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Index CHAPTER 1: DIGGING OUR GRAVES WITH FORKS AND KNIVES: THE EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN DIET, PART I CHAPTER 2: OVERFED, YET MALNOURISHED: THE EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN DIET, PART II CHAPTER 3: PHYTOCHEMICALS: NATURE’S “MAGIC” PILLS CHAPTER 4: THE DARK SIDE OF ANIMAL PROTEIN CHAPTER 5: NUTRITIONAL WISDOM MAKES YOU THIN CHAPTER 6: BREAKING FREE OF FOOD ADDICTION CHAPTER 7: EAT TO LIVE TAKES ON DISEASE CHAPTER 8: YOUR PLAN FOR SUBSTANTIAL WEIGHT REDUCTION CHAPTER 9: SCULPTING OUR FUTURE IN THE KITCHEN: MENU PLANS AND RECIPES NOTES 1 Digging Our Graves with Forks and Knives THE EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN DIET Case Study: Robert lost over sixty pounds and saved his life! 1 2 Overfed, Yet Malnourished THE EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN DIET, PART II Case Study: Charlotte lost 130 pounds and reversed her heart disease and diabetes! Compared with whole wheat, typical pasta and bread are missing: • 62 percent of the zinc • 72 percent of the magnesium • 95 percent of the vitamin E • 50 percent of the folic acid • 72 percent of the chromium • 78 percent of the vitamin B6 • 78 percent of the fiber Refined Foods Are Linked to: • Oral cavity cancer • Stomach cancer • Colorectal cancer • Intestinal cancer • Breast cancer •Thyroid cancer • Respiratory tract cancer • Diabetes • Gallbladder disease • Heart Disease Lester Traband’s Yearly Checkup My patient Les Traband came in for his yearly checkup. He was not overweight and had been following a vegetarian diet for years. I did a dietary review of what he ate regularly. He was eating “healthy’ flaxseed waffles for breakfast, lots of pasta, whole wheat bread and vegan (no animal products) prepared frozen meals on a regular basis. I spent about thirty minutes pointing out that he was certainly not following my dietary recommendations for excellent health and presented him with some menu suggestions and an outline of my nutritional prescription for superior health, which he agreed to follow. Twelve weeks later, he had lost about eight pounds and I rechecked his lipid profile, because I didn't like the results we received from the blood test taken the day of his checkup. The results speak for themselves: 2/1/2001 Cholesterol Triglycerides HDL LDL Cholestrol/HDL ratio 230 226 55 130 4.18 5/2/2001 174 57 78 84 2.23 ANALYSIS OF ONE TABLESPOON OF OLIVE OIL • Calories • Fiber • Protein • Fat • Saturated fat • Minerals • Vitamins 120 none none 13.5 gm 1.8 gm none (trace, less than .01 mg of every mineral none (trace of Vitamin E, less than 1 IU) 3 Phytochemicals” Nature’s “Magic” Pills Case Study: Julia lost over one hundred pounds and has turned her life around! U.S. FOOD CONSUMPTION BY CALORIES1 25.5% 12.5% Refined and processed foods Dairy and animal foods 62% Fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, and whole grains 1 3 THE MAJOR KILLERS OF AMERICANS PERCENT OF ALL DEATHS2 Heart attacks, diabetes, and strokes All Cancers 40 22 3 4 1. Phytochemicals detoxify and deactivate cancer-causing agents and block the initiation process leading to DNA damage. Precanerous cells More DNA damage occurs and cancer develops 5 USDA Food Guide Pyramid 2-3 8-11 Figure 1 Figure 2 4 The Dark Side of Animal Protein CHOLESTEROL CONTENT IN BEEF, TOP SIRLOIN CHICKEN BREAST, NO SKIN1 100 grams 100 calories 90 mg 33 mg 85 mg 51 mg 2 Cancers Associated with Increased Consumption of Animal Products3 Bladder Cancer Brain Cancer Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Endomentrial Cancer Intestional Cancer Kidney Cancer Leukemia Lung Cancer Lymphomia Oropharyngeal cancer Ovarian Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Prostate Cancer Skin Cancer Stomach Cancer 4 The Dark Side of Animal Protein Calcium Balance Dietary Factors that Induce Calcium Loss in the Urine4 Animal Protein Salt Caffeine Refined Sugar Alcohol Nicotine Aluminum-containing antacids Drugs such as antibiotics, steroids, thyroid hormone Vitamin A supplements 5 Nutritional Wisdom Makes You Thin Case Study: Can you imagine losing 333 pounds? Scott realized that bariatric surgery was not a solution for him and, after much research, embraced Dr. Fuhrman’s Eat To Live diet. MORE BULK MEANS FEWER CALORIES 1 A l p h a - l i n o l e n i c a c id ( ei c o s p e n ta ei n o i c ac i d ) ( d o c o s ah e x a ei n o i c ac i d ) ) s s Diabetes is only one of many diseases linked to excessive omega-6 fats.2 THE FAT DICTIONARY All fats are equally fattening—containing nine calories per gram, compared with four calories per gram for carbohydrates and protein. ARACHIDONIC ACID is a long-chain omega-6 fat produced by the body, but it is also found in meat, fowl, dairy, and eggs. Products made with excessive amounts of this fatty acid have the potential to increase inflammation and are disease-causing. They may increase high blood pressure, thrombosis, vasospasm, and allergic reaction. They are linked to arthritis, depression, and other common illnesses. CHOLESTEROL is a waxy fat produced by the body and found in animal foods such as meat, fowl, dairy, and eggs. Eating cholesterol raises blood cholesterol, but not as much as eating saturated fats and trans fats. The amount of cholesterol in plants is so negligible that you should consider them cholesterol-free. DHA FAT is a long-chain omega-3 fat that is made by the body, but it can also be found in fish such as salmon and sardines. DHA is used in the production of anti-inflammatory mediators that inhibit abnormal immune function and prevent excessive blood clotting. DHA is not considered an essential fat because the body can manufacture sufficient amounts if adequate short-chain omega-3 fats (flaxseed, walnuts, soybeans, leafy green vegetables) are consumed. However, because of genetic differences in the enzyme activity and because of excess omega-6 fats, many people who do not consume fatty fish regularly are deficient in this important fat. HYDROgENATED FAT hydrogenation is a process of adding hydrogen molecules to unsaturated fats, thereby turning these oils, which are liquid at room temperature, into harder, more saturated fats such as margarine. Hardening the fat extends its shelf life so the oil can be used over and over again to fry potatoes in a fast-food restaurant or be added to processed foods such as crackers and cookies. While hydrogenation does not make the fat completely saturated, it creates trans fatty acids, which act like saturated fats. Evidence is accumulating to implicate the harmful nature of these man-made fats in both cancer and heart disease. Avoid all foods whose ingredients contain partially hydrogenated oils. MONOUNSATURATED FAT these fats have only one double bond in their carbon chain. They are liquid at room temperature and thought to have health benefits. The supposed health benefits of these fats appear when they are used in place of dangerous saturated fats. But even polyunsaturated oils will lower cholesterol if used in place of saturated fat. Monounsaturated fat is found in avocados, almonds, peanuts, and most other nuts and seeds. Keep in mind that no isolated or refined fat, even these monounsaturated fats, should be considered health food. Oils with the highest percentage of monounsaturated fat include olive, canola, and peanut oils. POLYUNSATURATED FAT These fatty acids have more than one double bond in their chain. These fats include corn oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oil. They are soft at room temperature. These fats promote the growth of cancer in lab animals more than olive oil (a monounsaturated fat) does. SATURATED FAT some naturally occurring fats are called saturated because all of the bonds in their carbon chain are single bonds. These fats are solid at room temperature and are generally recognized as a significant cause of both heart disease and cancer. Saturated fats are found mainly in meat, fowl, eggs, and dairy. Coconut and palm oil are largely saturated and are not desirable. The foods with the most saturated fat are butter, cream, and cheese. UNSATURATED FAT These fats are a mix of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Eating unsaturated fats lowers choloesterol when substituted for saturated fats, but excessive amounts may promote cancer. FISH WITH HIgHEST AND LOWEST MERCURY LEVELS3 HIgHEST LOWEST tilefish swordfish mackerel shark salmon flounder sole tilapia trout cod 1.2 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.3 7.0 4.8 18.0 14.0 9.0 16.0 18.0 5.8 5.4 6 Breaking Free of Food Addiction Case Study: Isabel lost eighty pounds and has kept it off for over four years! Symptoms of Toxic Hunger • • • • • • • headaches fatigue nausea weakness mental confusion and irritability abdominal and esophageal spasm fluttering and cramping in the stomach The Blood Sugar Curve gluconeogenesis Symptoms of True Hunger Enhanced taste sensation Increased salivation Gnawing throat sensation How to Achieve a State of True Hunger 1. Do not eat when not hungry. 2. Do not snack, unless you are sure it is true hunger. 3. Do not overeat. Don’t eat until you feel full or stuffed. 4. Do not eat a big dinner. 5. Don’t eat after dinner. Instead, clean the kitchen, brush and floss, and stay away from food. Look forward to how good food will taste the next morning when you are hungry again. 6. Discontinue or wean off caffeine, salt, alcohol, sweets, butter, cheese, processed foods, soft drinks, smoking, and illegal and legal drugs (if safe to do so). What if Americans: • • • • • • ate a large bowl of green salad daily had a large serving of steamed greens daily ate a cup of beans daily had at least on ounce of raw seeds and nuts daily ate at least three fresh fruits daily had some tomatoes, peppers, onions, mushrooms, herbs, and garlic daily 7 Eat To Live Takes on Disease Case Study: Ronnie was in a downward spiral of unhealthy eating, binge drinking, and depression. He started Eat To Live and gained a new life! was as follows After a year of Total Cholesterol Dietary-Caused Illnesses with High Prevalence acne appendicitis atherosclerosis diabetes (adult) fibromyalgia gout high blood pressure irritable bowel syndrome macular degeneration sexual dysfunction allergies arthritis colonic polyps diverticulosis gallstones headaches hypoglycemic symptoms kidney stones musculoskeletal pain stroke angina asthma constipation esophagitis gastritis hemorrhoids indigestion lumbar spine syndrome osteoporosis uterine fibroids Quick Quiz: Heart Disease 1. Percentage of children between the ages of four and eleven who already have signs of heart disease?1 A. None B. 10 percent C. 40 percent D. More than 75 percent 2. Percentage of female heart attack victims who never knew they had heart disease and then die as a result of their first heart attack?2 A. None B. 10 percent C. 25 percent D. More than 75 percent 3. Percentage of heart disease patients who undergo angioplasty and then have their treated arteries clog right back up again within six months?3 A. 5 percent B. 10 percent C. 25 percent D. none of the above Answers: 1.D 2.C 3.C WARNINg: Do not merely comply with these overly permissive recommendations of the American Heart Association, or you will most likely die of a heart attack • Total fat intake should be restricted to 25 to 35 percent of total calories • Cholesterol intake should be less than 300 mg daily. • Salt intake should not exceed 1,500 mg of sodium daily. Case Study: Cliff Johnston Cliff is a chiropractic physician. His father died of heart disease at age forty-seven. Cliff is now forty-five years old. Guess what he was headed for? Luckily, he became my patient and was able to get appropriate advice in time. 8/6/96 Cholesterol Triglycerides GGT Glucose 401 1,985 303 136 9/11/96 % CHANgE 170 97 55 89 -58 -95 -82 -35 The GGT is a parameter of liver function, and the elevated level reflected a degree of fatty infiltration in the liver, negatively affecting its function. The elevated glucose showed the beginning of diabetes. Both were resolved when I placed him on an appropriate diet. I had originally asked him to wait two months to have his blood redrawn, but he was so enthusiastic and feeling so great because his weight went from 206 to 178 in the one-month period that he came back four weeks early. Can you imagine losing twenty-eight pounds in one month while eating as much food as you like? This is a lot of weight to lose in one month, and is not typical. JOHN’S LABORATORY REPORTS 6/6/94 Cholesterol Triglycerides HDL LDL Cholesterol:HDL ratio 5/5/99 218 140 48 144 4.7 % CHANgE 161 80 65 80 2.4 -26 -43 35 -44 -49 15 COMMON MIGRAINE TRIGGERS sweets monosodium glutamate chocolate hydrolyzed protein food additives fermented foods yeast smoked meats salted or pickled foods baked goods pizza dairy and cheese nuts vinegar alcohol Phase one Anti-headache Diet with a greater Than 90 Percent Cure Rate Breakfast Melon, apple, or pear Oatmeal and water, no sweetener Yeast-free whole grain bread Lunch Large green salad, with one teaspoon of olive oil One starchy vegetable or grain—corn, sweet potato, brown rice Grapes, pear, or apple Dinner Large green salad with tomatoes, with one teaspoon of olive oil One steamed green vegetable—string beans, asparagus, artichokes, broccoli, zucchini One starchy vegetable or grain—butternut or acorn squash, potato, millet, whole wheat pasta Tomato sauce (unsalted) permitted 8 Your Plan for Substantial Weight Reduction Case Study: Emily lost one hundred pounds and took years off her body. In just two months, her blood pressure and cholesterol stats reflected healthy numbers. EAT TO LIVE The Six-Week Plan UNLIMITED Eat as much as you want: all raw vegetables (goal: 1 lb. daily) cooked green and non-green nutrient-rich vegetables (goal: 1 lb. daily; non-green nutrient-rich vegetables are eggplant, mushrooms, peppers, onions, tomatoes, carrots, cauliflower) beans, legumes, bean sprouts, and tofu (goal: 1 cup daily) fresh fruits (at least 4 daily) LIMITED Cooked starchy vegetables or whole grains: butternut and acorn squash, corn, white potatoes, rice, sweet potatoes, bread, cereal (not more than one serving, or 1 cup, per day) raw nuts and seeds (1 oz. max. per day) avocado (2 oz. max. per day) dried fruit (2 tablespoons max. per day) ground flaxseeds (1 tablespoon max. per day) OFF-LIMITS dairy products animal products between-meal snacks fruit juice oils Simplify, Simplify, Simplify Breakfast: fresh fruit Lunch: salad, beans on top, and more fruit Dinner: salad and two cooked vegetables (1 lb.), fruit dessert 100 Calories of Low-Nutrient Foods Equals: • 2½ teaspoons of olive oil • ½ bagel •½ cup of pasta • 1 small cookie • 2 ounces of broiled chicken or turkey breast • 3 ounces of fish • 1½ ounces of red meat • 1 thin slice of cheese • 1 cup of 1 percent or skim milk Dr. Fuhrman’s Nutritarian Food Pyramid 9 Sculpting Our Future in the Kitchen Case Study: Anthony lost 160 pounds, lowered his blood pressure, and no longer experiences migraines. Weekly Shopping List Always keep a good assortment of healthy food in the house. A key to success is having the right kind of food available to prevent being tempted by the wrong kind of food. I suggest the following items. vegetables to be eaten raw—carrots, celery, peppers, tomatoes, cucum bers, mushrooms, lettuce and other salad greens, snow peas, sugar snap peas, tomatoes. vegetables for cooking—broccoli, cauliflower, eggplant, mushrooms, egg plant, tomatoes, cabbage, string beans, kale, swiss chard, mustard greens, spinach, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, onions, garlic. Fruits (fresh or frozen)— strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, kiwis, apples, oranges, pineapple, melons, lemons, limes, grapes, pears, bananas, mangos, plums, peaches and cherries. Raw nuts and seeds— walnuts, almonds, cashews, pistachios, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, unhulled sesame seeds, hemp seeds, flaxseed, and chia seeds. Ingredients for homemade soups—carrots, celery, garlic, onions, zucchini, fresh and dried herbs, no salt seasoning, leeks, turnips, dried beans, lentils and split peas. Other staples—flavored and balsamic vinegars, lemons (juice is great in salad, soup, or vegetable dish), tomato sauce (no salt added), salsa (no salt added), avocados, tofu, edamame (green soybeans), and old-fashioned rolled oats. Fresh or dried herbs/seasonings— basil, oregano, dill, parsley, cilantro, chives, rosemary, thyme, ginger, garlic cloves or garlic powder, onion powder, mint, chili powder, cumin, Cajun seasoning, pepper, curry powder, cinnamon, Mrs. Dash, Dr. Fuhrman’s VegiZest or MatoZest. Notes Chapter 1 1 Clinical guidelines on the identification,evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. 1998. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reprint. Bethesda, Md.: National In- stitutes of Health. Chapter 3 1 Williams CD, Satia JA, Adair LS, et al. Dietary patterns, food groups, and rectal cancer risk in Whites and African-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 May;18(5):1552-61.Flood A, Rastogi T, Wirfält E, et al. Dietary patterns as identified by factor analysis and colorectal cancer among middle-aged Americans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):176-84. 2 Heron M, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Leading Causes for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports. Volume 58, Number 8, December 23, 2009. U.S. Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_08.pdf 3 USDA Economic Research Service. Loss-adjusted food availability. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/FoodGuideIndex.htm 4 Original chart: data compiled from 1960’s mortality data from the World Health Organization and National Institutes of health (no longer available online), food balance sheets from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/default.aspx#ancor), and communication with health authorities in several of the countries listed. 5 Nutritionist Pro Nutrition Anaylsis Software, Versions 2.5, 3.1, Axxya Systems, Stafford TX, 2006. Based on USDA standard reference data for cooked frozen broccoli, broiled porterhouse steak, chopped romaine lettuce, and boiled kale. Chapter 4 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. 1999. USDA nutrient database for standard reference, release 13. Nutrient Data Laboratory home page, www. nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp. 2 Tanner JM. Trend toward earlier menarche in London, Oslo, Copenhagen, the Netherlands and Hungary. Nature 1973;243:75-76. 3 Fraser GE. Association between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-Day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(3 supp.):532-38S. Sarasua S, Savitz DA. Cured and broiled meat consump- tion in relation to childhood cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1994;5(2):141-48. Favero A, Parpinel M, Franceschi S. Diet and risk of breast cancer: major findings from an Italian case-control study. Biomed Pharmacother 1998;52(3):109-15. Levi F, Pasche C, La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Franceschi S. Food groups and colorectal cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1999;79(7-8):1283-87. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study: meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods and eggs. Int J Cancer 1993;53(5):720-27. Levi F, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 1993;71(11):3575-81. Negri E, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, et al. Risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Int J Cancer 1999;82 (2): 171-74. Chow WH, Gridley G, McLoughlin JK, et al. Protein intake and risk of renal cell cancer. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1994;86: 1131-39. Kwiatkowski A. Dietary and other environmental risk factors in acute leukemias: a case- control study of 119 patients. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993;2(2):139-46. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 1996. Cancer rates and risks: cancer death rates among 50 countries (age adjusted to the world standard), 4th ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Lung cancer, p. 39. Source: World Health Organization data as adapted by the American Cancer Society. Deneo- Pelligrini H, De Stefani E, Ronco A, et al. Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer; a case- control study from Uruguay. Lung Cancer 1996;14 (2-3):195-205. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Rosner BA, et al. Greater intake of meats and fats associated with higher risk of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 1999;91(20):1751-58. Cunningham AS. Lymphomas and animal-protein consumption. Lancet 1976;27:1184-86. Franceschi S, Favero A, Conti E, et al. Food groups, oils and butter, and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. Br J Cancer 1999;80(3-4):614-20. Tominaga S, Aoki K, Fujimoto I, et al. Cancer mortality and morbidity sta- tistics. Japan and the World. Boca Raton, Fla.: Japan Scientific Soci- eties Press, CRC Press, 1994;196. Soler M, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C, et al. Diet alcohol, coffee and pancreatic can- cer: final results from an Italian study. Eur J Cancer Prev 1998;7(6):455-60. Sung JF, Lin RS, Pu YS, et al. Cancer 1999;86 (3):484-91. Black HS, Herd JA, Goldberg LH, et al. Effect of a low-fat diet on the incidence of actinic keratosis. New Eng J Med. 1994;330: 1272-75. 4 Kerstetter JE, Wall DE, O'Brien KO, et al. Meat and soy protein affect calcium homeostasis in healthy women. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1890-5. Massey LK. Dietary Animal and Plant Protein and Human Bone Health: A Whole Foods Approach. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):862S865S. Nowson CA, Patchett A, Wattanapenpaiboon N. The effects of a low-sodium base-producing diet including red meat compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on bone turnover markers in women aged 45-75 years. Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(8):1161-70. Teucher B, Dainty JR, Spinks CA. Sodium and bone health: impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Sep;23(9):1477-85. Siener R, Schade N, Nicolay C, et al. The efficacy of dietary intervention on urinary risk factors for stone formation in recurrent calcium oxalate stone patients. J Urol. 2005 May;173(5):1601-5. Yildirim ZK, Büyükavci M, Eren S, et al. Late side effects of high-dose steroid therapy on skeletal system in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2008 Oct;30(10):749-53. Karner I, Hrgović Z, Sijanović S, et al. Bone mineral density changes and bone turnover in thyroid carcinoma patients treated with supraphysiologic doses of thyroxine. Eur J Med Res. 2005 Nov 16;10(11):480-8. Lim LS, Harnack LJ, Lazovich D, Folsom AR. Vitamin A intake and the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Osteoporos Int. 2004 Jul;15(7):552-9. Caire-Juvera G, Ritenbaugh C, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Vitamin A and retinol intakes and the risk of fractures among participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):323-30. Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary cal- cium, calcium metabolism and bone. J. Nutr. 123 (9): 1611-14; Harris, S. S., and B. Dawson-Hughes. 1994. Caffeine and bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;60(4):573-78. Nguyen NU, Dumoulin G, Wolf JP, Berthelay S. Urinary calcium and oxalate excretion during oral fructose or glucose load in man. Horm Metab Res 1989;21(2):96-99. Sampson HW. Alcohol, osteoporosis, and bone regulating hormones. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21(3):400-03. Wolinsky-Friedland M. Drug-induced metabolic bone disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24 (2): 395-420. Melhus H, Michaelson K, Kindmark A, et al. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk of hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998;129(10):770-78 Chapter 5 Mangels, A. R., J. M. Holden, G. R. Beecher, et al. 1993. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93 (3): 284-96. 1 Simopoulos AP Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70 (3): 560-69. 2 Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish. http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/productsspecificinformation/seafood/foodbornepathogenscontaminants/methylmercury/ucm1156 44.htm. 3 Chapter 7 1 Berenson G. S., W. A. Wattigney, W. Bao, S. R. Srinivasan, and B. Radha- krishnamurthy. 1995. Rationale to study the early natural history of heart disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am. J. Med. Sci. 310 (S1): S22-28. 1 Marrugat J, Sala J, Masia R, et al. Mortality differences between men and women following first myocardial infarction. JAMA 1998;280:1405-09. 3 Hanekamp C, Koolen J, Bonnier H, et al. Randomized comparison of balloon angioplasty versus silicon carbon-coated stent implantation for de novo lesions in small coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2004 May 15;93(10):1233-7.