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"Every sentence is important"
B. Rajendra
Senior Faculty,
Hyderabad
UNIT - I (First Year)
Concluding the preparation for
the first year with Unit-I is a good
idea as there is every chance of losing interest in Botany if student reads
this unit first. The Unit-I consists of
four chapters. The first chapter "The
Living World" is a philosophical
approach to the biology. Part of it is
related to 8th chapter. The contents of
this part like Taxonomic categories,
Taxonomic aids, should be studied
along with Plant systematics (chapter-8). ICBN rules of Nomenclature
of Botanical names and hierarchical
levels of Taxonomic groups are given
in this part.
The 2nd and 4th chapters are classification and description of different
groups of organisms. These two chapters are very important for I.P.E. and
all kinds of competitive exams. Chapter-2 (Biological classification)
related to Microbiology of second
year. For better understanding of the
chapter-4 (Plant Kingdom), it must
be studied once again after chapter7. Every sentence is important. Large
information is given in these two chapters. Student feels difficult in remembering the characters and assigning them to the respective groups.
Comparative study of different groups is needed. Several times of reading can only achieve this objective.
Third chapter is regarding scope
of Botany. Several scientists' names
and branches of their study are given.
Except for a few scientists names the
achievements of different eminent
scientists are mentioned in the respective chapters. Students can remember this information easily.
For I.P.E. Unit-I carries 14 marks
weightage. No Long Answer Question (LAQ) is possible from this Unit.
Only SAQs and VSAQs are possible.
Writing the answers in point wise
is advisable. As far as possible, answers must have the actual content
written in the text books.
For the EAMCET point of view
this Unit is very important as there is
a scope of not less than four questions from this unit. This results in a
need to study this unit several times.
Chapter-1 and chapter-3 do not pose
any problems in answering the objective type questions. Chapters 2 & 4
require a thorough understanding of
the evolutionary tendencies in plant
kingdom. Meaning of all the technical words of these chapters must be
remembered thoroughly. All the rele-
vant points in the topic should be written at one place to recollect better.
For NEET, classification of Plants is very important. 6 to 8 question
are possible from this Unit.
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
Important SAQs for IPE
1. What are the taxonomical aids?
Give the importance of Herbaria
and Museums.
2. Explain Binomial Nomenclature.
3. Give the salient features and
importance of Chrysophytes.
4. Give a brief account of Dinoflagellates.
5. Write the role of Fungi in our
daily life.
6. Differentiate between red algae
and brown algae.
7. Differentiate between liverworts
and mosses.
8. What is heterospory? Briefly
comment on its significance.
9. Give a brief account of prothallus.
S pe c i a l
BOTANY
BOTANY
Important points for EAMCET
Two different but closely related
species can be distinguished by
their morphological features.
Higher the hierarchical levels lower the common characters.
Higher the category, greater the
difficulty of determining interrelationships at that level.
Largest herbarium is situated at
Kew, England.
Indian Botanical Garden is at
Howrah.
National Botanical Institute is at
Lucknow.
Flora contains habitat and distribution of plants of a location.
Criteria for Whittaker's five kingdom classification is nuclear membrane, cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
Autotrophic nutrition can be seen
in Monera, Protista and Plantae.
Except in Plantae other groups
show heterotrophic nutrition.
Archaebacteria live in extreme
environment. Their cell walls are
made up of pseudomurein.
Eubacteria cell walls are made up
of peptidoglycans.
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae
are classified under eubacteria.
Cyanobacteria release oxygen during photosynthesis, fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of heterocysts (Nostoc, Anabaena).
Cyanobacteria are non-motile (like
Rhodophyceae). They do not show
sexual reproduction. They produce
endospores.
Red colour of red sea is due to
Trichodesmium erythraeum.
Mycoplasmas do not have cell wall
and are pleomorphic. They cause
"witches broom" disease in plants
and urethritis in humans.
Actinomycetes are filamentous
like fungi. Cell wall contains mycolic acid.
Diatoms are included in Chrysophytes. Cell walls are embedded
with silica. Body is with two overlapping shells.
Auxospores in diatoms are rejuvenating spores. Diatoms can divide
by binary fission.
Dinoflagellates are called as whirling whips. Interphasic nucleus
also shows condensed chromosomes. This is called mesokaryon.
Red tides in Mediterranean Sea is
due to Gonyaulax. Noctiluca shows bioluminescence.
Euglenoids are both autotrophic &
heterotrophic, with no cell wall.
They have two flagella, undergo
longitudinal binary fission and show palmella stage in the life cycle.
Slime molds are saprophytic, no
cell wall is present. They aggregate to form into a multinucleate network like structure called plasmodium. They produce spores in their
fruiting bodies.
Fungi are haploid structures with
zygotic meiosis. Delayed karyogamy results in dikaryotic phases.
Fungi classified on the basis of morphology of mycelium, mode of reEAMCET & NEET
PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
1. Assertion (A): Taxonomy deals
with the science of classification
of living organisms, while systematic explains the relationships
between the organisms.
Reason (R): Both taxonomy and
systematic deal with living organisms which are classified based
on hierarchy, taxonomy is governed by biological laws or rules
while systematic in addition deals with biological interaction.
(TS EAMCET- III, 2016)
1) Both (A) and (R) are true, but
(R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
2) (A) is true but (R) is false
3) (A) is false, but (R) is true
4) Both (A) and (R) are true and
(R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
production and fruiting body form.
Phycomycetes are coenocytic, aseptate. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes are septate.
Fruiting bodies are closed cleistothecium, saucer shaped apothecium
and flasked shaped perithecium.
Albugo is parasitic on mustard. Puccinia causes rust and Ustilago
causes smut.
Deuteromycetes are imperfect fungi without sexual stage in their life
cycles.
Alternaria causes early blight and
Colletotrichum causes red rot.
Carl Woese proposed six kingdom
classification. Criteria is RNA.
Pasteur called viruses as "Venom
or poisonous fluid".
Viroids are discovered by T.O.
Diener. It is without protein. Infectious agent is RNA.
Viroids cause disease only in plants.
Ex: Potato spindle tuber disease.
Prions are proteinaceous infectious
particles. They cause diseases in
animals. Ex: Scrapie disease in sheep. Mad cow disease in all animals.
Lichens are symbiotic association
between fungi and algae. They do
not find place in six kingdom classification.
"Atharvana Veda" is the oldest
book with information on plants.
"Krishiparasaram" is the oldest
book on agriculture.
"Vrikshayurveda", a book on medicinal plants described different
types of forests, external and internal characters of plants.
Stephen Hales proposed root pressure theories.
Techniques in plant tissue culture
are improved by Hanning, Shimakura, Skoog, White, Nitsch and
Maheshwari.
2. Identify the mismatch.
(TS EAMCET-III, 2016)
1) Stephen Hales - Conduction
of water
2) F.W. Went - Auxin
3) Camerarius - Sexual reproduction in plants
4) Knoll and Ruska - Techniques
in tissue culture
3. Match the following.
(TS EAMCET-III, 2016)
List-I
A) Flora
B) Manual
C) Key
D) Monograph
List-II
I) Identification of names of
species found in an area
II) Information of any one taxon
III) Distribution of plant species
in a particular area
IV) Identification of plants and
animals based on contrasting
characters
Wodehouse, P.K.K.Nair, C.G.K.
Ramanujam are palynologists.
Arnica is a medicinal plant,
Jatropa - petro plant, Azolla - biofertilizer.
Chlorophyceae shows chlorophyll
a, b pigments, Pheophyceae a, c
and Rhodophyceae a, d.
Flagella in Chlorophyceae are 2-8
anterior and equal. In Pheophyceae 2 unequal and lateral. In Rhodophyceae no flagella.
Stored food in Pheophyceae is
mannitol and laminarin. In Rhodophyceae floridean starch.
Female sex organ in Rhodophyceae is flask shaped carpogonium.
Bryophytes are primitive embryophytes.
Pterydophytes are primitive tracheophytes.
Primitive seed plants are Gymnosperms. Fruits are seen only in
Angiosperms.
Sporophytes in bryophytes show
Foot, Seta, Capsule.
In Liverworts elaters help in spore
dispersal, pseu-elaters in Hornworts, peristomial teeth in Mosses.
Stele is protostele in Pterydophytes, eustele in Gymnosperms.
Vessels are absent in Pterydophytes and Gymnosperms. Gnetum is
Gymnosperm with vessels.
All Bryophytes are homosporous.
Some Pterydophytes are heterosporous (Selaginella, Salvinia).
Fern characters in Cycas are circinate vernation, ramenta, presence
of archegonia.
Largest ovules and gametes are
seen in Cycas.
Life cycles of Equisetum and
Laminaria are haplo-diplontic.
Fucus - diplontic. Polysiphonia diplo-haplontic.
A
B
C
D
1) I
III IV
II
2) III
I IV
II
3) III
II
I IV
4) IV
II
I
III
4. A student observed a water drop
under microscope. He found a
photosynthetic organism. Its cell
walls form two thin overlapping
shells, which fit together as in a
soap box. Which of the following organism it is:
(AP EAMCET 2016)
1) Euglenoid 2) Dinoflagellate
3) Sporozoans 4) Diatom
5. One of the major components of
cell wall of most fungi is:
(NEET-I, 2016)
1) Chitin
2) Peptidoglycan
3) Cellulose 4) Hemicellulose
Answers
1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 4 5) 1