
colopexy
fixation of the colon
colorrhagia
abnormal discharge from the colon
colostomyII
surgical establishment of an opening into the colon
colotomy
incision into the colon
duodenectomy
excision of the duodenum
duodenitis
inflammation of the duodenum
duodenorrhaphy
suture of the duodenum
duodenoscopy
visual inspection of the duodenum with the aid of
an endoscope
duodenostomy
surgical establishment of an opening in the
duodenum
duodenotomy
incision of the duodenum
enteralgia
abdominal pain
enterectomy
excision of part of the intestine
enteritis
inflammation of the intestine
enterodynia
abdominal pain
enterogastritis
inflammation of the intestine and stomach
enterohepatitis
inflammation of the intestine and liver
enteropathy
any intestinal disease
enteropexy
surgical fixation of part of the intestine
enterorrhagia
bleeding in the intestinal tract
22
enterorrhaphy
enterospasm
enterostenosis
esophagology
gastrectomy
gastritis
gastrocele
gastrocolitis
gastroduodenitis
gastroenteritis
hepatitis
hepatocele
suturing of the intestine
painful peristalsis
narrowing within the intestinal tract
study of the structure and diseases of the esophagus
excision of part of the stomach
inflammation of the stomach
hernia of the stomach
inflammation of the stomach and colon
inflammation of the stomach and duodenum
inflammation of the stomach and intestine
inflammation of the liver
protrusion of a part of the liver through an adjacent
structure
hepatopathy
any disease of the liver
hepatopexy
fixation of the liver
hepatorrhaphy
suturing of the liver
hepatorrhexis
rupture of the liver
hepatoscopy
examination of the liver
ileopexy
surgical fixation of the ileum
jejunectomy
excision of all or part of the jejunum
jejunitis
inflammation of the jejunum
jejunoplasty
surgical repair of the jejunum
jejunotomy
incision into the jejunum
pancreatalgia
pain in the general area of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatopathy
any disease of the pancreas
pancreatotomy
incision into the pancreas
sialoadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
sialoadenectomy
excision of a salivary gland
sialoadenotomy
incision of a salivary gland
sialoangiitis
inflammation of a salivary duct
sialography
radiography of the salivary glands and ducts
sialorrhea
excessive production of saliva
sialostenosis
an narrowing of a salivary duct
Common Abbreviations:
The Digestive System
Abbreviation
Meaning
DM
diabetes mellitus
GB
gallbladder
GBS
gallbladder x-ray series
21
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disorder
GI
gastrointestinal
NGT
nasogastric tube
S&D
stomach and duodenum
UGI
upper gastrointestinal
III. Surgical Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
(built from word parts)
1.
addominoplasty………
plastic repair of the abdomen
(ab-DOM-i-nō-plas-tē)
2.
anoplasty………………
surgical repair of the anus
(Ā-nō-plas-tē)
3.
antrectomy………….……
excision of the antrum
(an-TREK-tō-mē)
4.
appendectomy……………
excision of the appendix
(ap-en-DEK-tō-mē)
5.
celiotomy…………………
incision into the abdominal cavity
(sē-lē-OT-ō-mē)
6.
cheilorrhaphy……….……
suture of the lips
(kī-LOR-a-fē)
7.
cholecystectomy………....
excision of the gallbladder
(rō-lē-sis-TEK-tō-mē)
8.
choledocholithotomy ……
incision into the common bile duct to
(kō-led-ō-kō-li-THOT-ō-mē) remove a stone
9.
choledocholithotripsy…..
surgical crushing of a stone in the
(kō-led-ō-kō-LITH-ō-trip-sē) common bile duct
10. colectomy………………
excision of the colon
(kō-LEK-tō-mē)
11. colostomy…………... .
artificial opening through the abdominal
(kō-LOS-tō-mē)
wall into the colon (used the passage of
stool, it is performed for cancer of the
colon)
12. diverticulectomy…………
excision of a diverticulum
(dī-ver-tik-ū-LEK-tō-mē)
13. enterorrhaphy…………….
suture of the intestine
(en-ter-ŌR-a-fē)
14. esophagogastroplasty……… surgical repair of the esophagus and the
(ē-sof-a-gō-GAS-trō-plas-tē) stomach
15. gastrectomy………………… excistion of the stomach
(gas-TREK-tō-mē)
24
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
gastrojejunostomy………….
(gas-trō-je-jū-NOS-tō-mē)
gastrostomy…………………
(gas-TROS-tō-mē)
gingivectomy………………
(jin-ji-VEK-tō-mē
glossorrhaphy………………
(glo-SŌR-a-fē)
herniorrhaphy………………
(her-nē-ŌR-a-fē)
ileostomy…………………..
(il-ē-OS-tō-mē)
creation of an artificial opening between
the stomach and jejunum
creation of an artificial opening through
the abdominal wall into the stomach
surgical removal of gum tissue
suture of the tongue
suturing (to repair) of a hernia
creation of an artificial opening through
the abdominal wall into the ileum
laparotomy………………… incision into the abdominal wall
(lap-a-ROT-ō-mē)
palatoplasty………………… surgical repair of the palate
(PAL-a-tō-plas-tē)
polypectomy………………… excision of a polyp
(pol-ē-PEK-tō-mē)
pyloromyotomy……………… incision into the pylorus muscle
(pī-lor-ō-mī-OT-ō-mē)
pyloroplasty…………………. surgical repair of the pylorus
(pī-LOR-ō-plas-tē)
uvulectomy…………………… excistion of the uvule
(ū-vū-LEK-tō-mē)
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty..… surgical repair of the uvula, palate,
and (UPPP) pharynx
(ū-vū-lō-pal-a-tō-phar-in-GŌplas-tē)
 Other Surgical Terms
TERM
1. abdominoperineal resection….
(ab-dom-in-ō-pēr-i-NĒ-el)
2. anastomosis………………….
(a-nas-tō-MŌ-sis)
3. vagotomy…………………….
DEFINITION
removal of the colon and rectum
surgical connection between two
normally distinct structures
cutting of certain branches of vagus
nerve, performed with gastric surgery to
reduce the amount of gastric acid
produced and thus reduce the recurrence
21
of ulcers
IV. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1.cholangioram (ko  LAN  je  o  gram)
2. cholecystogram (ko  le  SIS  to  gram) ………..
3. colonoscope (ko  LON  o  sko p) ……………..
4. colonscopy (ko  lon  OS  ko  pe ) ……………
5. endoscope ( EN  do  sko p) …………………….
6. endoscope (en  DOS  ko  pe ) ………………..
7. esophagogastro duodenoscopy (EGD) ………..
( e  sof  a  go  gas  tro  du  od  e  NOS  ko  pe )
8. esophagoscope e  SOF  a  go  sko p  …………
9. esophagoscopy e  sof  a  GOS  ko  pe  ……..
10. gastroscope GAS  tro  sko p  ………………….
11. laparoscope LAP  a  ro  sko p  ………...........
12. laparoscopy lap  a  ROS  ko  pe  ………….
13. gastroscopy gas  TROS  ko  pe  ……………..
14. proctoscope PROK  to  sko p  …………...........
15. proctoscopy  prok  TOS  ko  pe  ………........
26
DEFINITION
x-ray film of bile ducts,
x-ray film the gallbladder(also
known as a G.B. Series)
instrument used for visual
examination of the colon
visual examination of the
colon
instrument used for visual
examination within hollow
organ
visual examination within a
hollow organ
visual examination of the
esophagus, stomach, and
duodenum
instrument used for visual
examination of the esophagus
visual examination of the
esophagus
instrument used for visual
examination of the stomach
instrument for visual
examination of the abdominal
cavity
visual examination of the
abdominal cavity
visual examination of the
stomach
instrument used for visual
examination of the rectum
visual examination of the
rectum
16. sigmoidoscope sig  MOY  do  sko p  ….........
17. sigmiodoscopy sig  moy  DOS  ko  pe  ….......
instrument used for visual
examination of the sigmoid
colon
visual examination of the
sigmoid colon
Other Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
(built from word parts)
1. lower GI(gastrointestinal
series of x-ray films taken of the large
series……………………..
intestine after a barium enema has been
administered(also called barium enema)
2. upper GI (gastrointestinal)
series of x-ray films taken of the stomach and
series……………………..
duodenum after barium has been swallowed
V. Case History:
This is a 40-year- old Africa-American female who was referred to endoscopy
clinic for evaluation. Patient complains of persistent nausea and vomiting with
upper abdominal pain. She has also had a problem with dyspepsia but denies any
hematemesis. She has not used any alcohol or salicylates. She is currently on
several medications but they do not appear to be ulcerogenic.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy:
The partient was prepared for the procedure by being given 2 mg of intravenous
versed along with Hurricaine spray. After the patient was placed in the left lateral
decubitus positionthe Olympus. Gastroscope was passed into the esophagus
without any difficulty. The esophagus in its entirely was essentially free of
mucosal abnormalities. No evidence of reflux. The stomach was entered ; some
gastric juices were aspirated. The stomach, the body, the cadia, and antrum,
proximally, were all free of mucosal abnormalities. In the distal antral area some
mild erythematous changes were noted. The pylorus had normal peristaltic
activity in opening. The first part of the duodenum however, revealed evidence
of ulcerations, both anterosuperiorly as well as posteroinferiorly, with
surrounding tissue irritation noted. These ulcers were less than 1 mm in size. The
second part of the duodenum, however, was free of mucosal abnormalities.
Withdrawing the scope confirmed the findings upon entry. The patient, in fact,
tolerated the procedure quite well. Vital sign will be taken every half hour for the
next two hours.
Postup Diagnosis:
Gastritis, Duodenal ulcerations.
27
Exercise 8-1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. _____ fundus
A. branch of medicine concerned with the GI tract
2. _____ cholecystis
B. secretion of the pancreas essential in digestion
3. _____ duodenum
C. opening in the diaphragm through which the
esophagus passes to get to the stomach
4. _____ lipid
D. the digestive tract
5. _____ alimentary canal E. name given to the first 10 inches of the small
intestine
6. _____ ileum
F. one of the four parts making up the stomach
7. _____ esophageal hiatus G. the gallbladder
8. _____ enterology
H. the final 12-foot-long segment of the small
intestine
9. _____ enzyme
I. to chew
10. _____ masticate
J. a fat-soluble particle
11. _____ hepatitis
K. incision into the jejunum
12. _____ colonoscopy
L. excision of the gallbladder
13. _____ enteralgia
M. inflammation of the liver
14. _____ cholecystitis
N. inflammation of the stomach and intestine
15. _____ cholecystectomy O. painful peristalsis
16. _____ gastroenteritis P. surgical establishment of an opening into the
colon
17. _____ colostomy
Q. inflammation of the gallbladder
18. _____ sialoangiitis
R. abdominal pain
19. _____ jejunotomy
S. visual inspection of the colon
20. _____ enterospasm
T. inflammation of a salivary duct
Exercise 8-2 Circle the term in the Choices column that correctly answers
each of the following questions.
1. What is the name of the area of the stomach between the fundus and
2. its main body?
a) cardia
b) diaphragm
c) duodenal
What part of the digestive tract is located between the pharynx and stomach?
a) esophagus
b) fundus
c) ileum
3. What is the name of the chronic metabolic disease characterized by the body's
decreased ability to utilize carbohydrates and its enhanced ability to utilize
proteins and lipids?
a) cholecystitis
b) fundus
c) diabetes mellitus
4. What is the name for a narrowing within the intestinal tract?
22
a) enterorrhagia
b) enterostenosis
c) enteropathy
5. What is the term that means bleeding in the intestinal tract?
a) enterorrhagia;
b) enterostenosis;
c) enteropathy
6. What generic term refers to an intestinal disease?
a) enterorrhagia;
b) enterostenosis;
c) enteropathy
7. What term means hernia of the stomach?
a) gastritis
b) gastrocele
c) gastrocolitis
8. What term means inflammation of the stomach and colon?
a) gastritis
b) gastrocele;
c) gastrocolitis
gastrocolitis
9. What term means inflammation of the stomach?
a) gastritis;
b) gastrocele
c) gastrocolitis
10. What term means inflammation of the stomach and intestine?
a) gastroduodentis
b) gastroenteritis
c) sialoangiitis
EXERCISE 8-3 Read each statement, then indicate whether you think it is true
or false.
Statement
TrueFalse
1. The part of the stomach near the entry to the duodenum is called the ____ ____
alimentary canal.
2. Chyme is the term given to the liquefied food entering the
____ ____
duodenum.
3. The word deglutition, from the Latin word “deglutio,” simply
____ ____
means to swallow.
4. The longest segment of the small intestine that leads into the large ____ ____
intestine is called the jejunum.
5. The digestive organ composed of the fundus, cardia, body, and
____ ____
antrum is called the pancreas.
6. Colitis is an abnormal discharge from the colon.
____ ____
7. The word element “-itis” in the word enterohepatitis (inflammation ____ ____
of the intestine and liver) means “liver.”
8. Visual examination of the intestines is accomplished with an
____ ____
enteroscope.
9. Excision of part of the intestine is a duodenotomy.
____ ____
10. Excision of a salivary gland is a sialoadenectomy.
____ ____
EXERCISE 8- 4 Test your knowledge on diagnostic procedural terms by circling
the letter of each correct answer.
1. The physician did a visual examiniation of the vagina and cervix to note changes
in the cells and capillary network. The procedure takes 10 minutes and is called a
29
a. coloscopy
b. colposcope
c. sigmoidoscope
d. colposcopy
e. coloscope
2.The physician ordered x-ray films large intestine to rule out the presence of a
tumor. He or she ordered a(n)
a. upper GI series
b. mammogram
c. cholecystogram
d. intravenous pyelogram
e. barium enema
3. The patient was experiencing hematuria. To locate and control the source
of
the bleeding the doctor performed a
a. bronchoscopy
b. culdoscopy
c. cystoscopy
d. intravenous pyelogram e. barium enenma
4. The patient was scheduled for an x-ray film of a blood vessel, or
a. arteriogram
b. angiogram
c. aortogram
d. venogram
e. nephrogram
5. A record of the electrical impulses of the heart is a (n)
a. electrocardiogram
b. echocardiogram
c. electrocardiograph
d. phonocardiograph
e. electrocardiography
Answers key:
EXERCISE 8-1
1
2
3
F
G
E
11
12
13
M
S
R
4
J
14
Q
EXERCISE 8-2
1
2
cardia
esophagus
6
enteropathy
7
gastrocele
EXERCISE 8-3
1
2
3
False True
True
EXERCISE 8 4
1. d
2. e
4
False
5
D
15
L
6
H
16
N
7
C
17
P
8
A
18
T
9
B
19
K
10
I
20
O
3
diabetes
mellitus
8
gastrocolitis
4
enterostenosis
5
enterorrhagia
9
gastritis
10
gastroenteritis
5
False
7
False
3. c
6
False
4. b
90
8
True
5. a
9
False
10
True
Chapter 9
Endocrine System
Learning Objectives
I. Common Roots and Suffixes
II. Surgical Terms
III. Case History
IV. Exercises
General Aims:
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms of Endocrine System
and to increase your reading comprehension and to prepare you for reading
similar passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
91
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Endocrine System.
The Endocrine System
The cells in our bodies have not one but two ways of communicating with one
another. The two communication systems are the endocrine system and the
nervous system, and they work in similar ways. That is to say, both rely on
chemicals for the messages they send. The endocrine system is a bit like email or the telephone, while the nervous system is even .
The endocrine system works so well that few people are even aware of it. If
you are confronted by a sudden emergency, your brain relays messages to
your adrenal glands from your senses, and adrenal secretions make it possible
for you to react. However, sometimes the system doesn't work as it's supposed
to, and that's why there are endocrinologists, practitioners of endocrinology.
Word Elements Specific to the Endocrine System
The roots and suffixes shown in the following table are often found in terms
related to the endocrine system. You will recognize them in many of the terms
you will learn in this chapter.
I. Common Roots and Suffixes related to the Endocrine System
Root or Suffix
Refers to
aden/o
gland
adren/o; adrenal/o
adrenal glands
endocrin/o
endocrine
hypophys/o
pituitary gland
parathyr/o; parathyroid/o parathyroid gland
ren/o
kidney
thyr/o; thyroid/o
thyroid gland
-ine
suffix used in the formation of names of chemical
substances
-tropin (Greek word
suffix meaning “nourishment” or “stimulation”
trophe)
Hormones and Glands
The endocrine system encompasses hormones and the glands that produce
them. However, many endocrine secretions come from glands that belong to
92
other systems. While these so-called “mixed-function” organs are mentioned
in the following discussion, this chapter focuses mainly on the four glands that
have endocrine functions only. Even among those four endocrine glands,
however, two have dual status; they are the pituitary and pineal glands, both
of which also belong to the nervous system. And the hypothalamus, another
part of the nervous system, is one of the “mixed-function” organs mentioned
above.
Chemically speaking, there are only three kinds of hormones: amino acid
derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives, but each can serve a wide
variety of purposes. As you already know, the root aden/o can refer to any
gland in the body. Thus, adenectomy, adenitis, and adenotomy might mean
removal of, inflammation of, or incision of any gland. When referring to a
particular gland, use a different root to clarify which one. For example, use
adrenalitis to mean inflammation of the adrenal glands and adenohypophysitis
to mean inflammation of the pituitary gland.
The Four Exclusively Endocrine Glands
The glands that have endocrine secretions as their only job are the pineal
gland, the pituitary gland, the thyroid glands, and the adrenal glands.
The adjective endocrine indicates that a particular gland's secretions are
internal, rather than external; that is, secretions are not expelled through a
duct. Glands that do expel their secretions through a duct are called exocrine
glands. Perspiration is an example of an exocrine secretion, and epinephrine,
also known as adrenaline, is an example of an endocrine secretion.
The Pineal Gland
The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin. Studies using animals as
subjects indicate that melatonin may have a regulatory effect on the
reproductive system. It is also an antioxidant and as such is beneficial. But
researchers also think it may be a factor in seasonal affective disorder (SAD),
which affects people who live in areas with long, dark winters.
The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is really two glands: the
anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary, also
known as the adenohypophysis, produces seven different hormones.
Anterior pituitary secretions
Term
Definition
Corticotropin
stimulates the adrenal
91
Abbreviation
ACTH
gonadotropins
follicle-stimulating
hormone
interstitialcell-stimulating
hormone
leuteinizing hormone
(lutropin)
melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
prolactin
somatotropin
thyrotropin
glands
stimulates estrogen
production
stimulates testosterone
production
stimulates ovulation
stimulates melanin
production
stimulates milk production
stimulates growth
stimulates the thyroid
FSH
ICSH
LH
MSH
PRL
GH
TSH
The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
The thyroid and parathyroid glands help regulate growth and metabolism. The
thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Although the thyroid
secretes more T4 than T3, it is the T3 that does most of the work of regulating
metabolism. Other organs and tissues can, and do, convert T4 to T3 as needed.
The thyroid also secretes calcitonin (CT), a hormone secreted to prevent too
much calcium from absorption into the bones. The parathyroid secretes
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which also slows the constant calcium loss from
bone tissue.
The Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands, located at the top of each kidney, secrete epinephrine and
norepinephrine whenever the brain indicates that immediate physical action is
needed.
Epinephrine is a synonym for adrenaline, which is the common term.
Norepinephrine is a synonym for noradrenaline, which is not as common as its
synonym. As you may already know, these two hormones not only increase
one's heart rate and blood pressure, they also increase blood sugar and release
fats from the tissues. In short, these hormones give the body what it needs for
quick action. The adrenal glands also secrete several dozen steroids. These
hormones, known as corticosteroids, are essential to life. One of them is called
aldosterone, which helps the body retain the correct number of sodium ions.
Common Endocrine System Disorders and Procedures
Adrenal Gland Disorders
The common disorders of the adrenal glands contain suffixes you have
encountered many times in previous chapters and yield terms such as
94
adrenalectomy, adrenalopathy, and adrenalomegaly, which you can probably
define.
Pituitary Gland Disorders
As you learned in the previous chapter, another name for the pituitary gland is
the hypophysis. Accordingly, the root hypophys/o is used to form terms
associated with disorders of the pituitary gland, such as hypophysectomy and
hypophysitis. Any pituitary dysfunction can be simply called pituitarism.
Hypopituitarism names a condition that inhibits the secretion of pituitary
hormones, and hyperpituitarism names a condition that leads to the excessive
secretion of hormones.
Thyroid Disorders
The term for excision of the parathyroid gland is, as one might expect,
parathyroidectomy, and thyromegaly is the term signifying an enlarged
thyroid. Those and other common thyroid disorders are listed in the following
table.
Common Endocrine System Disorders and Procedures
Term
Definition
adenectomy
excision of a gland
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
adenogenous
originating in a gland
adenohypophysitis
inflammation of the anterior pituitary gland
adenotomy
incision of a gland
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
adrenalopathy
any disorder of the adrenal glands
(adrenopathy)
adrenomegaly
enlarged adrenal glands
goiter
chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by
insufficient iodine in the diet
hyperglycemia
excessive sugar in the blood
hyperpituitarism
excessive hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
hyperthyroidism
condition caused by an overactive thyroid; usually
caused by an immune system disorder known as
Graves disease
hypophysectomy
excision of the pituitary gland
91
hypophysitis
hypopituitarism
parathyroidectomy
pituitarism
thyroaplasia
thyroidectomy
thyroiditis
thyromegaly
thyroparathyroidectomy
thyrotomy
inflammation of the pituitary gland
a condition characterized by inadequate secretion of
one or more of the anterior pituitary hormones
excision of a parathyroid gland
any pituitary dysfunction
congenital condition characterized by insufficient
thyroid secretion
excision of the thyroid gland
inflammation of the thyroid gland
enlargement of the thyroid gland
excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
incision of the thyroid
Common Abbreviations:
The Endocrine System
Abbreviation Meaning
ACTH
corticotrophin
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
BS
blood sugar
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
ICSH
interstitial cell–stimulating hormone
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1)
LH
leuteinizing hormone
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
NIDDM
non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2)
PRL
prolactin
TSH
thyrotropin
II. Surgical Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. adrenalectomy……………………......
ad  re  nal  EK  to  me )
2. parathyroidectomy……………….…..
DEFINITION
excision of an adrenal gland
excision of a parathyroid gland
pa r  a  thI  royd  EK  to  me )
3. thyroidectomy………………………..
96
excision of the thyroid gland
(thI  royd  EK  to  me )
4. thyroidotomy…………………………
incision into the thyroid gland
(thI  royd  OT  o  me )
5. thyroparathyroidectomy……………… excision of the thyroid and
(thI  ro  pa r  a  thI  royd  EK  to  me ) parathyroid glands
III. Case History:
This 53-year-old female Mexican-American executive secretary presents to
the clinic with complaints of excessive urination and thirst for the last month.
She has also lost about ten pounds.
History and Physical:
Chief Complaint: polyuria, polydipsia
History of Present lllness: This patient presented to emergency room
following an episode of syncope at work. She was oriented ×3, but responses
to questions were sluggish. Routine lab work was ordered. Blood sugar was
discovered to be over 600. Urinalysis showed moderate ketonuria. For the past
four weeks she had been experiencing polyuria and polydipsia, drinking 3-4
quarts of water daily for the past ten days. This has also resulted in nocturia.
She denies anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or any abdominal pain.
Past medical history: No allergies; no previous hospitalizations. Does not
smoke or drink. She has had no recent illnesses.
Family History; Social History: Mother died of a cerebrovascular accident at
age 78. Father is still living at the age of 85, but has had diabetes mellitus for
twenty years. She has two brothers, no sisters. She has no children and has
never been married.
Review of Systems: Essentially unmarkable, except for occasional headaches
and blurred vision. No chest pain , hematochezia, although has lost ten pounds
in the past month.
Admission Physical Examination: A 53-year-old female in no acute distress.
BP 120/84, respiratory rate of 22, pulse rate of 76.
Heent : Clear, nonicteric sclerae. Pupils equal, round, reactive to light;
funduscopic examination is benign.
Chest : Clear to auscultation and percussion.
Hesrt: JVD is flat; PMI fifth left intercostals space, left midclavicular line; S1
and S2 are appreciated, no S3 or S4. No murmurs. No lifts, heaves, or thrills.
Sinus rhythm.
Extrimities : Negative for clubbing, cyanosis, or edema. Pulses intact.
Abdomen : soft, nontender, bowel sounds normal, without evidence of
organomegaly.
97
Rectal : Unremarkable, guaiac negative.
Neurologic : Alert, oriented to time, person, and place; cranial nerves ll
through XII are grossly within normal limits.
Assessment : Diabetic ketoacidosis, cause needs to be ascertained. Most
likely adult onset diabetes mellitus.
EXERCISE 9-1 Matching Terms with Definitions
Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2 according to the
corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1.______ gonadotropin
A. synonym for epinephrine, which is an
(FSH)
adrenal hormone secreted when immediate
physical action may be needed by the body
2.______ melatonin
B. thyroid-stimulating hormone, secreted by
the anterior pituitary
3.______ adenogenous
C. one of the corticosteroids produced by the
adrenal glands, which helps the body retain
the correct amount of sodium ions
4.______ antidiuretic
D. an anterior pituitary hormone that
hormone
stimulates estrogen production
5.______ adrenalin
E. synonym for pituitary gland
6.______ hypophysis
F. hormone secreted by the thyroid to prevent
excessive calcium absorption into the bones
7.______ calcitonin
G. originating in a gland
8.______ aldosterone
H. pineal gland hormone, which is an
antioxidant
9.______ parathyroid gland
I. hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
to prevent the kidneys from expelling too
much water
10.______ thyrotropin (TSH)
J. secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone), which
slows the loss of calcium from bone
11.______ thyromegaly
K. disease of the adrenal glands
12.______
L. condition of diminished hormone secretion
adenohypophysitis
from the anterior pituitary gland
13.______ goiter
M. originating in a gland
14.______ pituitarism
N. inflammation of the anterior pituitary
gland
15.______
O. chronic enlargement of the thyroid, caused
thyroparathyroidectomy
by insufficient iodine in the diet
16.______ adenogenous
P. excessive pituitary secretion
17.______ adrenalopathy
Q. enlargement of the thyroid gland
92
18.______ hypopituitarism
19.______ adenectomy
20.______ hyperpituitarism
R. excision of a gland
S. any pituitary dysfunction
T. excision of the thyroid and parathyroid
glands
EXERCISE 9-2
Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the word
parts it’s expected that studenthave learned
1. excision of the thyroid gland
WR
S
2. excision of the thyroid and
parathyroid glands
WR CV WR
S
3. excision of the adrenal gland
WR
S
WR
S
WR
S
4. excision of the parathyroid gland
5. incision into the thyroid gland
Answers key:
EXERCISE 9-1
1
2
3
D
H
G
11
12
13
Q
N
O
4
I
14
S
5
A
15
T
6
E
16
M
EXERCISE 9- 2
1. thyroid/ectomy
3. thyr/o/parathyroid/ectomy
5. thyroid/otomy
7
F
17
K
8
C
18
L
2. adrenal/ectomy
4. parathyroid/ecomy
99
9
J
19
P
10
B
20
R
Chapter 10
The Immune System
Learning Objectives
I. Common Word roots
II. Common Disorders and Procedures
III. Surgical Terms
IV. Exercises
General Aims:
The unit is designed to help you learn Common Word roots, Common
Disorders and Procedures, Surgical Terms of Immune System and to increase
your reading comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
100
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the common word
roots surgical terms related to the immune system.
The Immune System
The immune system enables the human body to ward off many kinds of
assaults. If you fall off your skateboard and bruise your knee, the immune
system sends whatever is needed to heal the wound and to prevent infection at
the site. If you find yourself in a classroom or some other public place with a
lot of people who are coughing and sneezing, your immune system will be
alert for and react to the pathogens you breathe in.
The specialists who diagnose and treat immune system disorders are called
immunologists, and the specialty itself is called immunology. The following
paragraphs introduce terms that name parts of the immune system, along with
those relating to common disorders, diagnosis, and treatment.
Word Roots Specific to the Immune System
The roots shown in the following table are often found in terms related to the
Immune System. You will recognize them in many of the terms you will learn
in this chapter.
I. Common Word roots related to the Immune System
Root
Refers to
lymph/o; lymphat/o
lymph or lymphatic system
lymphangi/o
lymph vessels
immun/o
immune system
lymphaden/o
lymph nodes
splen/o
spleen
tonsill/o
lymph node, usually palatine tonsil
thym/o
thymus
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are often the first immune system cells on the scene when injury
occurs. They prevent infection by cleaning away pathogens and debris. Two
types of phagocytes are microphages and macrophages. Microphages, which
constantly circulate in the bloodstream, are more plentiful than macrophages
but are short-lived. Macrophages live longer than microphages, and they
101
reside in critical areas, such as the pleural and abdominal cavities, as firstresponse defenders.
Lymphocytes
When leukocytes (white blood cells) in the bloodstream are needed to fight
infection, they leave the blood and enter the lymphatic system; they are then
called lymphocytes. The average human body contains one trillion
lymphocytes, which include three different types: NK cells, T cells, and B
cells.
NK Cells
NK (natural killer) cells travel throughout the body, constantly looking for
cells with unusual components in their membranes. When NK cells find these
“foreign” cells, they destroy them using proteins called perforins. Natural
killer cells can combat viral infection and even destroy malignant cells.
T Cells
T cells make up about 80% of the total number of lymphocytes. They are so
named because they depend on the thymus for activation. They go to work
only after being prompted by a specific antigen, a substance that induces
sensitivity. Antigens also stimulate the immune system to generate antibodies,
which can produce immunity from future attacks by the same type of antigen.
Although most antigens signal a disease-causing agent, some do not. For
example, antigens in red blood cells (RBCs) determine each person's specific
blood type. Individuals whose RBCs contain only the A antigen have Type A
blood, while those with only the B antigen have Type B blood. Those with
neither A nor B antigens have Type O blood, and those with both the A and B
antigen have Type AB blood. As this example indicates, our individual
immune systems discriminate between antigens that are normal to us (“good”
antigens), and those that are not (“bad” antigens). It also shows why blood
transfusions can be dangerous in certain circumstances. For instance, if a Type
A patient receives blood from a Type B donor, the B antigens in the
transfused blood will signal the Type A patient's immune system to attack.
Unlike NK cells, which roam the body looking for intruders, T cells attack
only when they recognize a specific antigen, and then only after receiving
instructions from special T cells that distinguish between good and bad
antigens.
B Cells
102
B cells are derived from bone marrow. Like NK cells, they roam the body
looking for intruders. But unlike NK cells, they stop in lymph tissue to seek
out foreign antigens. However, they do not attack until the special T cells
instruct them to do so.
The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system comprises the vessels through which lymphocytes
travel, the lymph in which they travel, and the organs necessary to direct their
functions.
Lymph
Like blood plasma, lymph is a fluid that consists mostly of water. It also
contains a low concentration of proteins in solution and, of course,
lymphocytes. The word lymph is also used as an adjective in naming lymph
vessels, lymph nodes, etc.
Lymph Vessels
Lymph vessels, also called lymph ducts, return cells back into the
bloodstream. The largest of the lymph vessels, which correspond to the largest
of the circulatory system veins, are the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic
duct.
Both NK cells and B cells originate in bone marrow. Some lymph cells find
their way into the thymus, where they are eventually converted into T cells.
The lymphatic capillaries are similar in some ways to the capillaries of the
circulatory system. In fact, blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries are
physically joined together.
The Thymus
The thymus gland, located behind the sternum, secretes hormones, known
collectively as thymosin, which help T cells develop. The thymus is most
active in children and gradually and continuously loses some of its function
with maturation and further aging.
The Spleen
The spleen, which contains phagocytes, removes damaged red blood cells and
recycles and stores reclaimed iron from others.
101
Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are structures of variable size that contain macrophages that
filter out disease-causing antigens and other debris as the lymph flows
through. These antigens are then exposed to lymphocytes to start the immune
response. Most lymph nodes are quite small, about 1/25th of an inch in
diameter. The larger lymph nodes can be about an inch in diameter and are
sometimes called lymph glands. Swollen glands are the result of large
numbers of phagocytes and lymphocytes in the node; this condition may also
reveal the presence of an infection or injury in the area of the swollen gland.
Also, any collection of lymph tissue can be called a tonsil.
Common Abbreviations:
The Immune System
Abbreviation
Meaning
Ab
antibody
ADCC
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Ag
antigen
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
APC
antigen-presenting cell
BCR
B cell (antigen) receptor (Ig)
BM
bone marrow
CBC
complete blood count
CD
celiac disease (allergy to gluten)
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
human leukocyte antigen (MHC)
Ig
immunoglobulin (antibody)
LFA
leukocyte functional antigen
LGL
large granular lymphocyte (NK cell)
NK
natural killer cell
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus (usually shortened to lupus), an
autoimmune disorder
TCR
T-cell (antigen) receptor
Common Immune System Disorders and Procedures
Some disorders are caused when the immune system targets a person's own
cells. This condition is known as autoimmunity. Graves disease, which was
introduced in next Chapter, is an example of an autoimmune disease, which is
104
organ-specific, affecting the thyroid gland. However, autoimmunity can affect
nearly any part of the body.
Lymphatic System Disorders
The general term for all the lymph vessel and node diseases is lymphopathy.
These conditions range from lymphatitis (inflammation of nodes or vessels) to
lymphoma (tumor of the lymph tissue). The root for lymph nodes is usually
lymphaden/o, while the one for the vessels is lymphang/i/o.
Thymus and Spleen Disorders
The roots for thymus and spleen are thym/o and splen/o, which yield terms
such as thymitis and splenomalacia.
Disorders of the Tonsils
A common disorder and procedure related to the tonsils is tonsillitis
(inflammation of the tonsils) and tonsillectomy (excision of the tonsils),
nearly always referring to the palatine tonsils in both instances. However,
tonsillitis usually does not signal the need for a tonsillectomy.
II. Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Immune
System
Term
Definition
autoimmunity
immune to oneself
lymphadenopathy
any disease of the lymph nodes; chronic or
excessively swollen lymph nodes
lymphadenectomy
excision of lymph nodes
lymphadentitis
inflammation of a lymph node (or nodes)
lymphangiectomy
excision of a lymph vessel
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
lymphoma
tumor of lymph tissue
lymphangiography
radiography of the lymph vessels
lymphangioplasty
surgical repair of lymph vessels
lymphangiotomy
incision of lymph vessels
lymphatitis
inflammation of the lymph vessels or nodes
lymphopathy
any disease of the lymph vessels or nodes
immunodeficiency
impairment of the immune system
splenitis
inflammation of the spleen
splenectomy
excision of the spleen
splenomalacia
softening of the spleen
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
splenopathy
any disease of the spleen
101
splenorrhagia
hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen
splenorrhaphy
suture of a ruptured spleen
splenotomy
incision of the spleen
tonsillitis
inflammation of a tonsil
tonsillectomy
excision of a tonsil
tonsillotomy
incision of a tonsil
thymectomy
excision of the thymus
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus
Exercise 10-1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. ______ thymus
A. protein that NK cells use to kill invading cells
2. ______ tonsil
B. substance that induces sensitivity or an immune
response
3. ______ lymph node C. cells that make up about 80% of lymphocytes, the
“T” denoting their work with the thymus
4. ______ perforin
D. immune system gland, located behind the sternum
5. ______ spleen
E. fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
6. ______ T cell
F. type of lymphocyte; “natural killer” cell
7. ______ lymph
G. structures of variable size that contain macrophages,
which filter out disease-causing antigens and other
debris as the lymph flows through
8. ______ antigen
H. collection of lymph tissue (in common
understanding, the lingual, pharyngeal and the palatine)
9. ______ B cell
I. lymphocytes that work with T cells to fight off
infection
10.______ NK cell
J. immune system organ that gets rid of damaged red
blood cells and reclaims and stores iron
11.______ lymphoma
K. hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen
12.______ splenomegaly L. impairment of the immune system
13.______ thymitis
M. tumor of lymph tissue
14.______
N. inflammation of a tonsil (commonly the palatine)
lymphadenopathy
15.______
O. radiography of the lymph vessels
immunodeficiency
16.______ splenorrhagia P. inflammation of lymph vessels
17.______
Q. chronic or excessively swollen lymph nodes or any
lymphangiography
disease of the lymph nodes
18.______ tonsillitis
R. any disease of the spleen
19.______ splenopathy S. inflammation of the thymus
20.______ lymphangitis T. enlargement of the spleen
106
Exercise 10-2 Multiple Choice
Circle the term in the Choices column that correctly answers each of the
following questions..
1.What is the substance that induces sensitivity or an immune response in the
form of antibodies?
antigen
autoimmunity
immunology
2. What is the term that means literally, “immune to oneself”?
immunology
autoimmunity
antigen
3. What is the name for the medical specialty that deals with the immune
system?
antigen
autoimmunity
immunology
4. Name the immune system organ that gets rid of damaged red blood cells and
reclaims and stores iron.
lymphadentitis
lymphangitis
spleen
5. What is the term that describes the inflammation of a lymph node (or
nodes)?
lymphadentitis
lymphangitis
spleen
6. What is the term that describes the inflammation of the lymph vessels?
lymphadentitis
lymphangitis
spleen
7. What term would you use to request an x-ray of a patient's lymph vessels?
lymphangiectomy
lymphangiography
lymphangioplasty
8.What is the word that means “excision of a lymph vessel”?
lymphangiectomy
lymphangiography
lymphangioplasty
9.What is the term for a surgical repair of a lymph vessel (or vessels)?
lymphangiectomy
splenotomy
lymphangioplasty
10.What term means “incision of the spleen”?
lymphangiectomy
splenotomy
lymphangioplasty
Answers key:
Exercise 10-1
1
2
D
H
11
12
M
T
3
G
13
S
Exercise 10-2
1.antigen
2. autoimmunity
3. immunology
10. splenotomy
4
A
14
Q
5
J
15
L
6
C
16
K
4. spleen
5. lymphadentitis
6. lymphangitis
7
E
17
O
8
B
18
N
7. lymphangiography
8. lymphangiectomy
9. lymphangioplasty
107
9
I
19
R
10
F
20
P
Chapter 11
The Urinary system
Learning Objectives
Chapter Sections
I. Word Elements
II. Surgical Terms
III. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
IV.Additional Terms
V. Case History
VI.Discharge summary
VII. Excercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms and Diagnostic Procedural
Terms of Urinary system and to increase your reading comprehension and to
prepare you for reading similar passages.
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the Word Elements related
to the Urinary System.
102
 surgical terms related to the Urinary System.
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic procedural
terms related to the Urinary System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell the Additional terms related to the
Urinary System.
The Urinary System
The urinary system removes wastes and toxins from the body. It also regulates the amount
of water in the body and the amount and kinds of electrolytes that it contains. Urinary
system malfunctions can occur at any time throughout the lifespan, but their likelihood
increases with age because of decreased general muscle tone and the kidneys' reduced
capacity to function.
Word Elements Specific to the Urinary System
The word elements shown in the following table are found in terms related to the urinary
system. You will recognize them in many of the terms you will learn in this chapter.
I. Word Elements related to the Urinary System
Word Elements
Refers to
cyst/o
bladder
lith/o
stone
nephr/o, ren/o
kidney
olig/o
little, few
pyel/o
pelvis
py/o
pus
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urin/o
urine
polyprefix meaning “much” or “many”
-iasis
suffix meaning “condition” or “state”
An Overview of the Urinary System
The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra.
Kidneys
As vital organs, the kidneys share some physical characteristics with the heart. For
example, each kidney has layers. A thin covering called the renal capsule encloses and
gives shape to the kidney. A thicker layer of fatty tissue, called the perirenal fat, surrounds
the renal capsule. Finally, a thin layer of connective tissue, called the renal fascia, forms
each kidney's protective outer covering. The hilum is the indented, or narrowest, part of the
kidney, where blood vessels and nerves enter.
109
The kidneys produce urine, which is water that contains other substances in solution. In
producing urine, the kidneys remove two natural products of metabolism, urea and uric
acid, along with other waste products from the blood. The kidneys also filter, reabsorb, and
secrete non-waste products back into the system.
The kidneys contain about 2.5 million nephrons, tiny structures in which the urine-making
process begins. The capillary network found inside each nephron is called a glomerulus,
which assists in filtration.
The English word calculus (plural: calculi) is also a Latin word meaning “small stone or
pebble.” A calculus in a kidney is commonly called a kidney stone and in the gallbladder a
gallstone. However, renal calculus, rather than kidney stone, is the medical phrase one
would likely find in a medical report.
In forming medical terms having to do with calculi in the kidneys and gallbladder, the
Greek root lith/o is often used in preference to the roots based on the Latin word calculus.
Thus, a nephrolithotomy would be an incision into a kidney to remove a renal calculus.
Ureters
After urine is produced and processed in the kidneys, it is transported by two tubes, called
ureters, one extending from each kidney to either side of the urinary bladder. Peristalsis, or
involuntary muscle contractions, moves the urine through the ureters and into the urinary
bladder.
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder collects urine so that it can be expelled in significant quantities at
intervals. The process of urine expulsion, called urination or micturition, begins when a
circular muscle called the internal sphincter relaxes, thus permitting urine to enter the
opening of the urethra. This first section of the urethra extends only a few inches and is met
at the other end by another circular muscle called the external urethral sphincter.
Common Abbreviations:
The Urinary System
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abdo
abdomen
Abdo E&S
abdomen erect and supine (lying face upwards)
AXR
abdominal x-ray
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
IVP
intravenous pyelogram (same as IVU): contrast is injected into a vein and is
excreted by the kidney to show the urinary system
IVU
intravenous urogram (same as IVP)
KUB
kidneys, ureter, and bladder; also an archaic reference to a frontal x-ray of the
abdomen
PCN
Percutaneous nephrostomy: Investigation of the urinary tract by direct needle
puncture, often before insertion of a drainage catheter
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
UTI
urinary tract infection
110
Common Urinary System Disorders and Procedures
The following table provides a quick reference for the meanings of the terms naming
disorders and procedures associated with the urinary system.
Disorders and Procedures associated with the urinary System
Term
Definition
cystalgia
pain in a bladder, most often used to signify the urinary bladder
cystectomy
excision of either the urinary bladder or the gallbladder; (excision
of the gallbladder is properly, and most often, called a
cholecystectomy; since cyst also means “cyst,” a cystectomy can
also refer to the surgical removal of a cyst)
cystopexy
surgical fixation of either the gallbladder or the urinary bladder;
this term is included because it is typical of the dual use of cysto
nephralgia
pain in the kidneys
nephrectomy
removal of a kidney
nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
nephrolithotomy
incision into the kidney to remove a calculus (kidney stone)
nephromegaly
enlargement of one or both kidneys; renomegaly
nephropathy
any disease of the kidney
nephrorrhaphy
suture of the kidney
nephrotomy
incision into a kidney
renal calculus
a kidney stone
renal hypoplasia
an abnormally small kidney
renomegaly
enlargement of one or both kidneys; nephromegaly
renopathy
any disease of the kidney; the preferred term is nephropathy
ureteralgia
pain in a ureter
ureterectomy
excision of part or all of a ureter
ureteritis
inflammation of a ureter
ureterography
radiography of the ureter
ureterolithotomy
incision into the ureter to remove a calculus (stone)
ureteroplasty
surgical repair of a ureter
ureterorrhaphy
suture of a ureter
urethralgia
pain in the urethra (sometimes also called urethrodynia)
urethrectomy
excision of all or part of the urethra
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra
urinalysis
analysis of urine
II. Surgicl Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. cystectomy ……………..
(sis-TEK-to-me)
11. cystolithotomy ………….
DEFINITION
excision of the bladder
incision of the bladde to remove a stone
111
(sis-to-THOT-o-me)
3.cystoplasty ………………
(SIS-to-plas-te)
4.cysorrhaphy ……………
(sist-OR-a-fe)
5.cystostomy ………………
(sis-TOS-to-me)
6. cystotomy or vesicotomy
(sis-TOT-o-me)
(ves-i-KOT-o-me)
7. cystotrachelotomy ……..
(sis-to-tra-ke-LOT-o-me)
8. lihotripsy ………………
(LITH-o-trip-se)
9. meatotomy …………….
(me-a-TOT-o-me)
10. nephrectomy …………..
(ne-FREK-to-me)
11. nephrolysis ……………
(ne-FROL-i-sis)
12.nephropexy ……………..
(NEF-ro-peks-e)
13.nephrostomy ……………
(nef-ROS-to-me)
14.pyelolithotomy ………..
(pl-el-o-lith-OT-o-me)
15.pyeloplasty ……………..
(PI-Ei-o-plas-te)
16.pyelostomy ……………
(pi-el-OS-to-me)
17.ureterectomy………………
(u-re-ter-EK-to-me)
18. ureterostomy …………….
(u-re-ter-OS-to-me)
19.ureterotomy ………………
(u-re-ter-OT-to-me)
20. urethropexy ……………
(u-RE-thro-pek-se)
21.urethroplasty ……………..
(u-RE-thro-plas-te)
22. urethrostomy …………..
plastic repair of the bladder
suturing the bladder
creation of an artificial opening into the
bladder
incistion of bladder
incision of the neck of the bladder
surgical crushing of a stone
incision of the meatus
excision of a kidney
separating the kidney
(from other body structures)
surgical fixation of the kidney
creation of an artificial opening into
the kidney
incision of the renal pelvis to remove
a stone
plastic repair of the renal pelvis
creation of an artificial opening into the
renal pelvis
excision of a ureter
creation of an artificial opening into the
ureter
incision of a ureter
surgical fixation of the urethra
plastic repair of the urethra
creation of an artificial opening into the
112
(u-re-THROS-to-me)
23. urethrotomy …………..
(u-re-THROT-o-me)
24. vesicourethral
suspension …………….
(ves-i-ko-u-RE-thral)
urethra
incision in the urethra
surgical suspension pertaining to the
urethra and bladder
III. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINTION
(built from word parts)
1.cystograim …………………..
(SIS-to-gram)
2.cystography …………………
(sis-TOG-ra-fe)
3.cystopyelogram …………..….
(sis-to-pi-EI-o-gram)
4.cystopyelography …………….
(sis-to-pi-e-LOG-ra-fe)
5.cystoscope ……………….….
(SIS-to-skop)
6. cystoscopy ……………..…..
(sis-TOS-ko-pe)
7.cystoureterogram ……..……..
(sis-to-u-RE-ter-o-gram)
8.cystourethrogram ……………
(sis-to-u-RE-thro-gram)
9. intravenous pyelogram …..…
(in-tra-VE-nus)(PI-e-Io-gram)
(IVP)
10. meatoscope …………..……
(me-AT-o-skop)
11. meatoscopy ………….……
(me-a-TOS-ko-pe)
12. nephrogram ………………...
(NEF-ro-gram)
13.nephrography ……………….
(ne-FROG-ra-fe)
14.nephroscopy ……………….
(ne-FROS-ko-pe)
x-ray film to the bladder
process of x-ray filming the bladder
x-ray film of the bladder and the renal
pelvis
process of x-ray filming the bladder and
the renal pelvis
instrument used for visual examination of
the bladder
visual examination of the bladder
x-ray film of the bladder and the ureters
x-ray film of the bladder and the urethra
x-ray film ot the renal pelvis with
contrast medium injected intravenously
instrument used for the visual
examination of a meatus
visual examination of a meatus
x-ray film of the kidney
process of x-ray filming the kidney
visual examination of the kidney
111
15.nephrosonography ………….
( nef-ro-so-NOG-ra-fe)
16.nephrotomogram …………...
(nef-to-TO-mo-gram)
17. pyelogram …………………
(PI-el-o-gram)
18. renal biopsy ………………..
(RE-nal) (BI-op-se)
19.renogram…………………...
(RE-no-gram)
20. retrograde pyelogram ……..
(RET-ro-grad) (PI-e-lo-gram)
21. reterogram………………….
(u-RE-ter-gram)
22. urethrometer ……..………...
(u-re-THROM-e-ter)
23.urethroscope…………………
(u-RE-thro-skop)
24. urinometer………………..…
(u-ri-NOM-e-ter
IV. Additional Terms
TERM
1. catheter……………….
(kath-e-ter)
process of recording the kidney
with (ultra) sound
sectional x-ray film of the kidney
x-ray film of the renal pelvis
to view a portion of living kidney tissue
(graphic) record of the kidney (produced
by radioactivity after injecting a
radiopharmaceutical, or radioactive,
material in to the blood )
x-ray film of the renal pelvis (retrograde
means to move in a direction opposite
from normal) with contrast medium
injected through the urethra
x-ray film of the ureters
instrument used to measure the urethra
instrument used for visual exam or
the urethra
instrument used to measure for determining the specific gravity of urine
DEFINITION
flexible, tubelike device, such as a urinary
catheter, for withdrawing or instilling
fluids
2. urinary catheterization…....
(kath-e-ter-i-ZĀ-shun)
passage of a catheter into the urinary
bladder to withdraw urine
3. distended………......
(dis-TEN-ded)
stretched out (a bladder is distended when
filled with urine)
4. diuretic………………..
(dī-ū-RET-ik)
5. enuresis…………….….
(en-ū-RĒ-sis)
agent that increases the amount of urine
involuntary urination (bed wetting)
114
6. fulguration…………….
(ful-gū-RĀ-shun)
destruction of living tissue with an
electric spark (a method commonly used
to remove bladder growths)
7. hemodialysis………….
(hē-mō-dī-AL-i-sis)
procedure for removing impurities from
the blood because of an inability of the
kidneys to do so
inability to control bladder and/or bowels
8. incontinence…………..
(in-KON-ti-nens)
9. lithotrite……………….
(LITH-ō-tīt)
instrument used to crush a stone in the
urinary bladder
10. micturate………………
(MIK-tū-rāt)
11. peritoneal dialysis……..
(pār-i-tō-NĒ-al)(dī-AL-i-sis)
to urinate or void
12. renal transplant………
(RE-nal)(trans-PLANT)
surgical implantation of a donor kidney to
replace a non-functioning kidney
13. resectoscope………..
(rē-SEK-tō-skōp)
14. specific gravity……..
(spe-SIF-ik) (GRAV-i-tē)
instrument used for removing prostate
gland tissue through the urethra
a measurement that indicates
concentrating or diluting ability of the
kidneys (a test on urine)
15. stricture…………….
(STRIK-chū-r)
16. urinal……………….
(Ū-rin-al)
17. urinalysis…………..
(ū-rin-AL-is-is)
18. urodynamics………
(ū-rō-dī-NAM-iks)
19. void……………….
(voyd)
abnormal narrowing, such as a urethral
stricture
receptacle for urine
procedure for removing toxic wastes
when kidney is unable to do so; the
peritoneal cavity is used as the receptacle
for the fluid used in the dialysis
laboratory examination of urine
pertaining to the force and flow of urine
within the urinary tract
to empty or evacuate waste material,
especially urine
V. Case History:
This 32-year-old married white male, appearing his stated age, was admitted to
the hospital after presenting himself to the emergency room in acute distress. He
111
complained of intermittent pain in the right posterior lumbar area radiating to the
right flank. He has a family history of pyelolithiasis and has been treated for this
condition several times in the past 10 years.
VI. Discharge summary:
This patient was admitted to the urology unit from emergency room,
complaining of severe intermittent pain in the back and right flank. His KUB
showed a calculus in the region of the right renal pelvis. Laboratory data were all
normal except for slight microscopic hematuria. Intravenous pyelography
showed three stones in the right kidney with minimal hydronephrosis.
Cystoscopy with a right retrograde pyelogram confirmed presence of three
stones in the right kidney. Minimal ureteral obstruction was present.
Pyelolithotomy was completed with no complication.
A ureteral catheter was inserted as was an indwelling foley catheter. Drainage
from the right kidney was pale yellow in forty-eight hours. The foley and
ureteral catheters were removed three days postoperatively. At discharge, the
patient is voiding without difficulty, is afebrile, and ambulatory. The stones were
sent to the laboratory for analysis. The report indicated that they were calcium
oxalate. He is discharged to his home on restricted activity for the next two
weeks. He is advised to drink copious amounts of fluids. He will be followed in
the office in 3 weeks.
EXERCISE 11- 1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2 according
to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. _____ nephron
A. capillary network found inside each nephron
2. _____ urethra
B. urination
3. _____ external sphincter
C. muscle that controls the release of urine from the
bladder into the first section of the urethra
4. _____ glomerulus
D. tube that conducts urine away from the bladder for
expulsion
5. _____ micturition
E. electricity-producing compound in solution
6. _____ uric acid
F. narrow part of the kidney where blood vessels and
nerves enter
7. _____ ureters
G. tiny structure within the kidney in which the urineproduction process begins
8. _____ hilum
H. two tubes that transfer urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder
9. _____ electrolyte
I. muscle that controls the release of urine from the
first section of the urethra for subsequent expulsion
10._____ internal sphincter
J. natural waste product of metabolism excreted in the
urine
11._____ nephralgia
K. a kidney stone
116
12._____ urinometry
13.______ urethrostenosis
14.______ cystalgia
15.______ nephroureterocystectomy
16.______ ureterography
17.______ renal calculus
L. excision of a kidney, ureter, and at least part of the
urinary bladder
M. adjective denoting urine production
N. narrowing of the urethra
O. any disease of the kidney
P. pain in the kidneys
Q. incision into the kidney to remove a calculus
(stone)
18.______ urinogenous
R. test of urine for specific gravity
19.______ nephrolithotomy
S. radiography of the ureter
20.______ nephropathy
T. pain in the bladder
EXERCISE 11- 2 Circle the term in the Choices column that correctly answers each of the
following questions.
1. What term means an excess of urea in the blood?
hematuria
uremia
glomerular
2. What is the name of the capillary network found inside each nephron?
globular;
glomerulus
glomerular
3. What is the name of the pair of organs that excrete urine?
internal sphincters
kidneys
nephrons
4. What are the tiny structures within the kidneys in which the urine-production process
begins?
internal sphincters
kidneys
nephrons
5. What is the term for an enlargement of one or both kidneys?
nephropathy
nephromegaly
nephrolithotomy
6. What is the term for any disease of the kidney?
nephropathy
nephromegaly
nephrolithotomy
7. What is the term for the tube that conducts urine away from the bladder for expulsion?
ureter
urethra
urethalgia
8. What is the term for pain in the urethra?
urethritis
urethra
urethalgia
9. What is the term for excision of part or all of a ureter?
ureterorrhaphy
urethra
ureterectomy
10. What is the term for suture of a ureter?
ureterorrhaphy
urethra
ureterectomy
EXERCISE 11- 3 Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the
word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
1. incision of the urethra
WR
S
WR
S
2. excision of a kidney
3. incision of the renal pelvis to
remove a stone
WR CV
117
WR
S
4. surgical fixation of the urethra
WR
CV
WR
S
WR
CV
WR
S
S
5. suturing of the bladder
6. separating of the kidney (from other
structures)
7. creation of an artificial opening into
the kidney
8. incision of a ureter
S
WR
S
9. plastic repair of the urethra
WR
CV
S
WR
S
WR
S
WR
S
WR
S
WR
CV
S
WR
CV
WR
WR
S
10. excision of the bladder
11. incision of the meatus
12. creation of an artificial opening into
the urethra
13. incison of the bladder
14. plastic repair or the renal pelvis
15. incision of the neck of the bladder
S
16. excision of the ureter
17. surgical fixation of the kidney
WR
18. creation of an artificial opening
into the renal pelvis
WR
19. incision into the bladder to remove
a stone
WR
20. creation of an artificial opening into
the ureter
WR
21. plastic repair of the bladder
WR
22. surgical crushing of a stone
WR
23. surgical suspension of the bladder
and urethra
WR
24. creation of an artificial opening into
112
CV
S
CV
S
CV
WR S
S
CV
S
CV
S
CV
WR
S
the bladder
WR
S
EXERCISE 11- 4 Build diagnostic terms for the following definitions by using
the word Parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
1. vsual examination of the bladder
WR
CV
S
2. x-ray film of the bladder and ureters
WR CV WR CV
S
3. instrument used to measure the urethra
WR
CV
S
4. sectional x-ray film of the kidney
WR CV WR
CV
S
5. x-ray film of the bladder and the renal
pelvis
WR CV WR CV
S
6. x-ray film of the renal pelvis with
contrast medium injected intravenously
P
WR
S
7. instrument used for visual examination of a
of a meatus
WR
CV
S
1. 8. instrument used for visual examination
of the urethra
WR
CV
S
9. process of x-ray recording the kidney
using (ultra) sound
WR CV WR
CV S
10. x-ray film of the bladder
WR
CV
S
11. visual examination of a meatus
WR
CV
S
12. x-ray film of the ureters
WR
CV
S
13. x-ray film of the renal pelvis
WR
14. instrument used for visual
examination of the bladder
15. x-ray film of the bladder and the
urethra
16. process of x-ray filming the bladder
CV
WR
WR
CV
S
CV
S
WR
CV S
WR
CV
S
WR
CV
S
17. x-ray film of the kidney
18. instrument used to measure
119
for determing the specific gravity
of Urine
19. (graphic) record of the kidney
(produced by radioactivity after
Injecting a radiopharmaceutical
material into the blood)
20. process of x-ray filming the
bladder and the renal pelvis
21. process of x-ray filming the kidney
WR
CV
WR
WR
21. x-ray film of the renal pelvis
(withcontrast medium injected
through theurethra in a direction
opposite from normal)
23. (a procedure) to view a portion of
living kidney tissue
24. visual examination of the kidney
S
CV
CV
S
WR CV
WR
CV
WR
S
WR
CV
S
S
WR
S
S
WR
CV
S
EXERCISE 11-5 . Match the terms in the first column with the correct
definitions in the second column.
1. Catheter
a. increases the amount of urine
2. Urinary catheterization b. overdevelopment of the kidney
3. Distended
c. inability to control bladder and/
4. Diuretic
or bowels
5. Fulguration
d. process for removing impurities
6. Hemodialysis
from the blood when the kidneys
7. Incontinent
are unable to do so.
8. Void
e. flexible, tubelike device for
9. Renal transplant
urine from the bladder
f. stretched out
g. surgical implantation of a donor
kidney
h. passage of a tubelike device kidney
the urinary bladder
I. evacuation or empty waste
material, especially urine
J. destruction of living tissue with
an electric spark
EXERCISE 11- 6
120
Match the terms in the first column with the correct definitions in the second
column.
1. lithotrite
a. to void liquid waste
2. micturate, or urinate
b. receptacle for urine
3. peritoneal dialysis
c. instrument used for crushing a
4. resectoscope
stone in the urinary bladder
5. stricture
d. laboratory examination of urine
6. urinal
e. force and flow of urine within
7. urinalysis
urinary tract
8. enuresis
f. instrument used for removing
9. specific gravity
prostate gland tissue through the
10. urodynamics
urethra
g. indicates concentration of urine
h. absence of urine
i. use of peritoneal cavity to hold
dialyzing fluid in the removal of
toxic wastes
j. involuntary urination
k. narrowing
Answers key:
EXERCISE 11-1
1
2
G
D
11
12
P
R
EXERCISE 11-2
1
uremia
6
nephropathy
EXERCISE 11 -3
1.urethr/otomy
2. nephr/ectomy
3. pyel/o/lith/otomy
4. urethra/o/pexy
5. cyst/orrhaphy
6. nephr/o/lysis
7.nephr/ostomy
8. ureter/otomy
9. urethra/o/plasty
10.cyst/ectomy
3
I
13
N
4
A
14
T
2
glomerulus
7
urethra
5
B
15
L
6
J
16
S
3
kidneys
8
urethralgia
7
H
17
K
8
F
18
M
4
nephrons
9
ureterectomy
13. a. cyst/otomy
b. vesic/otomy
14. pyel/o/plasty
15. cyst/o/trachel/otomy
16. ureter/ectomy
17. nephr/o/pexy
18. pyel/ostomy
19. cyst/o/lith/otomy
20. ureter/ostomy
21. cyst/o/plasty
121
9
E
19
Q
10
C
20
O
5
nephromegaly
10
ureterorrhaphy
11. meat/otomy
12. urethr/ostomy
22. lith/o/tripsy
23. vesic/o/urethra/al
24. cyst/ostomy
EXERCISE 11 - 4
1. cyst/o/scopy
2. cyst/o/ureter/o/gram
3. urethra/o/meter
4. nephr/o/gram
5. cyst/o/pyel/o/gram
6. intra/ven/ous pyel/o/gram
7. meat/o/scope
8. urethra/o/scope
9. nephr/o/son/o/graphy
10. cyst/o/gram
11. meat/o/scopy
12. ureter/o/gram
EXERCISE 11 - 5
1. e
2. h
3. f
EXERCISE 11- 6
1. c
2. a
3. i
4. a
4. f
13. pyel/o/gram
14. cyst/o/scope
15. cyst/o/urethr/o/gram
16. cyst/o/graphy
17. nephr/o/gram
18. urin/o/meter
19. ren/o/gram
20.cyst/o/pyel/o/graphy
21. nephr/o/graphy
22. retrograde pyel/o/gram
23. ren/al bi/opsy
24.nephr/o/scopy
5. j
5. k
6. d
6. b
122
7.d
7. c
8. j
8. i
9. g
9.g
10.e
Chapter 12
Reproductive System
Learning Objectives
I. Surgical Terms
II. Other Surgical Terms
III. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
IV. Case History
V. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms snd Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of Female Reproductive System`and to increase your
reading comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
121
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms related
to the Female Reproductive System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other surgical terms related to the Female
Reproductive System.
 Define, pronounce, and spell diagnostic procedural terms related to the
Female Reproductive System.
Reproductive System
The reproduction process begins with fertilization, which occurs when a male
gamete (also called a sperm or spermatozoon; plural: spermatozoa) fertilizes a
female gamete (also called an ovum; plural: ova). The collective name for any
female or male organ that produces a gamete is gonad. The single cell formed
at fertilization is called a zygote, which contains a full complement of
chromosomes carrying the DNA of a unique new person. The period of
gestation is the time lapse between the formation of the zygote and birth.
In the paragraphs, illustrations, and tables that follow, you will encounter key
terms used in describing the reproduction process, along with a few terms
associated with genetics, one of several related specialties.
Word Roots Specific to the Reproductive System
The roots shown in in the following table are often found in terms related to
the reproductive system. You will recognize them in many of the terms you
will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 11-1 Common Roots related to the Reproductive System
Root
Refers to
cervic/o; trachel/o
cervix
colp/o; vagin/o
vagina
men/o
menses
oo
egg
oophor/o
ovary (also egg)
orch/i/o; orchid/o
testes
ovari/o
ovary
salping/o
tube (sometimes a reference to
the uterine tube)
spermat/o
sperm
124
uter/o; hyster/o; metr/o
uterus
The Male Reproductive Cycle
The male reproductive cycle comprises the production of the male gametes.
This process, called spermatogenesis, involves a cell-division process known
as meiosis, which produces haploid cells having only the chromosomes of the
potential male parent.
Male gamete production occurs in the testes (singular: testis), and the
dynamics of the process rely on the secretion of androgens, which are male
sex hormones. The most significant of these is testosterone. After
spermatogenesis is complete, the spermatozoa (singular: spermatozoon) travel
to the epididymis, an organ adjacent to the testes, where they become
functional.
In summary, the testes produce and store the spermatozoa; the epididymis
stores and develops them into a functional state; and the prostate gland
produces, stores, and secretes a fluid medium called prostatic fluid. The
combination of the gametes and their associated glandular secretions, along
with the prostatic fluid, is called semen.
Leaving the epididymis, spermatozoa enter the ductus deferens, also called the
vas deferens, and eventually find their way into the urethra, which is part of
both the male urinary and male reproductive systems.
The Female Reproductive Cycle
The Fertilization Stage
Like the male reproductive cycle, the female reproductive cycle provides
gametes for fertilization. But it does a great deal more by also providing an
environment suitable for development of the zygote.
The female counterpart to spermatogenesis is oogenesis, which occurs in the
ovaries (singular: ovary). Stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
the ovaries begin the process of oogenesis, which continues with the secretion
of other required hormones, called progestins, the principal one of which is
progesterone. As a result, the ovaries produce oocytes, which are haploid cells
that eventually become the gametes.
Hormonal activity controls all phases of the reproduction cycles in both men
and women, but in women, it also controls something called the uterine cycle
or menstrual cycle, which has three phases: secretory (secretion of hormones),
proliferative (proliferation of the ovum), and menses (the end of one cycle and
the beginning of another). If male spermatozoa are present during ovulation,
which occurs during the proliferative phase, the possibility of fertilization
exists.
121
The Gestation Stage
Gestation, a synonym for pregnancy, comes from the Latin verb gesto,
meaning “to bear.” When the single-cell zygote divides the first time, it is
called an embryo. This term is used until approximately the eighth week of
gestation. Between the eighth week and birth, which under normal
circumstances occurs between weeks 38 to 40, the term fetus is used.
This process of cell division is called mitosis. Like meiosis, mitosis is a
process of cell division, but each cell produced contains a full complement of
both maternal and paternal chromosomes and is thus called a diploid cell.
Mitosis occurs many billions of times during gestation .
Diagnostic tests and procedures associated with pregnancy include
amniocentesis, involving the extraction of amniotic fluid from the amniotic
sac, which surrounds the fetus inside the uterus. Amniocentesis is most
commonly employed to discover, or rule out, the presence of a genetic
disorder, but it can also help in determining fetal lung maturity, which bears
on the safety of an early delivery, or whether the mother's immune system is
adversely affecting the fetus.
TABLE 11-2 Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the
Reproductive system
Term
Definition
amniocentesis
extraction and diagnostic examination of amniotic fluid
from the amniotic sac
cervicectomy; also, excision of the uterine cervix
rarely, trachelectomy
cervicitis; also
inflammation of the uterine cervix
trachelitis
cervicoplasty
surgical repair of the uterine cervix OR the neck
cervicotomy; also incision of the uterine cervix; tracheotomy is the term
trachelotomy
used to denote an incision into the neck (trachea), but
trachelotomy refers to the uterine cervix and is
synonymous with cervicotomy
hysteralgia; also
pain in the uterus
hysterodynia
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
hysteropathy
any disease of the uterus
hysteropexy
surgical fixation of the uterus
hysteroplasty
surgical repair of the uterus
hysterotomy
incision of the uterus
126
mammography
oophorectomy
oophoritis
oophoroplasty
oophorotomy
orchialgia
orchiectomy
orchiopathy
orchioplasty
orchiotomy
orchitis
ovarialgia
ovariectomy
ovariotomy
ovaritis
Pap test
uteropexy
uteroplasty
uterotomy
examination of the breast by means of an imaging
technique, such as radiography
ovariectomy
inflammation of an ovary
surgical repair of an ovary
incision into an ovary
pain in the testes
removal of one or both testes (less commonly
orchidectomy)
any disease of the testes
surgical repair of a testis
incision into a testis
inflammation of a testis
pain in an ovary
excision of one or both ovaries
incision of an ovary
inflammation of an ovary (oophoritis)
microscopic examination of cells from a mucosal
surface, especially the uterine cervix
surgical fixation of the uterus (hysteropexy)
surgical repair of the uterus (hysteroplasty)
incision of the uterus (hysterotomy)
Common Abbreviations:
The Reproductive System
Abbreviation
Meaning
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
CS
Cesarean section
D&C
dilation and curettage
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid (the genetic code)
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
HSG
hysterosalpingogram
IVF
in vitro fertilization
OB
obstetrics
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
I. Surgical Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
127
1. cervicectomy…………….
(ser-vi-SEK-tō-mē)
2. colpoperineorrhaphy…….
(rōl-pō-pār-i-nē-OR-a-fē)
excision of the cervix
suture of the vagina and
perineum (performed to mend
perineal vaginal tears)
plastic repair of the vagina
3. colpoplasty………………
(KOL-pō-plas-tē)
4. colporrhaphy…………….
(rōl-PŌR-a-fē)
5. episioperineoplasty………
(e-piz-ē-ō-pār-i-nē-o-PLAST-ē)
6. episiorrhaphy…………….
(ē-piz-ē-ŌR-a-fē)
7. hymenectomy…………….
(hī-men-EK-tō-mē)
8. hymenotomy……………..
(hī-men-OT-ō-mē)
9. hysterectomy…………….
(his-te-REK-tō-mē)
10. hysteropexy…………….
(HIS-ter-ō-pek-sē)
11. hysterosalpingooophorectomy……..…….
(his-ter-ō-sal-ping-gō-ō-of-ō
PEK-tō-mē)
12. mammoplasty…………..
(MAM-ō-plas-tē)
suture of the vagina
plastic repair of the vulva and
perineum
suture of (a tear in) the vulva
excision of the hymen
incision of the hymen
excision of the uterus
surgical fixation of the uterus
excision of the uterus, fallopian
tubes, and ovaries
plastic repair of the breasts
(performed to enlarge or reduce
in size, to lift, or to reconstruct
after removal of a tumor)
surgical removal of a breast
13. mastectomy…………….
(mas-TEK-tō-mē)
14. oophorectomy………….
15. oophorosalpingectomy…
(ō-of-ō-rō-sal-pin-JEK-tō-mē)
16. perineorrhaphy………….
(pā-r-i-nē-ŌR-a-fē)
17. salpingectomy…………..
(sal-pin-JEK-tō-mē)
18. salpingostomy…………..
(sal-ping-GOS-tō-mē)
excision of an ovary
excision of the ovary and
fallopian tube
suture of (a tear in) the perineum
excision of a fallopian tube
creation of an artificial opening
in a fallopian tube (performed to
122
restore patency)
excision of the vulva
19. vulvectomy……………..
(vul-VEK-tō-mē)
II. Other surgical Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
1. anterior and posterior
colporrhaphy (A & P repair) when a weakened vaginal wall
results in a cystocele (protrusion of
the bladder against the anterior wall
of the vagina) and a rectocele
(protrusion of the rectum against
the posterior wall of the vagina),
an A & P repair corrects the condition
2. dilatation and curettage
(D & C)………………
dilation of the cervix and scraping
(dil-TĀ-shun and kū-Reof the endometrium with an
TAHZH)
instrument called a curette. It is
performed to diagnose disease, to
correct bleeding, and to empty
uterine contents.
laparoscopy or laparoscopic
Surgery……….……
visual examination of the abdominal
(lap-ROS-kō-pē)
cavity, accomplished by insertion of
a laparoscope through a tiny incision
near the umbilicus. It is used for
surgical procedures such as tubal
sterilization (blocking of the fallopian
tubes) or biopsy or the ovaries. It may
also be used to diagnose endometriosis
3. myomectomy……………. excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma)
(mī-ō-MEK-tō-mē)
from the uterus
4. stereotactic breast biopsy.
a new technique that combines
(ster-ē-ō-TAC-tic)
mammography and computer assisted
biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lump
5. tubal ligation…………….
closure of the fallopian tubes for
(lī-GĀ-shun)
sterilization
III. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
129
1. colposcope…………….
instrument used for visual examination
( KOL-pō-skōp)
of the vagina (and cervix)
2. colposcopy…………….
visual examination (with a magnified
(kol-POS-kō-pē)
view) of the vagina (and cervix)
3. culdocentesis…………… surgical puncture to remove fluid from
(kul-dō-sen-TĒ-sis)
the Douglasُ cul-de-sac
4. culdoscope……………… instrument used for visual examination
(KUL-dō-skōp)
of the Douglasُ cul-de-sac
5. culdoscopy……………… visual examination of the Douglasُ cul(kul-DOS-kō-pē)
de-sac
6. hysterosalpingogram…… x-ray film of the uterus and the fallopian
(his-ter-ō-sal-PING-go-gra-m) tubes
7. hysteroscope…………....
instrument used for visual examination
(HIS-ter-o-skōp)
of the uterus
8. hysteroscopy……………
visual examination of the uterus
(his-ter-OS-kō-pē)
9. mammography…………
process of recording (x-ray) of the breast
(ma-MOG-ra-fē)
10. mammogram…………
x-ray film of the breast
(MAM-ō-gram)
IV. Case History:
A 48-year-old Puerto Rican female is referred for follow-up after a suspicious
mass in the left breast was discovered in routine mammography. She has a
positive family history (motherُ s sister) of carcinoma of the breast. She also
has had a hysterectomy for adenomyosis and endometriosis. She elects to have
the biopsy in the outpatient surgery department.
Pathology Report: GROSS DESCRIPION: Received labeled "breast biopsy"
is an ovoid mass of predominantly adipose breast tissue measuring 4.5 × 3.0 ×
1.3 cm. Sectioning reveals a focal area of suspicious induration. Frozen section
reveals fat necrosis and evidence of invasive malignancy in an area measuring
0.25 cm in the center of the specimen.The surgeon is so informed.
MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: Microscopic examination of the frozen
section specimen confirms the presence of fat necrosis. There is a focal duct
epithelial hyperplasia exhibiting a papillomatous pattern. In this area is found a
well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Occasional breast parenchymal fragments
are also identified are show fibrocysticchanges. These are predominantly
nonproliferative, although in slide D a small radial scar containing ducts
showing proliferative fibrocystic changes with significant atypia and adjacent
sclerosis adenosis is identified.
110
DIAGNOSIS: left breast biopsy:
1. radial scar
2. nonproliferative and proliferative fibrocystic changes with
significant atypia
3. papillary duct adenocarcinoma
4. focal sclerosing adenosis
Exercise 11-1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. _____ ductus deferens
A. combination of male gametes, their
associated secretions, and prostatic fluid
2. _____ prostate gland
B. removal of one or both testes
3. _____ spermatogenesis
C. organs that produce and store male gametes
4. _____ epididymis
D. duct leading out of the epididymis (also
called the vas deferens)
5. _____ orchiectomy
E. production of sperm
6. _____ haploid cell
F. male gland that produces and stores prostatic
fluid, a fluid medium that is part of semen
7. _____ semen
G. pain in the testes
8. _____ testosterone
H. cell containing only one set of chromosomes
(those of either the potential mother or potential
father)
9. _____ orchalgia
I. organ in which the male sperm become
functional
10._____ testes
J. androgen prominent in male gamete
production
11._____ hysterectomy and
K. inflammation of an ovary
bilateral oophorectomy
12._____ salpingectomy
L. excision of the uterine cervix
13._____ ovarialgia
M. surgical fixation of the uterus
14._____ uteropexy or
N. release of the female gamete that occurs
hysteropexy
during the proliferative stage of the uterine cycle
15._____ period of gestation
O. surgical removal of a fallopian tube
16._____ cervicectomy or
P. the female gamete
trachelectomy
17._____ ovaritis or oophoritis Q. surgical removal of the uterus and right and
left ovaries
111
18._____ uterine cervix
19._____ ovum
20._____ ovulation
R. pain in the ovary
S. the “neck” located at the lower end of the
uterus
T. time lapse between zygote formation and
birth
View Answer
Exercise 11-2 Put an X in the True or False column next to each statement.
Statement
True False
1. Fertilization is the development that occurs between the
____ ___
formation of the zygote and birth of the child.
2. The tubes between the ovaries and the uterus are called the
_____ ___
fallopian tubes.
3. The joining of the male and female gametes is called ovulation. _____ ___
4. The process of cell division by which one cell becomes two is
_____ ___
known as oogenesis.
5. The term for release of the female gamete that occurs during the _____ ___
proliferative stage of the uterine cycle is proliferation.
6. The male ductwork that acts as a part of both the male urinary
_____ ___
and male reproductive systems is called the urethra.
7. Hysteralgia is pain in the uterus.
_____ ___
8. Obstetrician is the medical specialty concerned with the medical _____ ___
care of women during the pregnancy and childbirth.
9. Endometriosis is a difficult or painful menses.
_____ ___
10.Mammography is the microscopic examination of cells from a _____ ___
mucosal surface, especially the uterine cervix.
EXERCISE 11-3 Build surgical terms for the following definitions by using the
word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned.
1. suture of the vaginal
2. excision of the cervix
3. suture of the vulva
4. plastic repair of the vulva and perineum
5. plastic repair of the vagina
6. suture of the vagina and perineum
7. excision of the uterus,ovaries, and fallopian tubes
8. surgical fixation of the uterus
9. excision of the hymen
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10. incision of the hymen
11. excision of the uterus
12. excision of the ovary
13. surgical removal a breast
14. excision of a fallopian tube
15. suture of the perineum
16. excision of the ovary and fallopian
17. creation of an artificial opening in the fallopian tube
18. excision of the vulva
19. plastic repair of the breasts
EXERCISE 11-4 Match the surgical procedures in the first column with the
corresponding organs in the second column. It’s expected that studentmay use the
answers in the second column more than once.
1. dilatation and curettage
a. fallopian tubes
2. laparoscopy sterilization
b. vagina
3. tubal ligation
c. uterus
4. A & P repair
d. ovaries
5. myomectomy
e. vulva
6. stereotactic breast biopsy
f. mammary glands
EXERCISE 11-5 Build diagnostic procedural terms for the following definitions by
using the word parts it’s expected that studenthave learned. For example :
1. x-ray film of the uterus and fallopian tubes R CV WR
1. visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
2. instrument used for visual examination of the vagina (and cervix)
3. visual examination of the uterus
4. x-ray film of the breast
5. instrument used for visual examination of the Douglasُ cul-de-sac
6. visual examination of the Douglas cul-de-sac
7. surgical puncture to remove fluid from the Douglasُ cul-de-sac
8. instrument used for visual examination of the uterus
9. process of recording the breast
Answers key :
EXERCISE 1
1
2
D
F
11
12
O
Q
3
E
13
R
4
I
14
M
5
B
15
T
6
H
16
L
EXERCISE 2
111
7
A
17
K
8
J
18
S
9
G
19
P
10
C
20
N
1
False
2
True
3
False
4
False
5
False
6
True
7
True
8
False
9
False
EXERCISE 3
2. colp/orrhaphy
11. hyster/ectomy
3. cervic/ectomy
12. oophor/ectomy
4. episi/o/rrhaphy
13. mast/ectomy
5. episi/o/perine/o/plasty 14. salping/ectomy
6. colp/o/plasty
15. perine/orrhaphy
7. colp/o/perine/orrhaphy 16. oophor/o/salping/ectomy
8. hyster/o/salping/o/
oophor/ectomy
8. hyster/o/pexy
18. mamm/o/plasty
19. mamm/o/plasty
EXERCISE 4
1. c
2. a
3. a
4. b
EXERCISE 5
1.
hyster/o/salping/o/ gram
2.
colp/o/scopy
3.
colp/o/scope
4.
hyster/o/scopy
5.
mamm/o/gram
5. e
6. culd/o/scope
7. culd/o/scopy
8. culd/o/centesis
9. hyster/o/scope
10. mamm/o/graph
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6. f
10
False
Chapter 13
The Nervous System
Learning Objectives
I. Surgical Terms
II. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
III. Other Diagnostic Procedural Terms
IV. Case History
V. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms and Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of Nervous System and to increase your reading
comprehension and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
111
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms
related to the Nervous System.
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the diagnostic
procedural terms related to the Nervous System.
The Nervous System
Although the nervous system is more sophisticated than even the most
complex computer, at least one parallel with the computer is useful in
understanding how the nervous system works as a whole. The brain functions
in much the same way as a computer's central processor, since information to
be processed in the brain must pass between it and other parts of the body
through the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are together known as the
central nervous system, abbreviated CNS. The parts of the nervous system
found throughout the rest of the body make up the peripheral nervous system
(PNS), which is somewhat like a computer's operating system. This chapter
introduces terms related to the CNS and PNS, along with terms naming
nervous system disorders and procedures.
Word Elements Specific to the Nervous System
The word elements shown in the following table are often found in terms
related to the nervous system. You will recognize them in many of the terms
you will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 15-1 Common Word Elements of the Nervous system
Word Element
Refers to
cephal/o;
brain
encephal/o
cerebell/o
the cerebellum
cerebr/o
the cerebrum; also, the brain in general
cortic/o
outer layer or covering
gangli/o;
ganglia (singular: ganglion)
ganglion/o
gli/o
glue
hydr/o
water
megal/o
large
mening/i/o
a membrane
116
myel/o
neur/o
psych/o
spin/o
-mania
-phobia
in connection with the nervous system, refers to the
spinal cord and medulla oblongata
a nerve cell; nervous system
the mind
the spinal cord
suffix meaning “morbid attraction to” or “impulse
toward”
suffix meaning “morbid or unreasonable fear”
The Practice and the Practitioners
Coupling the root neur/o with the suffix -logy yields the term neurology,
which is the name of the medical specialty dealing with the nervous system.
Specialists who treat nervous system disorders are called neurologists,
neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and psychologists.
Anatomy of the Nervous System
Nerve tissue, along with its associated connective tissue and blood vessels,
makes up both the CNS and PNS. Nerve tissue is composed of fundamental
units called neurons, which are separated, supported, and protected by
neuroglia. The three principal parts of a neuron cell are the cell body, the
dendrites, and the axon. Axons are protected by the myelin sheath, an
envelope of glial cells providing protection and electrical insulation to
neurons.
Physiology of the Nervous System
Dendrites, which project outward from the cell body, act as antennae that
receive and transmit messages between the neuron and muscles, skin, or other
neurons. The cell body passes these messages to the axon, which is a tail-like
“process,” so called because it conducts electrical impulses away from the cell
body. The connecting points for these message transfers are called synapses.
Synaptic connections can occur between a neuron and a neuron or between a
neuron and another cell. Within the connection, the cell that sends the
message is called a presynaptic cell, and the cell
receiving the message is the postsynaptic cell. The postsynaptic cell releases a
chemical called a neurotransmitter. Hormones are typical neurotransmitters.
When groups of neuron cell bodies occur within the CNS, each one is called a
nucleus (plural: nuclei). However, when groups of neuron cell bodies occur
within the PNS, each one is called a ganglion (plural: ganglia). Groupings of
axons are called nerves, wherever they occur in the body. Neurons are
117
grouped because they work together to carry out the highly complex sensing
and processing actions required for everything we do.
Information travels in two directions through the nervous system: sensory
information passes either from or through the spinal cord to the brain; and
command information passes from the brain to or through the spinal cord to
effect an action. We can know which kind of information (sensory or
command) and the direction the information is traveling (to or from the brain)
by referring to the last word element in the term naming the path along which
it flows. For example, the information traveling along the spinothalamic
pathway (or tract) carries sensory information from the spinal cord (spino) to
the thalamus, which is part of the brain. If the adjective denoting the pathway
ended with spinal instead, as in the corticospinal pathway, we would know
that the message moving along that pathway is command information because
it is going from the brain to the spinal cord.
The Central Nervous System
The Brain
As the the body's “central processor,” the brain contains 98% of the body's
neural (nerve) tissue.
From the outside, the brain is separable into four lobes: the frontal, parietal,
occipital, and temporal. The brain is divisible into the following major parts:
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem.
Cerebrum
The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is where memories and conscious
thoughts are stored. It also directs some of our bodily movements. An outer
layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex protects the cerebrum, which is
divided into two hemispheres. The term basal ganglia is commonly used when
referring to the basal nuclei situated in the white matter of the cerebrum.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, like the larger cerebrum situated above it, also has two
hemispheres. The cerebellum helps us perform learned body movements
smoothly and maintain our equilibrium.
Diencephalon
The diencephalon contains both the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The
thalamus processes sensory information, and the hypothalamus, which is the
hormone and emotion center of the brain, controls autonomic functions.
Brain Stem
112
Both consciousness and some psychomotor responses also occur within the
mesencephalon. The pons (Latin for “bridge”) passes information to the
cerebellum and the thalamus to regulate subconscious somatic activities. The
medulla oblongata sends sensory information to the thalamus to direct the
autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, and other organs of the body. The
cavities between the brain stem and the cerebrum are called ventricles.
The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord and the brain communicate continuously with one another.
The messages that flow back and forth bring about all the actions and
functions that make life pleasurable, painful, and even possible. In the
average-size adult, the spinal cord is about a foot and a half long and a halfinch wide. It is surrounded by membranes called spinal meninges, which
absorb physical shocks that could damage the neural tissue. The outer layer of
the spinal cord consists of dura mater, a dense collection of collagen fibers
located along its length. The spinal cord is further protected by ligaments,
tendons, and muscles.
The Peripheral Nervous System
The PNS may be further divided into two subsystems: the autonomic nervous
system and the somatic nervous system. Since some organs, such as the heart
and lungs, work on their own, their performance is said to be autonomic. The
word autonomy, which you may already know, is a common English word
that means “self-sufficient.” Conscious and habitual actions, on the other
hand, are called somatic, which comes from a Greek word meaning “body.”
Like the CNS, the PNS contains neurons, neuroglia, and associated tissue. The
PNS also consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves emanating from the
CNS, along with receptors and effectors. Receptors, which reside in all parts
of the body, sense stimuli and transmit them to the CNS. Effectors respond to
motor impulses from the CNS.
For example, many nerves, including the optic nerve, function together with
the brain to create the sensation of sight. This process requires that a string of
electrical messages, called nerve impulses, be exchanged between the PNS
and CNS. These messages travel back and forth to the CNS from receptors
and effectors by means of synapses and along axons.
The cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain, but they are
nevertheless part of the PNS. The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are the olfactory,
optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear,
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal. As part of the PNS,
119
these nerves are associated with bodily movements and functions within other
systems.
Common Abbreviations:
The Nervous System
Abbreviation
Meaning
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
EEG
electroencephalography
IQ
intelligence quotient
LP
lumbar puncture
MA
mental age
OBS
organic brain syndrome
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, and reactive to light
and accommodation
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Nervous System Disorders and Procedures
A neurosis is a fear of something that is not a hazard, at least not from a
statistical point of view. Neuroses usually represent only a skewed perspective
of reality, and although they can be debilitating, most people can overcome
the anxiety such fears engender. Neuroses are often named by combining the
suffix -phobia (“fear of something”) with a root or prefix identifying the
object feared, such as pan-(“all”). Thus,panophobia means“fear of
everything”(Table 13-2).
A psychosis, on the other hand, represents a marked distortion of or sharp
break from reality and is a serious personality disorder. Schizophrenia, a
psychosis, involves delusions, such as believing that someone or something is
controlling your thoughts. Another of its manifestations is hallucinations,
most often “hearing” voices or other sounds. Paranoia, another personality
disorder, is characterized by unreasonable suspicion or jealousy, along with a
tendency to interpret everything others do as hostile. Some psychoses are
indicated by the suffix -mania. Examples are megalomania (delusions of
grandeur) and kleptomania (uncontrollable impulse to steal).
TABLE 13-2 Common Phobias
Term
Definition
140
acrophobia
agoraphobia
arachnophobia
claustrophobia
xenophobia
ankylophobia
hemophobia
panophobia
xenoglossophobia
fear of heights
fear of being outside your own house
fear of spiders
fear of being in a closed airless space
fear of foreigners
fear of immobility of a joint
fear of blood
fear of everything
fear of foreign languages
TABLE 13-3 Disorders and Procedures Common to the Nervous System
Term
Definition
agnosia
loss of sensory input recognition
Alzheimer disease; also a disease that may begin in late middle life;
Alzheimer's disease
characterized by progressive mental deterioration that
includes loss of memory and visual and spatial
orientation
aphasia
loss of speech
cerebral thrombosis
blood clot in the brain
cerebral stroke
an acute clinical event, related to impairment of
cerebral circulation, lasting more than 24 hours
cerebrovascular
synonym for a cerebral stroke; an acute clinical event,
accident (CVA)
related to impairment of cerebral circulation, lasting
more than 24 hours
cerebrovascular disease brain disorder involving a blood vessel
craniectomy
excision of part of the skull
craniotomy
incision into the skull
delirium
impaired consciousness
dementia
impaired intellectual function
dysphasia
impaired speech
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
epilepsy
CNS disorder often characterized by seizures
glioblastoma
a cerebral tumor occurring most frequently in adults
glioma
tumor of glial tissue
hemiparesis
partial paralysis of one side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
Huntington disease
hereditary disorder of the CNS characterized by
(also
involuntary muscle
Huntington's disease) movements and dementia
141
hydrocephalus
hyperesthesia
meningioma
meningitis
multiple sclerosis
excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
abnormal sensitivity to touch
benign tumor of meninges
inflamed meninges
disease of the CNS; characterized by the formation of
plaques in the brain and spinal cord
myelitis
inflamed spinal cord
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord and nerve roots
neuralgia
pain in a nerve
neuropathy
any disorder of the nervous system
neuroplasty
surgery to repair a nerve
paralysis
loss of motor control
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities and, often, the lower
trunk of the body
paresthesia
numbness
Parkinson disease (also a neurologic condition characterized by difficulty in
Parkinson's disease)
controlling muscles
plegia
paralysis
poliomyelitis
inflamed gray matter in the spinal cord
psychosis
general term covering severe mental or emotional
disorders
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
sciatica
pain in the sciatic nerve, located in the lower back and
extending down the thigh
seizure
sudden disturbance in brain function, sometimes
producing a convulsion
syncope
fainting
I. Surgical Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. ganglionectomy…………
DEFINITION
excision of a ganglion (also
called gangliectomy)
excision of a nerve
( gang  gle  on  EK  to  me )
2. neurectomy……………...
(nu  REK  to  me )
3. neurolysis……………….
separating a nerve (from
adhesions)
(nu  ROI  i  sis)
4. neuroplasty………………
( NU  ro  plas  te )
surgical repair of a nerve
5. neurorrhaphy……………
142
(nu  RO R  a  te )
suture of a nerve
6. neurotomy……………..
(nu  ROT  o  me )
incision into the nerves
7. radicotomy…………….
(rad  i  KOT  o  me )
incision into a nerve root
8. rhizotomy………………
(ri  ZOT  o  me )
incision into a nerve root
II. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
(built from word parts)
1. cerebral angiography………………
(se  RE  bral) (an  je  OG  ra  fe )
2. echoencephalography………….......
(ek  o  en  sef  a  LOG  ra  fe )
3. electroencephalogram(EEG)………
(e  lek  tro  en  SEF  a  lo  gram)
4. electroencephalograph……………..
(e  lek  tro  en  SEF  a  lo  graf )
5. electroencephalography……………
(e  lek  tro  en  sef  a  LOG  ra  fe )
6. myelogram…………………………
(MI  e  lo  gram)
DEFINITION
process of x-ray filming of
the blood vessels in the
brain (after an injection of
contrast medium)
process of recording brain
structures by use of sound
(also called
ultrasonography)
record of the electrical
impulse of the brain
instrument used for
recording the electrical
impulses of the brain
process of recording the
electrical impulses of the
brain
x-ray film of the spinal cord
(after injection of dye into
the spinal fluid that
surrounds the spinal cord)
III. Other Diagnostic Procedural Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
1. computed tomogtaphy of the
process that includes the use of a
brain…………………..
computer to produce a series of
(to  MOG  ra  fe )
images of the tissues of the brain at
any desired depth. The procedure is
141
noninvasive, painless, and particularly
useful in diagnosing brain tumors.
Also referred to as a CT scan or CAT
scan for computed axial tomography.
2. lumbar puncture (LP) ….
insertion of a needle into the
( LUM  bar )
subarachnoid space between the third
and fourth lumbar vertebrae. It is
performed for many reasons, including
the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for
diagnostic purposes.
3. magnetic resonance imaging of
A noninvasive technique that produces
the head (MRI)...
cross-sectional and vertical images of
(mag  NET  ik )
cranial structures by use of magnetic
waves. Unlike CT scan, MRI produces
(re  zo  NANGE )
images without use of radiation or
( IM  a  jing )
contrast medium.
4. positron emission tomography of A new technique that permits viewing
the brain (PET
of a slice of the brain and gives
scan)………………..
information about brain function such
( POS  i  tron) (e  MI  shun)
as blood flow. The patient is injected
with radioactive material. A special
(to MOG  ra  fe )
camera records the radioactive decay
within the brain. The information is
transmitted to a computer which
projects images onto a television
screen.
IV. Case History:
This 30-year-old white male was initially injured in a train accident
approximately 1 year ago when he jumped from a moving boxcar. X-ray
showed a forced flexion injury to the cervical spine compressing C-7.
Compression of spinal cord was evident with subsequent quadriplegia. His
condition was first treated and stabilized in an acute care facility. He was
transferred to this facility for rehabilitation. He has been referred to
Collaborative Care for discharge planning.
Collaborative Care Conference:
Nurse Practitioner- this patient continues to have a chronic sacral decubitus,
stage 2, Which has not resolved with Duoderm or with wet to dry dressings.
He has a urinary tract infection that has been resolved with a negative urine
144
culture 1 week ago. His bladder spasms are well controlled at this time with
Baclofen, Valium, and talwin.
Occupational Therapy:His treatment regimen consists of activities
encouraging functional range of motion and ADL tid. A tenodesis splint has
been ordered for left upper extremity. Short-term goal: OT for increased
functional use of left hand when patient’s tenodesis splint is completed.
Physical Therapy-in addition to treatment regimen in OT, PT tid is given to
increase vital capacity, which appears to have peaked at 60% to 67% of the
expected norm. patient is independent in getting on and off the bus. Medical
social Service: Patient will be discharged to home in 1 week with mother as
primary caretaker. Home supportive services will be instated when he is
discharged. He is on state disability and has been cleared for independent
Living Centers. He knows how to contact these resources.
Exercise 13-1 Circle the term in the Choices column that answers each of the following
questions.
Question
Choices
1. What part of the brain controls functions that include heart rate, basal nuclei; cerebrum;
breathing, and body temperature?
brain stem
2. The axon is one of two processes that extend from a neuron
effector; dendrite;
cell body; what is the other?
neurotransmitter
3. What is the term for the envelope of glial cells that provides
cell body; CNS; myelin
protection and electrical insulation for neurons?
sheath
4. What part of the brain processes information from the sense of frontal lobe; occipital lobe;
sight and other sensory and motor tasks?
parietal lobe
5. What part of the brain stem passes information to the
psychomotor; pons; receptor
cerebellum and the thalamus to regulate subconscious somatic
activities?
6. What is the term for a blood clot in the brain?
cerebrospinal; cerebellum;
cerebral thrombosis
7. What is the clinical term for impaired speech?
dementia; dysphasia;
delirium
8. What is abnormal sensitivity to touch? hypothalamus
hydrocephalus;
hyperesthesia;
9. What is the word for inflamed gray matter of the spinal cord? cerebral cortex; cerebrum;
poliomyelitis
10.What term means lack of muscular coordination?
ataxia; synapse; paraplegia
EXERCISE 13-2 Build terms for the following definitions by using the word parts
it’s expected that studenthave learned.
141
a.
WR
S
b.
WR
S
2. excision of a nerve
WR
S
3. suture of a nerve
WR
S
4. excision of a ganglion
WR
S
5. incision into the nerves
WR
1. incision into a nerve root
S
6. separating a nerve (from adhesions)
WR
CV
S
7. surgical repair of a nerve
WR
CV
S
Answers key:
EXERCISE 1
1. brain stem
4. occipital lobe
7. dysphasia
10. ataxia
2. dendrite
5. pons
8. hyperesthesia
EXERCISE 2
1. a. radic/otomy
b. rhiz/otomy
2. neur/ectomy
3. neur/orrhaphy
EXERCISE 3
1. ech/o/encephal/o/graphy
2. electr/o/encephal o/gram
3. electr/o/encephal/o/graph
3. myelin sheath
6. cerebral thrombosis
9. poliomyelitis
4. ganglion/ectomy
5. neur/otomy
6. neur/o/lysis
7. neur/o/plasty
4. electr/o/encephal/o/graphy
5. myel/o/gram
6. cerebr/al angi/o/graphy
146
Chapter 14
The Special Sense
Learning Objectives
I. Surgical Terms
II. Other Surgical Terms
III. Diagnostic Procedural Terms
IV. Case History
V. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Surgical Terms and Diagnostic
Procedural Terms of Eye and Ear to increase your reading comprehension
and to prepare you for reading similar passages.
147
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Build, analyze, define, pronounce, and spell the surgical terms related to
the Eye and Ear.
 Define, pronounce, and spell other surgical terms related to the Eye and
Ear.
The Eye
The eye works in conjunction with the nervous system, specifically the visual
cortex of the brain. The process of vision begins when photoreceptors in the
eye detect photons, which are basic units of visible light, and is completed by
photon-generated impulses traveling along the optic nerves (one in each eye
connecting to the brain) to the visual cortices of the cerebral hemispheres. The
process depends on a highly complex series of physiologic events, but for ease
of understanding it can be compared to the operation of a camera. For
example, each eye has a lens, a mechanism for widening or narrowing the
opening through which light is admitted, and ways of focusing on objects
whether close by or far away.
This chapter will introduce you to the main parts of the eye and acquaint you
with the terms that name them.
Words and Word Elements Specific to the Eye
The words and word elements shown in the following table are often found in
terms related to the eye. You will recognize them in many of the terms you
will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 14-1 Common Words and Word Elements related to the Eye
Word or Root
Refers to
blephar/o
eyelid
conjunctiva (plural:
mucous membrane covering the anterior
conjunctivae)
surface of the eyeball
core/o
pupil of the eye
cornea (plural: corneas)
the outer wall of the eye; reflector of light
dacry/o
tears
dacryocyst/o
lacrimal sac
irid/o
iris (plural: irides)
142
ocul/o
ophthalm/o
opt/o
palpebra (plural: palpebrae)
phak/o; phac/o
retin/o
scler/o
uve/o
-opia
eye
eye
light
eyelid
lens
retina
sclera
middle layer of the eye containing muscles
and blood vessels
suffix denoting vision; a condition of the eye
The Practice and the Practitioners
The root ophthalm/o means “eye,” and as you learned in past Chapter, the
suffix -logy means “study of.” Coupling this root and suffix gives the term
ophthalmology, which refers to the medical specialty dealing with the eye.
Dropping the y from this term and adding the suffix -ist produces the term
ophthalmologist, which refers to a physician who specializes in
ophthalmology. An ophthalmologist (sometimes called an oculist) provides
eye care ranging from prescribing corrective lenses to treating eye diseases or
even performing ophthalmic surgery.
The term optometry refers to the practice of examining eyes for impaired
vision and other disorders. It derives from the root opt/o (“light”) and the
suffix -metry (“act of measuring”). An optometrist “measures” a patient's
ability to see and, like an ophthalmologist, can prescribe corrective lenses.
An optician is a specialist in the field of optics, which deals with the nature
and characteristics of light. An optician uses the prescription for corrective
lenses from an ophthalmologist or optometrist to make eyeglasses that
improve a patient's vision.
Main Structures of the Eye
The eyeball is a sphere filled with a jelly-like, transparent substance called the
vitreous body. The outside of the eyeball has three distinctive outer layers or
“coats”: the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the neural tunic (tunic is the
Latin word for “coat”). The fibrous tunic is the outermost layer, which
connects with eye muscles. It consists of the cornea and the sclera (plural:
sclerae). The vascular tunic, also called the uvea, is in the middle. It contains
the iris (plural: irides), along with blood vessels and other tissues. The neural
tunic, the innermost layer, is composed of the retina, where the nerves and
light receptors (called rods and cones) are located.
149
The photoreceptors in the eye, which detect the presence of light, are of two
kinds: cones and rods. The cones receive those photons that are traveling
opposite to the direction one is looking, while the rods pick up those photons
that strike the eye from the side. Most visual information comes through the
cones, which enable us to see in full color. However, the rods are much more
sensitive to light, which makes them more valuable than cones when we are in
the dark. Unfortunately, the rods provide only black and white images that
lack sharpness.
The visible parts of the eye include the pupil (the dark part in the very center
of the eye), the iris (the colored part), and the sclera (the white part). The
cornea, a transparent shield of tissue, covers the iris, and directly behind the
iris is the lens. The sclera extends all the way around the eyeball to the optic
nerve, which lies at the very back. The retina is a thin layer of tissue just
inside the sclera. When light rays reflect off an object we are looking at, they
travel through the
cornea and lens, which focuses them onto photoreceptors in the retina. After
receiving these light signals, the retina changes them into electrical impulses
that travel through the optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted.
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Accessory structures of the eye comprise the eyelid and the lacrimal
apparatus, which includes glands that produce tears, and the ducts and other
cavities that contain tears. (Lacrima is the Latin word for “tears.”) The
conjunctiva (plural: conjunctivae) is the skin-like mucous membrane that
covers the inside of the eyelid and the anterior part of eyeball. Conjunctivitis
is a common childhood malady often referred to as “pinkeye.”
Common Abbreviations:
The Eye
AbbreviationMeaning
ECCE
extracapsular cataract extraction
EOC
extraocular movement
ERG
electroretinography
ICCE
intracapsular cataract extraction
IOP
intraocular pressure
OD
right eye
OS
left eye
OU
both eyes
PVD
posterior vitreous detachment (referring to the vitreous body)
110
TABLE 14-2 Common Conditions and Procedures associated with the
Eye
Term
Definition
aphakia
without a lens
astigmatism
fuzzy vision caused by the irregular shape of one or
both eyeballs
blepharectomy
surgical removal of part or all of an eyelid
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
blepharochalasis
relaxation of the eyelid
blepharoconjunctivitisinflammation of the palpebral conjunctiva
blepharoplasty
surgery to correct a defective eyelid
blepharoplegia
paralysis of an eyelid
blepharoptosis
drooping eyelid(s)
blepharospasm
involuntary contraction of the eyelid
blepharotomy
surgical incision of an eyelid
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
conjunctivoplasty
surgery on the conjunctiva
coreoplasty
surgical repair of the pupil
corepexy
surgical fixation of the iris
dacryocele
lacrimal sac filled with fluid; often called a
dacryocystocele, because dacryocyst is a synonym for
lacrimal sac
dacryocystalgia
pain in the lacrimal sac
dacryocystectomy
surgical removal of the lacrimal sac
dacryocystotomy
incision into the lacrimal sac
dacryolith
a “stone” in the lacrimal apparatus
dacryorrhea
excessive secretion of tears
emmetropia
normal vision
hyperopia
farsightedness
iridocele
hernia of the iris
iridomalacia
softening of the iris
iritis
inflammation of the iris
lacrimation
synonym for dacryorrhea
lacrimotomy
synonym for dacryocystotomy
myopia
nearsightedness
oculodynia
pain in the eyeball
oculopathy
generic term for eye disease; synonym for
ophthalmopathy
ophthalmolith
synonym for dacryolith
ophthalmomalacia
softening of the eyeball
111
ophthalmoscope
ophthalmoscopy
phacocele
phacolysis
phacomalacia
presbyopia
retinectomy
retinitis
retinopathy
retinopexy
retinotomy
scleroiritis
scleromalacia
uveitis
device for examining the interior of the eyeball by
looking
through the pupil
examination of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
hernia of the lens
operative removal of the lens in pieces
softening of the lens
farsightedness resulting from loss of elasticity in the
lens
surgical removal of part of the retina
inflammation of the retina
disease of the retina
procedure to repair a detached retina
an incision through the retina
inflammation of the sclera and iris
softening of the sclera
inflammation of the uvea
The Ear
The brain cannot “hear” sound waves. Therefore, the job of the ears is to
detect sound waves and then change them to electrical waves that the brain
can use to interpret information (music, spoken words, etc.). The word that
names the process of changing energy from one form to another is
transduction. The verb is tranduce, and the devices that do the conversion
(such as our ears) are transducers. Although these words are not medical
terms, knowing their meanings will help you understand how the ear works.
Words and Word Elements Specific to the Ear
The words and word elements shown in the following table are often found in
terms related to the ear. You will recognize them in many of the terms you
will learn in this chapter.
TABLE 14-3 Common Words and Word Elements related to the Ear
Word or Root
Refers to
audi/o
sound; hearing
aur/o
ear
auricul/o
ear
cerumen
brownish-yellow, waxy secretion of the ceruminous
glands in the external auditory canal
myring/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
112
ot/o
tympan/o
ear
eardrum
The Practice and the Practitioners
Coupling the root audi/o with the suffix -logy yields the term audiology,
which deals with hearing and hearing disorders. An audiologist, therefore, is a
specialist who measures hearing efficiency and treats hearing impairment. An
otologist is a specialist in otology, the branch of medical science concerned
with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the ear and its related
structures.
The Structure of the Ear
The ear is divided into three parts: the external, middle, and inner ears .
The External Ear
The external ear has two subparts. The outermost part, composed of flesh and
cartilage, is called the auricle or pinna (both mean the same thing, but auricle
is more commonly used). The other subpart, called the external auditory
canal, extends to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. The tympanic
membrane separates the external and middle ears. The external ear funnels
sound waves into the finer apparatus within the middle and inner ears. It also
protects the ear from injury and infection. The ear's chief infection fighter is
cerumen, a wax-like substance secreted by glands in the external auditory
canal.
The Middle Ear
The middle ear starts on the other side of the tympanic membrane and is
called the tympanic cavity. The eustachian tube, or auditory tube, connects the
middle ear to the nasal passages. The eustachian tube allows air on both sides
of the tympanic membrane to stay at an equal pressure. When you have a bad
cold, this tube sometimes gets blocked, which causes obstruction that
adversely affects your hearing and makes your head feel heavy. Organisms in
the nasal passages often travel through the eustachian tube, causing infection
in the ears. The middle ear has three parts, which together are called the
auditory ossicles. They consist of three bones: the malleus (hammer), the
incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup) .
The Inner Ear
The inner ear picks up sound at the oval window (the opening to the inner ear)
from the stapes and transfers it to the vestibular duct. Sound then travels
through the membranous labyrinth, which is a collection of canals inside the
bony labyrinth. Receptors in the cochlea then transduce the sound waves into
electrical signals that our brains can interpret.
111
Common Ear Disorders and Procedures
Hearing impairment may be divided into three categories: sensorineural,
conductive, and presbyacusis. Sensorineural hearing loss, as the name
suggests, is caused by a neural condition—specifically, a disorder of the
auditory nerve or some other part of the inner ear. Conductive hearing loss is
caused by interference with sound transmission in the external auditory canal,
middle ear, or ossicles. Presbyacusis is the hearing loss that occurs with aging.
Table 14-4 Common Disorders and Procedures associated with the Ear
Term
Definition
audiogenic
caused by sound
audiogram
automatically recorded results of a hearing test with an
audiometer (an electrical device for measuring hearing)
audiometer
electrical device for measuring hearing
audiometry
measuring hearing with an audiometer
cochlear implant
surgically implanted hearing aid in the cochlea
conductive hearing hearing loss caused by interference with sound
loss
transmission in the external auditory canal, middle ear,
or ossicles
myringoplasty
surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
myringotomy
incision or surgical puncture of the eardrum
otalgia
pain in the ear
otitis
inflammation of the ear (otitis externa = the outer ear;
otitis media = the middle ear; otitis interna = the inner
ear)
otodynia
earache
otogenic
originating in the ear
otopathy
any disease of the ear
otoplasty
cosmetic surgery on the auricle
otorrhea
fluid discharge from the ear
otosclerosis
formation of spongy bone in the inner ear producing
hearing loss
otoscope
device for looking into the ear
otoscopy
looking into the ear with an otoscope
presbyacusis
hearing loss that occurs with aging
sensorineural hearing hearing loss caused by a neural condition; specifically, a
loss
disorder of the auditory nerve or some other part of the
inner ear
tinnitus
sensation of noises (such as ringing) in the ears
114
tympanectomy
tympanocentesis
tympanoplasty
tympanotomy;
tympanostomy
vertigo
surgical removal of the eardrum
puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to
aspirate middle ear fluid
surgery performed on the middle ear
synonyms for myringotomy
sensation of spinning or whirling; can be caused by
infection or other disorder in the inner ear
Common Abbreviations
The Ear
AbbreviationMeaning
AD
right ear
AS
left ear
AU
both ears
BC
bone conduction
db or DB
decibel
TM
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
AC
air conduction
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
OM
otitis media
HL
hearing level
EXERCISE 14-1 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
1.
2.
3.
Term
ophthalmology
uvea
pupil
4.
5.
6.
iris
sclera
cornea
7.
ocular conjunctiva
Definition
A. transparent shield of tissue covering the iris
B. adjective associated with tears
C. a thin layer of tissue, just inside the sclera, where
light rays entering the eye converge
D. the “colored” part of the eye
E. the dark part in the very center of the eye
F. mucous membrane covering the anterior surface
of the eyeball
G. the vascular tunic in the middle of the eye
111
8.
ophthalmoscope
9.
retina
10.
lacrimal
H. part of the outermost layer of the eye, which is
white in color
I. a device for examining the interior of the
eyeball by looking through the pupil
J. name of the medical specialty dealing with the eye
EXERCISE 14-2 Circle the term in the Choices column that answers each of the
following questions.
Question
Choices
1. What is the adjective form of cornea?
cataract; corneal; corneous
2. What is the name of the outermost layer of the eye, neural tunic; fibrous tunic;
which consists of the cornea and sclera?
vascular tunic
3. The colored part of the eye (the anterior part of the iris; pupil; cornea
vascular tunic) is referred to as what?
4. What is the term for the innermost layer of the eye, ocular tunic; vascular
composed of the retina, where the nerves and light tunic; neural tunic
receptors are located?
5. What is the name for the middle layer of the eye ocular tunic; vascular
which contains the iris, blood vessels, and other
tunic; fibrous tunic
tissues?
6. What is the name for the medical specialty dealing retinopathy;
with the eye?
ophthalmology; optometry
7. What is the term for an examination of the eye
ophthalmology;
with an ophthalmoscope?
blepharectomy;
ophthalmoscopy
8. What is the name for the science of the nature and optics; ocular; optometry
characteristics of light?
9. What is the term for a condition not caused by an amblyopia; aphakia;
ocular lesion and not fully correctable by an
astigmatism
artificial lens?
10.What term do we use to express the condition of glaucoma; presbyopia;
farsightedness that results from loss of elasticity in strabismus
the lens?
EXERCISE 14-3 Put an X in the True or False column next to each statement.
Statement
TrueFalse
1. When a disorder is classified as “corneal” it signifies that it's
___ ___
situated outside the eye.
2. The abbreviations for the right eye and left eye are OD and OS,
___ ___
respectively.
3. The abbreviation for both eyes is OSD.
___ ___
116
4. Photoreceptors are the retinal cones and rods.
___
5. The dark part in the center of the iris through which light enters the ___
eye is called the retina.
6. The pupil is the light-sensitive membrane forming the innermost ___
layer of the eyeball.
7. The sclera is the outer surface of the eye (part of the fibrous tunic). ___
8. Glaucoma is a complete or partial opacity of the ocular lens.
___
9. Cataracts are a disease of the eye characterized by increased
___
intraocular pressure and atrophy of the optic nerve.
10.Lack of parallelism in the visual axes (crossed eyes) is called a
___
refraction.
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
EXERICISE 14-4 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
1. The procedure performed to repair tears in the retina is called
2. _ is the name given to the procedure in which the cataract is lifted from the
eye by an extremely cold probe.
3. Surgical removal of an eye is called a(n)_______.
4. ____ is the name given to the procedure that breaks up the lens with
ultrasound and then aspirates it.
5. An incision into the tendon of a muscle to relieve a crossed- eyed condition is
a(n) ______ .
6. ____ is the surgical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular pressure.
7. An operation to repair a detached retina in which the sclera is folded or
resected, an implant inserted, and sutures made to hold the sclera is called---.
8. Surgery in which spoke-like incisions are made to flatten the cornea thus
correcting nearsightedness is called a __.
9. Surgery to remove vitreous fluid from the eye is called________.
EXERCISE 14- 5 Match the terms in the first column with the correct
definitions in the second column.
1. strabotomy
a. a surgery to flatten the cornea thus correcting
2. enucleation
nearsightedness
3. trabeculectom
b. surgical creation of a permanent drain to reduce
3. trabeculectomy
intraocular pressure
4. retinal photocoagulation
c. procedure to repair tears in the retina
5. cryoextraction of lens
d. procedure in which the lens is broken up by
ultrasound and aspirated
e. incision into muscle tendon to relieve crossed
eyes
6. phacoemulsification
f. surgical removal of an eye
117
7. scleral buckling surgery
8. radial keratotomy
9. vitrectomy
g. surgical removal of vitreous fluid
h. operation in which a cataract is lifted from the eye
with an extremely cold probe
g. surgical removal of vitreous fluid
h. operation in which a cataract is lifted from the eye
with an extremely cold probe
i. detaced reina surgery is which the sclera is folded,
an implant inserted, and sutures made to hold the
sclera
Exercise 14- 6 Match the numbers in Column 1 with the letters in Column 2
according to the corresponding terms and definitions they designate.
Term
Definition
1. audiologist
A.
the eardrum
2. cerumen
B.
the process of changing energy from one form to
another
3. otoscope
C.
specialist treating abnormal hearing
4. tympanoplasty
D.
device for looking in the ear
5. transduction
E.
inflammation of the middle ear
6. auditory ossicles
F.
part of the bony labyrinth (inner ear)
7. otitis media
G.
wax-like secretion in the external auditory canal
8. tympanic membrane H.
auditory tube, which connects the middle ear to the
nasal passages
9. Eustachian tube
I.
surgery performed on the middle ear
10. cochlea
J.
three small bones in the inner ear, the malleus, incus,
and stapes
EXERCISE 14-7 Put an X in the True or False column next to each statement.
Statement
TrueFalse
1. The auricle is one of the two parts of the external ear (the other is ___ ___
the auditory canal).
2. The term for the middle ear is the tympanic membrane.
___ ___
3. Hearing loss caused by interference with sound transmission in the ___ ___
external auditory canal, middle ear, or ossicles is called conductive
hearing loss.
4. The otologist checks ears by looking into them with an audiometer. ___ ___
5. To perform a surgical repair of the tympanic membrane, a doctor ___ ___
performs a myringoplasty.
6. The Rinne test is a hearing test that uses a tuning fork.
___ ___
7. A tuning fork is an instrument that lights up when struck.
___ ___
8. The Weber test is a hearing test that uses a tuning fork.
___ ___
112
9. The common abbreviation for the right ear is “AS.”
10.The common abbreviation for both ears is ADAS.
___ ___
___ ___
Answers key:
EXERCISE 11
1
J
2
3
4
G
E
D
EXERCISE 2
1
2
corneal
fibrous tunic
6
7
ophthalmology ophthalmoscopy
1
False
2
True
3
False
5
H
6
A
3
iris
8
optics
EXERCISE 6
1
2
C
G
EXERCISE 7
1
True
6
True
3. b
4. c
3
D
2
False
7
False
9
C
7
True
8
False
10
B
5
vascular tunic
10
presbyopia
9
10
False
False
6. strabotomy
7. trabeculectomy
8. radial keratotomy
9. vitrectomy
5. h
6. d
4
I
8
I
4
neural tunic
9
amblyopia
EXERCISE 3
4
5
6
True
True
True
EXERCISE 4
1. retinal photocoagulation
2. cryoextraction of the lens
3. enucleation
4. phacoemulsification
5. strabotomy
EXERCISE 5
1. e
2. f
7
F
5
B
7. i
8. a
6
J
3
True
8
True
119
7
E
9. g
8
A
4
False
9
False
9
H
10
F
5
True
10
False
Chapter 15
Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery
Learning Objectives
I. Diagnosis
II. Imaging Techniques
III. Treatment
IV. Cancer
V. Key Terms
VI. Roots Pertaining to Physical Factors
VII. Suffixes Pertaining to Diagnosis
VIII. Suffixes Pertaining to Surgery
IX. Additional Term
X. Abbreviations
XI. Exercises
General Aims :
 The unit is designed to help you learn Diagnosis and Treatment;
Surgery Terms to increase your reading comprehension and to prepare
you for reading similar passages.
160
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Describe the main methods used in examination of a patient
 List the main components of a medical history
 Name seven forms of treatment
 Describe how staging is used in treatment of cancer
 Name ant describes eight imaging techniques
 Identify and use the roots and suffixes pertaining to diagnosis and
surgery
 Define additional medical terms pertaining to diagnosis and treatment,
including surgery
 Interpret abbreviations used in diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosis
Medical diagnosis begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the
present illness with a description of symptoms, a past medical history, and a
family and social history.
A physical examination of all the patient’s systems follows the history
taking. Practitioners use techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and
auscultation to perform physicals. Tools such as the stethoscope,
ophthalmoscope otoscope and blood pressure apparatus are also mployed.
Diagnosis is further aided by laboratory tests. These may include tests on
blood, urine, and other body fluids, study of specimens taken by biopsy, and
identification of infectious organisms. Additional tests may include studies of
the electrical activity of tissues such as the brain and heart, examination of
body cavities by means of an endoscope and imaging techniques.
II. Imaging techniques
Imaging techniques are methods used to visualize body structure or
function. The most fundamental imaging method is radiography, which uses
x-rays to produce a picture on sensitized film. The value of this method may
be increased with a contrast medium, such as a barium mixture, to OUTLINE
soft tissue.
Imaging Techniques
Method
Radiography
Ra-de-OG-ra-fe
Description
Use of x-rays passed through the body to make a
visual record (radiograph) of internal structures
on specially sensitized film; also called
roentgenography
161
Fluoroscopy
Flū-or-OS-kō-pē
Use of x-rays to examine deep structures.
The shadows cast by x-rays passed through
the body are observed on a fluorescent screen.
The device used is called a fluoroscope .
Cineradiography
Making of a motion picture of successive images
Sin-e-rā-dē-OG-ra-fē
appearing on a fluoroscopic screen
computed tomography
Use of a computer to generate an image from a
(CT; CT scan)
large number of x-rays passed at different angles
Tō-MOG-ra-fē
through the body. A three-dimensional picture of
a cross-section of the body is obtained. Reveals
more about soft tissues than simple x-rays; also
called CAT (computerized axial tomography).
Ultrasonography
Generation of a visual image from the echoes of
ul-tra-son-OG-ra-fe
high-frequency sound waves traveling back from
different tissues; also called sonography and
echography (ek-OG-ra-fē)
Scintigraphy
Production of an image of the distribution of
Sin-TIG-ra-fe
radioactivity in tissues after internal
administration
of a radioactive
substance (radionuclide). The
images are obtained with a scintillation camera.
The record produced is a scintiscan.
magnetic resonance imaging Production of images through the use of a
(MRI)
magnetic field and radiowaves. The
characteristics of soft tissue are revealed by
differences in molecular properties; eliminates
the need for x-rays and
contrast media.
positron emission
Production of sectional body images by
tomography (PET)
administration of a natural substance, such as
glucose, labeled with a positron-emitting isotope.
The rays subsequently emitted are interpreted by
computer to show the internal distribution of the
substance administered. PET has been used to
follow blood flow through an organ and to
measure metabolic activity within an organ, such
as the brain, under different conditions.
III. Treatment
162
If diagnosis so indicates, treatment is begun. This may consist of
counseling, drugs, surgery, radiation, physical therapy, occupational therapy,
psychiatric treatment, or a combination of these.
IV. Cancer
The methods important in the diagnosis of cancer include physical
examination, biopsy, imaging techniques, and laboratory tests for certain
enzymes associated with the disease.
Staging is a procedure for establishing the extent of tumor spread, both at the
original site and in other parts of the body (metastases). Staging is important
for selecting and evaluating therapy, and for estimating the outcome of the
disease. The TNM system is commonly used. These letters stand for primary
tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). Evaluation
in these categories varies for each type of tumor. Based on TNM results, a
stage ranging in Roman numerats from I to IV in severity is usually assigned.
The most widely used methods for treatment of cancer are surgery,
radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, treatment with chemicals.
V. Key Terms
Auscultation
(aws-kul-TĀ-shun)
Biopsy
(BĪ-op-sē)
chemotherapy
(kē-mō-THER-a-pē)
Diagnosisn
(di-ag-NO-sis)
Endoscope
(EN-do-skop)
Excision
(ek-SIZH-un)
Incision
(in-SIZH-un)
Inspection
(in-SPEK-shun)
Ophthamoscope
(of-THALmo-skop)
Otoscope
(O-to-skop)
Listening for sounds within the body, usually within
the chest of abdomen
Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic
examination
The use of chemicals to treat disease
The process of determining the cause and nature of an
illness
An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or
cavity through a body opening or small incision. Most
endoscopes use fiberoptics for viewing
Removal by cutting
A cut, as made for surgery; also the act of cutting
Visual examination of the body
An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
An instrument for examining the ear
161
Palpation
(pal-PA-shun)
Percussion
(per-KUSH-un)
Prognosis
(prog-NO-sis)
Radionuclide
(ra-de-o-NU-klid)
Sign
Staging
Stethoscope
(STETH-o-skop)
Suture
(SU-tum)
Symptom
(SIM-tum)
Syndrome
(SIN-drom)
Therapy
(THER-a-pe)
Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the
surface of the body
Tapping the body lightly but sharply in order to assess
the condition of the underlying part by the sounds
obtained
Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease
A substance that gives of radiation; used for diagnosis
and treatment; also called radioisotope or
radiopharmaceutical
An evidence of disease that can be observed or tested.
Examples are fever, rash, high blood pressure, blood or
urine abnormalities. An symptom
The process of classifying malignant tumors for
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
An instrument used for listening to sounds produced
within the body
To unite parts by stitching them together; also the
thread or other material used in that process or
the seam formed by surgical stitching
Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to
subjective evidence of disease, as experienced
by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, weakness
A group of signs and symptoms that together
characterize a disease condition
Treatment; intervention
VI. Roots Pertaining to Physical Factors
Root
Meaning Example
aer/o
Air, gas aerobe
A  er  ob
bar/o
pressure
barotraumas
bar  o  TRAW  ma
Chrom/o
chromat/o
Chron/o
color, stain chromatic
Definition
organism that requires air
(oxygen) to live
injury (trauma) caused by
pressure, as to the ear
pertaining to color
kro  MAT  ik
Time
synchronous
occurring together
SIN  kro  nus
cry/o
Cold
cryoprobe
Instrument used to apply
Extreme cold to tissues
KRI  o  prob
164
Electr/o
electricity electroshock
shock produced by electricity
e  LEK  tro  shok
erg/o
Work
synergistic
sin  er  JIS  tik
phot/o
Light
radi/o
radiation, Radioactive
x-ray
ra  de  o  AK  tiv
Sound
ultrasonic
son/o
photosensitive
fo  to  SEN  si  tiv
ul  tra  SON  ik
Therm/o
Heat,
hypothermia
temperaturehi  po  THER  me  a
VII. Suffixes Pertaining to Diagnosis
Suffix Meaning
Example
-graph instrument for Spirograph
recording data SPI  ro  graf
-graphy act of
roentgenography
rent  gen  OG  ra  fe
recording
Data
-gramt A record of
sonogram
data
SO  no  gram
-meter instrument for Ergometer
Measuring
er  GOM  e  ter
-metry measurement Optometry
op  TOM  e  tre
of
-scope instrument for Cystoscope
viewing or
SIST-o-skop
examining
-scopy Examination Laparoscopy
of
Lap-or-OS-ko-p e
acting together with increased
effect like drugs in combination
abnormally sensitive to ligtht
giving off radiation
pertaining to higth-frequency
sound waves
low body temperature
Definition
instrument used to record
Breathing (spir/o) movements
obtaining pictures with roentgen
rays ,(x-ray); radiography
record obtained by ultrasonography
instrument for measuring work
(erg/o) done
measurement of vision (opt/o) for
glasses
endscope used to examine the
Urinary bladder
examination of the abdomen
through the abdominal wall
VIII. Suffixes Pertaining to Surgery
Suffix
Meaning
Example
Definition
-centesis
puncture,tap
celiocentesis
puncture of the abdomen
Sē-lē-ō-sen-TĒ-sis
-desis
binding, fusion
Pleurodesis
binding the pleural
membranes
Plū-rō-DĒ-sis
(around the lungs)
161
-ectomy
excision, surgical ton-sillectomy
-pexy
Removal
surgical fixation
ton-sil-EK-tō-mē
uteropexy
Ū-ter-ō- PEKS-ē
-tome
plastic repair,
reconstruction
surgical repair,
suture
surgical creation
of an opening
instrument for
-tomy
incision of,
-tripsy
Crushing
septoplasty
sep-tō-PLAS0-tē
herniorrhaphy
her-nē-OR-a-fē
colostomy
kō-LOS-tō-mē
dermatome
DER-ma-tōm
laparotomy
lap-ar-OT-ō-mē
lithotripsy
LITH-ō-trip-sē
-plasty
-rhaphy
-Stomy
IX. Additional Terms
symptoms
clubbing
colic(KOL-ik)
cyanosis(ai-an-Ō-sis)
Diaphoresis
(di-a-fo-RE-sis)
malaise(ma-LĀZ)
nocturnal(nok-TUR-nal)
pallor(PAL-or)
prodrome(PRŌ-drōm)
sequela(sē-KWĒ-la)
syncope(SIN-kō-pē)
excision of the fonsils
(tonsil/o)
surgical fixation of the
uterus(uter/o)
plastic repair of the nasal
septum(partition)
surgical repair of a hernia
(herni/o)
colon (col/o)
instrument for cutting the
skin
surgical incision of the
abdomen
crushing of a stone
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes
With curving of the nails. Seen in a variety of
diseases, especially lung diseases and infection
of the heart lining.
Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth
muscle spasms
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of
oxygen
Profuse sweating
A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often
indicative of infection
Pertaining to or occurring at night
(roots noct/i and nyct/o mean "night")
Paleness; lack of color
A symptom indicating an approaching disease
A lasting effect of a disease (pl. sequelae)
A temporary loss of consciousness due to
inadequate blood flow to the braing; fainting
166
Diagnosis
Alpha- fetoprotein
(al-fa-fē-tō-prō-tēn)(AFP)
Bruit (bruē)
Facies (FĀ-shē-ēz)
Febrile (FEB-ril)
nuclear medicine
Radiology(rā-dē-OL-ō-jē)
Catheter (KATH-e-ter)
Lavage(la-VAZH)
Paracentesis
(par-a-sen-TĒ-sis)
prophylaxis
(prō-fi-LAK-sis)
Surgery drain
exeresis(eks-ER-e-sis)
extirpation
(ek-ster-PA-shun)
laser(LĀ-zer)
ligature(LIG-a-chūr)
resection(rē-SEK-shun)
X. Surgical
Instruments
Instrument
bougie
BOO-zhē
cannula
A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults
with certain types of cancer
A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
The expression or appearance of the face
Pertaining to fever
The branch of medicine concerned with the use
of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for
diagnosis, therapy, and research
The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such
as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of
disease.
A thin tube that can be passed into the body;
used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids
into a body cavity.
The washing out of a cavity; irrigation
Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
Prevention of disease
Device for allowing matter to escape from a
wound or cavity. Common types include
Penrose, (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson-Pratt (J-P),
and Hemovac
Surgical removal
Complete removal of destruction of an organ of
tissue
A device that transforms light into a beam of
intense heat and power; used for surgery and
diagnosis
A tie or bandage; the process of binding or tying
(also called ligation)
Partial excision of a structure
Description
slender, flexible instrument for exploring and
dilating tubes
tube enclosing a trocar that allows escape of fluid
167
KAN-ū-la
elevator
EL-e-vā-ter
forceps
FOR-ceps
gigli’s saw
JĒ-yēz
hemostat
HĒ-mō-stat
lithotrite
LITH-ō-trit
Rasp
rongeur
Ron-ZHUR
scalpel
SKAL-pel
sound
sownd
trocar
TRO-kar
or air after removal of the trocar
instrument for lifting tissue or bone
instrument for holding or extracting
flexible wire saw
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
instrument for crushing bladder stones
Surgical file
gouge forceps
surgical knife with a sharp blade
instrument for exploring a cavity or canal
sharp-pointed instrument contained in a cannula
used to puncture a cavity
XI. Abbreviations
A. History and physical Examination
BP
blood pressure
C
celsius (centigrade)
CC
chief complaint
c/o
complains of
EOMI
extraocular muscles intact
F
fahrenheit
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, nose, and throat
h/o
history of
H&P
history and physical
HPI
history of present illness
I&O
intake and output
IPPA
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
NAD
no apparent distress
P
pulse
PE
physical examination
PE(R) RLA
pupils equal react to light and accommodation
162
PMH
past medical history
Pt
patient
R
respiration
R/O
rule out
ROS
review of systems
T
temperature
TPR
temperature, pulse, respiration
VS
vital signs
WD
well developed
WNL
within normal limits
B. Diagnosis and treatment
ABC
aspiration, biopsy, cytology
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
bx
biopsy
Ci
curie (unit of radioactivity)
C&S
culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria)
CT
computed tomography
Dx
diagnosis
ICU
intensive care unit
I&D
incision and drainage
MET
metastasis
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
PET
positron emission tomography
Postop
postoperative
Preop
preoperative
RATx
radiation therapy
Rx
drug, prescription, therapy
TNM
(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant)
metastases
UV
ultraviolet
C. Views for X-ray
AP
anteroposterior
LL
left lateral
PA
posteroanterior
RL
right lateral
EXERCISE 15-1 Match each of the following words with its meaning and
write the appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number.
― 1. radiograph
a. pertaining to high pressure
169
― 2. thermometer
― 3. achromatic
― 4. phototherapy
― 5. hyperbaric
b. treatment by light
c. record produced by x-rays
d. instrument for measuring temperature
e. without color
EXERCISE 15-2 Matching. Match the terms in each of these sets with their
definitions and write the appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number.
― 1. Chronograph
a.record of the heart’s acptivity
― 2. Ultrasonography b. instrument for recording time
― 3. Cardiogram
c. measurement of the pelvis
― 4. pelvimeter
d. use of sound waves to record data
― 5. pelvimetry
e. instrument for measurement of the pelvis
― 6. Bronchoscope
a. x-ray picture
― 7. Bronchoscopy
b. examination of the bronchi
― 8. Microscope
c. record of temperature variation
― 9. Radiograph
d. instrument for examining the bronchi
― 10. thermogram
e. instrument for examining very small objects
EXERCISE 15-3 Match the words in the list with their meanings and write the
appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number:
― 1. thoracentesis
a. plastic repair of the hand
― 2. adenectomy
b. excision of a gland
― 3. chiroplasty
c. surgical puncture of the chest
― 4. gastrorrhaphy
d. crushing of a nerve
― 5. neurotripsy
e. suture of the stomach
EXERCISE 15-4 Match the terms in each of these sets with their definitions
and write the
appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number:
― 1. palpation
a. listening for body sounds
― 2. staging
b. prediction of the outcome of disease
― 3. auscultation c. examination by touch
― 4. biopsy
d. removal of tissue for microscopic examination
― 5. prognosis
e. classification of malignant tumors
― 6. cryoextraction
― 7. chromatic
― 8. chemotherapy
― 9. photoreaction
― 10. radiologist
a. response to light
b. specialist in the use of x-rays
c. removal by use of cold
d. pertaining to color
e. use of chemicals to treat disease
170
― 11. roentgenogram
― 12. scintiscan
― 13. spirometer
― 14. endoscopy
― 15. arthroscope
― 16. paracentesis
― 17. lithotripsy
― 18. gastrectomy
― 19. resection
― 20. lavage
a. examination of an organ or cavity with a lighted
instrument
b. radiograph
c. image obtained with a radionuclide
d. instrument for measuring breathing
e. device for examining the inside of a joint
a. surgical removal of all or part of part of the stomach
b. washing out of a cavity
c. puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
d. crushing of a stone
e. partial excision
― 21. diaphoresis
― 22. colic
― 23. malaise
― 24. prodrome
― 25. syndrome
a. feeling of discomfort
b. acute abdominal pain
c. group of symptoms that characterizes a disease
d. profuse sweating
e. symptom of an approaching disease
― 26. bid
― 27. qh
― 28. prn
― 29. ac
― 30. po
a. every hour
b. by mouth
c. before meals
d. twice a day
e. as needed
Answers key :
EXERCISE 1
1-c
2-d
3-e
4-b
EXERCISE 2
1. b
3. a
2. d
4. e
EXERCISE 3
1-c
2-b
5-a
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. e
3-a
4-e
5-d
EXERCISE 4
1-c
4-d
7. d
2-e
5-b
8. e
3-a
6-c
9. a
10. b
11. b
12. c
13. d
14. a
15.e
16.c
17.d
18.a
171
19.e
20.b
21.d
9. a
10. c
22.b
23.a
24.e
25.c
26.d
27.a
28.e
29.c
30.b
Chapter 16
Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes , Regions, and Additional
Terms
Learning Objectives
I. Introduction
II. Body Directional Terms
III. Anatomical Planes
IV. Anatomical Abdominal Regions
V. Additional Terms
VI. Exercises
General Aims :
The unit is designed to help you learn Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes ,
Regions, and Additional Terms to increase your reading comprehension and
to prepare you for reading similar passages.
172
Behavioral Objectives :
Upon completion of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe the body
directions.
 Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe the anatomical
planes.
 Define, pronounce, and spell the terms used to describe the anatomical
abdominal regions.
 Define, pronounce, and spell additional terms related to the body.
Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes , Regions, and Additional Terms
I. Introduction
In the description of body directions and planes a position of reference is
used. In the anatomical position, as it is called, the body is viewed as erect,
arms at the side with the palms of the hands facing forward and feet placed
side by side. Whether the patient is standing or lying down face up, the
directional terms are the same.
II. Body Directional Terms
TERM
1. a. cephalic (head) (se  FAL  ik )
b. superior (above)
(su  PE R  e  or )
2. a. caudal (tail) (CAW  dal ) .…..
DEFINITION
toward the top of the body
toward the lower end of the body
b. inferior (below)
(in  FE R  e  or )
3. a. anterior (an  TE R  e  or ) …
toward the front of the body
(VEN  tral )
4. a. posterior ( pos  TE R  e  or )
b. dorsal ( DO R  sal) ……....……
toward the back of the body
5. medial (ME  de  al ) …………
6. lateral ( LAT  er  al ) ……...….
toward the midline or middle
toward the side
171
7. distal ( DIS  tal ) ………………
away from the point of origin or
from the beginning of a structure.
at the distal end, the tibia joins the
ankle.
8. proximal ( PROK  si  mal) …...
closest to the point of origin or near
the beginning of a structure. at the
proximal end,the tibia joins the knee.
III. Anatomical Planes
Planes are imaginary flat fields used as points of reference to identify the
position of parts of the body .
TERM
DEFINITION
1. frontal of coronal plane…. vertical field passing through the body
( KOR  o  nal )
from side to side, dividing the body into
anterior and posterior portions
2. sagittal plane…………….. vertical field running through the body
(SAJ  i  tal )
from front to back, dividing the body into
right and left sides. Midsagittal divides the
body into right and left halves.
3. transverse plane…………. horizontal field dividing the body into
(trans  VERS )
upper and lower portions.
IV. Anatomical Abdominal Regions
To assist medical personnel to locate medical problems with greater accuracy
and for identification purposes, the abdomen is divided into regions.
TERM
DEFINITION
1. umbilical region………. around the navel (umbilicus)
(um  BIL  i  kal)
2. epigastric region…………directly above the umbilical region
(ep  i  GAS  trik )
3. hypogastric region………directly below the umbilical region
(hI  po  GAS  trik )
4. hypochondriac regions….to the right and left of the epigastric region
(hI  po  KON  dre  ak )
5. lumbar regions………… to the right and left of the umbilical region
( LUM  bar )
6. iliac regions……………. to the right and left of the hypogastric region
( IL  e  ak )
174
V. Additional Terms
TERM
DEFINITION
1. extension…………… movement in which a limb is placed in a straight
(ek  STEN  shun)
position
2. flexion……………. movement in which a limb is bent
( FLEK  shun)
3. afferent…………… conveying toward a center (for example, afferent
( AF  er  ent )
nerves carry impulses to the central nervous
system)
4. efferent…………… conveying away from the center (for example,
( EF  er  ent )
efferent nerves carry information away from the
central nervous system to muscles and glands)
5. plantar ( PLAN  tar ) .. pertaining to the sole of the foot
6. palmar ( PAL  mar) … pertaining to the palm of the hand
7. prone ( pro n) ….……. lying straight on one’s front;facedown
8. supine (de p) ……..…. lying straight on one’s back;faceup
1. Deep (de p) ……….…. situated far below the surface
10. superficial………... situated near the surface
(su  per  FISH  al )
11. adduction………… state of drawing toward the middle
(ad  DUK  shun)
12. abduction……..….. state of drawing away from the middle
(ab  DUK  shun)
13. eversion…………… state of turning outward
(e  VER  zhun)
14. inversion………… state of turning inward
(in  VER  zhun)
15. bilateral………….
pertaining to both sides
(bI  LAT  er  al )
16. unilateral………… pertaining to one side only
(u  ni  LAT  er  al )
EXERCISE 16- 1 Match the terms in the first column with the correct
definitions in the second column.
The answers in the second column may be used more than once.
1. anterior
a. toward the top
2. caudal
b. toward the side
3. cephalic
c. closest to the point of origin
171
4. distal
5. dorsal
6. inferior
7. lateral
8. medial
9. posterior
10. proximal
11. superior
12. ventral
d. toward the front
e. toward the back
f. away from the point of origin
g. toward the lower end
h. toward the middle
EXERCISE 16-2 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
1. The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is the
plane.
2. The plane that divides the body into right and left halves is the
plane.
3. The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions is the
plane.
EXERCISE 16-3 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
1. The regions to the right and left of the hypogastric region are the
regions.
2. The
region is directly above the umbilical region.
3. lnferior to the umbilical region is the
region.
4. The
are the regions to the right and left of the epigastric region.
5. superior to the hypogastric region is the
region.
6. To the right and the left of the umbilical region are the
region.
EXERCISE 16-4 Match the terms in the first column with the correct
definitions in the second column.
_____ 1. epigastric
a. inferior to the navel
_____ 2. hypochondriac
b. superior to the navel
_____ 3. hypogastric
c. right and left of the umbilical region
_____ 4. iliac
d. right and left of the epigastric region
_____ 5. lumbar
e. right and left of the hypogastric region
_____ 6. umbilical
f. below the hypogastric region
g. inferior to the epigastric region
EXERCISE 16-5 Match the terms in the first column with the correct
definitions in the second column.
_____ 1. abduction
a. movement in which the limb is placed in
a straight position
_____ 2. adduction
b. pertaining to the palm of the hand
176
c. lying straight on one’s front; facedown
d. state of turning outward
e. conveying away from center
f. situated near the surface
G. pertaining to both sides
h. state of drawing toward the middle
i. pertaining to the sole of the foot
j. conveying toward the center
k. lying straight on one’s back: faceup
i. situated far below the surface
m. state of turning in ward
n. pertaining to one side only
o. movement in which the limb is bent
p. about the navel
q. state of drawing away from the middle
_____ 3. afferent
_____ 4. bilateral
_____ 5. deep
_____ 6. efferent
_____ 7. eversion
_____ 8. extension
_____ 9. flexion
_____ 10. inversion
_____ 11. palmar
_____ 12. plantar
_____ 13. prone
_____ 14. superficial
_____ 15. supine
_____ 16. unilateral
EXERCISE 16-6 Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. The italicized words
refer to the correct answer. While examining the patient the physician did the
following:
1. Brought the arm toward the middle of the body, or
the arm.
2. Examined the patient’s eyes and found
cataracts, or cataracts in
both eyes.
3. Tested the reflexes on the sole, or
side, of the foot.
4. Placed the patient on the examining table in a faceup, or
,
position.
5. Noticed small hemorrhages situated near the surface of the skin and noted
on the chart that the hemorrhages were
.
6.
, or bent, the patient’s knee.
7. Turned the patient over in a facedown, or
, position.
Answers key:
EXERCISE 1
1. d
3. a
2. g
4. f
5. e
6. g
7. b
8. h
EXERCISE 2
1. transverse
2. midsagittal
EXERCISE 3
1. iliac
3. hypogastric
177
9. e
10. c
11. a
12. d
3. coronal or frontal
5. umbilical
2. epigastric
EXERCISE 4
1. b
2. d
EXERCISE 5
1.q
2.h
9.o
10.m
3.j
11.b
EXERCISE 6
1. adducted
2. bilateral
4. hypochondriac
6. lumbar
3. a
5. c
4.g
12.i
4. e
5.l
13.c
3. plantar
4. supine
6.e
14.f
6. g
7.d
15.k
8.a
16.n
5. superficial
6. flexed
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4. Venes D. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary: FA Davis; 2013.
5. Collins CE. A short course in medical terminology: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
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