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THIS MONTH IN SCIENCE:APRIL 1 April 6 April 1960, the first weather observation satellite, Tiros I, was launched from Cape Kennedy and made the first television picture from space. 1889, the first commercial dishwashing machine was marketed in Chicago, designed over a number of years by Josephine Cochrane (Patent No.355, 139). 1973, Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G), a robotic space probe launched by NASA to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere. 1965, the “Early Bird” Intelsat 1, the first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite was launched by NASA. 1869, Celluloid, the first thermoplastic was patented, as an “Improved method of coating Billiard-Balls” by John Wesley Hyatt (US88634 A). 2 April 1827, lead p e n c i l s were first manufactured by Joseph Dixon. 1845, the first photograph showing details of the Sun were taken by French physicists Armand Fizeau and Leon Foucault. 4 April 1978, patent for "orthodontic pliers” was granted to Francisco Garcia (Patent No. 4,081,909). The pliers are especially useful for bending the alignment wire-end during all phases of the Begg orthodontic technique. 1969, Dr. Denton Cooley implanted the first total artificial heart at the Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas. It was used as a bridge to heart transplantation. 1932, Vitamin C was isolated by Prof. C. Glen King of the University of Pittsburgh. Science Reporter, APRIL 2016 7 April 2000, NASA launched the 2001 Mars O d y s s e y spacecraft on a Delta 2 rocket. Stunning images were sent back by the rocket's TV cameras during its fiery ascent. 1923, the first operation to remove a brain tumour under local anesthetic (cocaine on the patient's scalp) was performed at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City by a team of surgeons led by Dr. Karl Winfield Ney. 1885, patent was granted to Granville T. Woods for an “Apparatus for Transmission of Messages by Electricity” (Patent No. 315,368) 8 April 1886, patent for the first "dry" cell, which used zinc as its primary ingredient, was issued to Dr. Carl Gassner (Patent No. 37,758) 54 1862, the first aerosol dispenser, an "improved bottle for aerated liquids" was patented by John D. Lynde (Patent No. 34,894) 10 April 1662, Robert Hooke read his first publication to the Royal Society. 1995, the world's first national DNA database was launched in England and Wales. 11 April 1970, Apollo 13, the third manned lunar landing mission, successfully launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. 1952, Parkinson's disease was successfully treated with surgery for the first time by a team of Irving Cooper in Islip, N.Y. operated on the brain of patient R a y m o n d Walker. 12 April 1988, the first patent was issued for a genetically engineered mouse to Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart. (Patent No. 4,736,866). 1981, the American Space Shuttle Columbia, the first space-rated Space Shuttle in NASA's orbiter fleet, was launched into space by NASA under STS-1 mission. THIS MONTH IN SCIENCE 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became “the first human in space”, making a 108-minute orbital flight in his Vostok 1 spacecraft. 1898, Discovery of Marie Curie that “substances much more radioactive than uranium” was announced by Prof. Gabriel Lippmann in a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences. 13 April 1960, the first U.S. navigational satellite, the Transit-1B was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida 14 April 1611, the word “telescope” was first used publicly in honour of Sir Galileo by Prince Federico Cesi. 1961, the manmade element 103, Lawrencium (Lw), was produced in the United States. 15 April 1923, Insulin, used in the treatment of diabetes, b e c a m e generally available for the first time. 1966, the first X-ray three-dimensional stereo fluoroscopic system was installed for use in heart catheterization by Richard J. Kuhn. 16 April 1987, patents on genetic engineering were first authorized by the U.S. government, the first nation in the world to allow such patent applications. physicists at the Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. 1827, William Rowan Hamilton presented his Theory of Systems of Rays at the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin. 17 April 1967, the spacecraft “Surveyor -3” was successfully launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida to study the surface of the moon. 24 April 19 April 1 9 7 5 , “Aryabhata”, the first satellite built in India was launched from Volgograd Launch Station, Russia, on a Soviet Intercosmos C-1 rocket. The 360kg satellite had been built by ISRO in Peenya, Bangalore, by a team led by Prof. U. R. Rao. 20 April 1902, Pierre and Marie Curie isolated one gram of radium, the first sample of the radioactive element. 1862, the first test of pasteurization was completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard. 22 April 1986, the first virus produced with genetic engineering was approved for use as a vaccine in veterinary medicine to fight a form of swine herpes by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 23 April 1858, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, a German theoretical physicist whose work on quantum theory made him win the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918, was born. 1994, the subatomic particle called the “Top Quark” was discovered by 55 1990, the space shuttle D i s c o v e r (STS-31) was l a u n c h e d from Cape Canaveral, carrying the Hubble Space Telescope to be placed into orbit. 26 April 1882, the photophone was demonstrated by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter. 28 April 1932, a vaccine for yellow fever for human immunization was publicly announced at a meeting of the American Societies for Experimental Biology at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1926, the term "wave mechanics" was coined by nuclear physicist Erwin Schrodinger in a letter he sent to Albert Einstein. 29 April 1953, the first U.S. three-dimensional television telecast was made by KECA-TV in Los Angeles, California. 30 April 1897, J. J. Thomson announced “the existence of electrons” at the Royal Institution. 1878, Louis Pasteur lectured at the French Academy of Science in support of his ‘germ theory of disease’, in which he held that many diseases were caused by tiny organisms. Compiled by Vijendra Kumar, Research Intern, National Science Library, CSIR-NISCAIR, SV Marg. Email: [email protected] Science Reporter, APRIL 2016