Download Chapter 2: Population

Starting Assignment
Examine some of the regions
(Asia, Europe, North America,
Oceania); what patterns are
interesting/surprising to you?
Highly detailed world religion map
Outcomes
• Explain cultural patterns and landscapes as
they vary by place and region.
• Compare and contrast ethnic and
universalizing religions and their geographic
patterns.
Chapter 7: Religion
Key Question
What is religion, and what role
does it play in culture?
• According to Stoddard and Prorak, religion is “A
system of beliefs and practices that attempts to
order life in terms of culturally perceived
ultimate priorities.”
• Religions set standards for how people “should”
behave.
Religions manifests itself in many ways:
• Worship
• Prayer
• Rituals
• Take place through regular intervals
• Birth, marriage, and death
• Attainment of adulthood
• Secularism is the indifference to or rejection of
religion.
Describe how religion and language affect
and change each other to shape cultures.
Consider what happens to a society’s
religion and language when a different
religion or language diffuses to the place.
Key Question
Where did the major religions of
the world originate, and how
do religions diffuse?
Where Did the Major Religions of
the World Originate, and How Do
Religions Diffuse?
• Monotheistic religions: single god
• Polytheistic religions: many gods
• Animistic religions: inanimate objects possess
spirits
Major types of religion
• Universalizing religions:
• Actively seek converts
• Believe that they offer universal appropriateness
and appeal
• Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
• Ethnic religions:
• Adherents are born into the faith
• Do not actively seek converts
• Spatially located, Judaism the exception
From the Hearth of South Asia
Hinduism
• One of oldest religions; over 4000 years
• Originated in the Indus River Valley
• Ganges (sacred river)
• Ancient practices include ritual bathing and
reincarnation
• Polytheistic
The Vedas
 1200 BCE-600 BCE.
 written in SANSKRIT.
 Hindu core of
beliefs:
Rig Veda  oldest work.

hymns and poems.

religious prayers.

magical spells.

lists of the gods
and goddesses.
From the Hearth of South Asia
Buddhism
• Splintered from Hinduism 2500 years ago
• Siddhartha
• Approximately 347 million adherents
Shintoism
• Japan
• Focused on nature and ancestor worship
From the Hearth of the Huang He River
Valley
Taoism
• Lao-Tsu worship
• Tao-te-ching
• Feng Shui
Confucianism
• Confucius 551 to 479 BCE
• Confucian Classics
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Judaism
• Teachings of Abraham
• Orthodox and reformed
Diffusion of Judaism
• Diaspora
• Zionism
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Christianity
• Teachings of Jesus
• Split from Judaism
• Church split led to Eastern Orthodox
and Roman Catholic Church
• Protestant reformation challenged
fundamental Roman Catholic teachings
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Diffusion of Christianity
• European Colonialism in the sixteenth century
• 33,000 denominations
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Islam
•Founder Muhammad
•Sacred text is the Qu’ran (Koran)
•Five pillars of Islam
•Shi’ite and Sunni
From the Hearth of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Diffusion of Islam
• Kings used armies to spread faith across
Arabian Peninsula.
• Islam later spread by trade.
• 1.57 billion followers worldwide; is fastestgrowing religion.
Indigenous and Shamanist
• Indigenous
– Local in scope
– Reverence for nature
– Passed down through tribes
• Shamanism
– Community faith
– Follow the practices and teachings of the
shaman
The Rise of Secularism
• Indifference to or rejection of organized religious
affiliations and idea
• Varies greatly from country to country and
within countries.
• Antireligious ideologies can contribute to the
decline of organized religions.
• Church membership figures do not accurately
reflect active participation.
Key Question
How is religion seen in the
cultural landscape?
Sacred sites
• Places or spaces people infuse with religious
meaning
• Pilgrimage: Adherents voluntarily travel to a
religious site to pay respects or participate
in a ritual at the site
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem
• Sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
• Wailing Wall, Temple Mount, Dome of the
Rock
Figure 7.21
Jerusalem, Israel. The Church of
the Holy Sepulchre is sacred to
Christians who believe it is the site
where Jesus Christ rose from the
dead. Inside the church, a Christian
worshipper lights a candle at Jesus
Christ’s tomb. © Reuters/Corbis
Images.
Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism
• Hinduism
• Temples, shrines
• Holy animals, ritual bathing
• Buddhism
• The Bodhi (enlightenmnt) tree
• Stupus: bell shaped structures that protect
burial mounds
• Pagoda
Cremation in both Hinduism in Buddhism
Landscapes of Christianity
• Medieval Europe
• Cathedral, church, or
monastery
• Burial more commonly
practiced
Figure 7.25
Bordeaux, France. Built beginning in 1472,
St. Michael’s Tower rises over Bordeaux,
France, marking the importance of the Catholic
Church in Bordeaux’s history and culture. © H.
J. de Blij.
Landscapes of Christianity
Religious Landscapes in the United States
Zelinsky: Map identifying religious regions of the
United States
New England: Catholic
South: Baptist
Upper Midwest: Lutheran
Southwest: Spanish Catholic
West, Midlands: no dominant denomination
Figure 7.28
Major Religious
Regions of the United
States.
A generalized map of
the religious regions of
the United States shows
concentrations of the
major religions.
Adapted with permission
from: W. Zelinsky, The
Cultural Geography of
the United States, rev.
ed., Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992,
p. 96.
Landscapes of Islam
• Alhambra Palace in Granada
• Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
• Prohibition against depicting the human form
• Led to calligraphy and geometric design use
• Hajj
• Pilgrimage to Mecca
Figure 7.33
Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in
Mecca during the hajj. © Amel Emric/AP/Wide World Photos.
Choose a pilgrimage site, such as Mecca,
Vatican City, or the Western Wall, and
describe how the act of pilgrimage (in some
cases by millions) alters this place’s
cultural landscape and environment.
Key Question
What role does religion play in
political conflicts?
Conflicts along Religious Borders
• Interfaith boundaries: boundaries between the
world’s major faiths
• Ex.: Christian-Muslim boundaries in Africa
• Intrafaith boundaries: boundaries within a single
major faith
• Ex.: Christian Protestants and Catholics,
Muslim Sunni and Shi’ite
Figure 7.36
The West Bank. Adapted with
permission from: C. B. Williams
and C. T. Elsworth, The NewYork
Times, November 17, 1995, p.
A6. © The New York Times.
What Role Does Religion Play in
Political Conflicts?
Israel and Palestine
• WWII, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, West Bank,
Hamas
Nigeria
• Muslim North/Christian South
The Former Yugoslavia
• Balkan Peninsula separates the Roman Catholic
Chruch and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Northern Ireland
• Catholics and Protestants in the North
Figure 7.39
Religious Affiliation in Northern Ireland. Areas of Catholic and Protestant
majorities are scattered throughout Northern Ireland. Adapted with permission
from: D. G. Pringle,One Island, Two Nations? Letchworth: ResearchStudies
Press/Wiley, 1985, p. 21.
Religious Fundamentalism and
Extremism
• Religious fundamentalism
• Beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromising
• Religious extremism
• Fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
• Fundamentalists can be extremists but this does not
mean that all fundamentalists (of any faith) are
extremists
Religious Fundamentalism and
Extremism
Christianity
• Traditionalist Catholic Movement
• Protestant fundamentalism
Judaism
• Orthodox conservatives
• Extremist groups Kach and Kahane Chai
Islam
• Jihad: Taliban in Afghanistan
Boal’s studies in Northern Ireland
demonstrate that solving a religious conflict
is typically not about theology; it is about
identity. You are assigned the potentially
Nobel Prize–winning task of “solving” the
conflict either in Northern Ireland or in
Israel and Palestine. Using Boal’s example,
determine how you can alter activity spaces
and change identities to create the
conditions for long-lasting peace in this
conflict zone.
Closure
• Christianity is on the decline
in America, not just among
younger generations or in
certain regions of the country
but across race, gender,
education and geographic
barriers. The percentage of
adults who describe
themselves as Christians
dropped by nearly eight
percentage points in just
seven years to about 71
percent.
• What effect could this decline
in religion have on American
culture?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Zoroastrianism
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Christianity
Judaism
Taoism
Shamanism
Shintoism
Confucianism
Sikhism
Jainism
Animism