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WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol Uwch Gyfrannol/Uwch 314/01 BIOLOGY (MODULAR) MODULE BI4 A.M. TUESDAY, 29 January 2002 (1 hour 40 minutes) For Examiner’s Use Only Total Marks Centre Number Candidate’s Name (in full) Candidate’s Examination Number INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your centre number, name and candidate number in the spaces provided above. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question. You are reminded of the necessity for good English and orderly presentation in your answers. The quality of written communication will affect the awarding of marks. No certificate will be awarded to a candidate detected in any unfair practice during the examination. CJ*(0006/7) 2 1. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Answer the following questions (a) to (c) in the space provided. (a) Give the definition of a parasite. [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Name the biochemical process by which ethanol is produced. [1] ........................................................................................................ (c) How is Salmonella transmitted from host to host? [1] ........................................................................................................ (Total 3 marks) 3 2. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig The apparatus below can be used to study mineral nutrition in flowering plants. experimental plant stream of air cork and cotton wool support nutrient solution containing mineral ions black paper cover (a) Suggest and explain the function of each of the following: (i) the stream of air; [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) the exclusion of light with the black paper cover. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) The solution contains inorganic nutrients including nitrogen and magnesium. Complete the table to describe why each of these nutrients is essential to the plant. [4] Inorganic nutrient Metabolic function Symptom of deficiency Nitrogen Magnesium (Total 8 marks) Turn over. 4 3. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Study the diagram of an influenza virus and read the passage. Haemagglutinin protein which helps virus to bind to cell surfaces Neuraminidase protein which helps virus to cross the cell membrane lipid envelope RNA genetic material of virus Polymerase protein which helps to synthesise RNA Nucleoprotein protein important for reproduction The influenza virus is an RNA virus of the myxovirus group. It is a parasitic microorganism that causes an infectious disease with a combination of symptoms commonly referred to as ‘flu’. Its mode of transmission is by droplet infection. The virus occurs in three immunologically distinct varieties, influenza types A, B and C, each of which is subdivided into numerous distinct strains. Influenza is endemic in most communities and is characterised by regular large-scale epidemics. Only influenza type A causes serious epidemics, resulting from mutations brought about by changes in its surface antigens. The major surface antigens are a haemagglutinin protein, important in binding the virions to the cells they infect, and an enzyme called neuraminidase which helps the virus to penetrate cell membranes. Use the information in the passage and the diagram, together with your own knowledge to answer the questions below. (a) Give definitions for the terms used in the passage: (i) endemic; [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) epidemic; [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) infectious. [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 (b) How is the influenza virus spread? Examiner only Arholwr yn unig [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Influenza vaccines may be made from parts of viruses. Give one part of the virus that would be suitable for making a vaccine. Give a reason for your answer. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Using the information provided state how an influenza virus may attack and enter a host cell. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) In order to provide protection against influenza, it is necessary to vaccinate people with a different vaccine each year. Suggest an explanation for this. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total 10 marks) Turn over. 6 4. The diagram shows a villus from the small intestine. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig 7 (a) (i) Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Give the names of structures A, B and C and complete the table. Structure Name A [4] Secretion mucus B C (ii) alkaline mucus Give two functions of the mucus secretions. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Apart from its length, state two other ways in which the surface area of the small intestine is increased. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Identify structures X and Y and state what is absorbed in each case. X [4] ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... Y ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total 12 marks) Turn over. 8 (a) The statements in the table refer to the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. If the statement is correct for the process, place a tick (✓) in the appropriate box. [5] Light-dependent reaction Statement Light-independent reaction oxygen produced carbon dioxide fixed produces ATP uses reduced NADP occurs in stroma (b) The individual steps in the path of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis were investigated by Calvin using the unicellular green alga, Chlorella. He illuminated a suspension of the algal cells and allowed them to photosynthesise for a 14 certain period of time in the presence of radioactive carbon dioxide, CO2. At various intervals, shown in the diagram below, a sample of the suspension of algae was run into hot ethanol and the radioactive compounds that had formed were extracted and separated by paper chromatography. The diagram shows where the radioactive molecules had accumulated on the chromatograms. High concentrations of radioactive molecules show darker areas than low concentrations. Name of radioactive compound. Distance travelled 5. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate (C3) glycerate - 3 - phosphate (C ) 3 ribulose bisphosphate (C5) and hexose diphosphate (C6) 1 – 5 seconds 5 – 30 seconds Time 1 – 5 minutes 9 (i) Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Suggest why the suspension was run into hot ethanol. [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) 14 12 Suggest one biologically important similarity between CO2 and CO2. [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) With reference to the diagram state three conclusions that can be drawn from the appearance of the sequence of the compounds. [3] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total 10 marks) Turn over. 10 6. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Graph A shows the growth of the yeast, Saccharomyces, and the yield of its product, ethanol. Graph A Mass of yeast/g dm–3 of medium –3 Yield of ethanol/g 100 cm of medium 7 Yeast 6 5 4 Ethanol 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time/hours (a) (i) Calculate the mean production of yeast cells between 2 and 10 hours. –3 Show your working and give your answer in g/dm produced per hour. Answer (ii) .................................................... [2] g/dm–3 Give two possible reasons for the change in the multiplication of cells between 12-14 hours. [2] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) Describe fully the relationship between the growth of the yeast and the yield of ethanol. [3] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iv) What could be done at 10 hours to increase the growth rate? [1] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Graph B shows the growth of the fungus, Penicillium, and the yield of its product, the antibiotic penicillin. 10 Graph B Penicillin Mass of fungus/g kg–1 of medium –3 Yield of penicillin/unit cm of medium 9 8 7 6 5 Fungus 4 3 2 1 0 (b) 20 40 60 80 100 Time/hours 120 140 160 State three ways in which the pattern of accumulation of the fungus and penicillin in Graph B differs from the pattern of accumulation of yeast and ethanol in Graph A. [3] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over. 12 (c) Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Suggest how the differences in the pattern of accumulation of the two products may be related to their differing roles in the producer organism. [3] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total 14 marks) 7. The simplified diagram shows the relationship between the main stages of respiration (X, Y and Z) and the regions within the cell where they take place. B Stage Y NADH H NAD + + + H Stage Z H++ H ADP H+ A ATP Cell cytoplasm Mitochondrial membranes Stage X ATP 13 (a) Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Name the: (i) region of the organelle labelled A in the diagram; [1] ........................................................................................ (ii) folded inner membrane labelled B; [1] ........................................................................................ (iii) stage of respiration labelled Y; [1] ........................................................................................ (iv) chemical compound which passes from stage X for use in stage Y. [1] ........................................................................................ (b) Hydrogen atoms picked up by the carrier NAD provide a source of protons and electrons. Describe fully how these are involved in the generation of ATP. [4] .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total 8 marks) Turn over. 14 8. Examiner only Arholwr yn unig Either, Describe how the process of respiration releases chemical energy from a molecule of glucose. (Details of the electron transport chain and the proton pump mechanism are not required.) [10] Or, Define ‘immunity’ and distinguish between passive and active immunity. [3] Distinguish between humoral and cell mediated immunity. 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(Total 10 marks)