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Chapter 4, sec. 1 – Prentice Hall Biology Book p.87-89 (This material is similar to Ch.17, sec.3 in our book) Term Weather Definition Day-to-day condition of earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place Example: Today, the weather is sunny and warm Climate Prevailing weather conditions in any given area; average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region Example: In the subtropical climate of southern Florida, summers are hot and wet, and winters are mild and relatively dry The Energy of sunlight is transformed into heat energy after it hits the earth. Greenhouse The heat is reflected back into Atmospheric gases (mainly carbon dioxide, Effect methane, water vapor) Drawing of Greenhouse Effect (Prentice Hall Biology, p.87): Longitude East-west position on the globe Does not affect climate Drawing of Longitude: 1 Latitude Effect of latitude on climate North-South position on the globe; effects climate Because of the angle of heating from the sun, the earth has three major climate zones: tropical, temperate and polar Drawing of how sun’s rays strike the earth: Heat transport in the biosphere Wind: Winds form because warm air rises near the equator and cool air sinks near the poles. Those upward and downward movements create air currents that move throughout the atmosphere. Oceans: Cold water near the poles sinks, and flows along the ocean floor into warmer regions. This movement, and the movement of surface water by winds, creates ocean currents. Temperature The most important aspects of climate & moisture Biome Major biological community that occurs over a large area of land; a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community; A category, not a place Deciduous Coniferous trees Elevation Terrestrial Aquatic Deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall Example: Oaks, maples Also called evergreen trees. Have needles that are not shed during fall or winter. The height above sea level; Affects climate; the higher up, the colder it is (because there is less of the Greenhouse gas “blanket” and there is lower air pressure) Land on earth One terrestrial biome is the savanna Having to do with water; One aquatic biome is shallow ocean waters List all the factors that affect climate: 2 Greenhouse effect Latitude Elevation Heat transport in the air and the oceans Terrestrial Biomes • • • • • • • • • Polar (north) Temperature Species Diversity Moisture lowest least lowest highest most highest lowest least lowest Temperate Tropical Temperate Polar (south) Deserts are an exception to both the species diversity and the moisture rule. Even deserts close to the equator have very low moisture and low species diversity. How are the biomes different in the two Biology books? List of terrestrial biomes from Prentice Hall Biology book: 1. Tropical rain forest 2. Tropical dry forest 3. Tropical savanna 4. Temperate grassland 5. Desert 6. Temperate woodland and shrubland 7. Temperate forest 8. Northwestern Coniferous forest (temperate rain forest) 9. Taiga (Boreal forest) 10. Tundra 11. Mountain tops and ice caps Climate diagram (climatogram) Diagram that includes monthly temperatures and precipitation in one graph Drawing: 3 Aquatic Biomes Ch.17-3 (mainly material from Ch.4-4 in Dragonfly book) Plankton Consists of phytoplankton and zooplankton; both in standing water and marine ecosystems Phytoplankton Microscopic plants Zooplankton Microscopic animals (in water) Includes eggs, and juvenile stages of many marine animals Aquatic biomes consist of: 1. Freshwater 2. Estuaries 3. Marine (oceans, saltwater) 1. Freshwater Freshwater characteristics: Less than 1% salt, only 3% of earth’s surface Consists of three types: a. ponds, lakes (standing water ecosystems) b. rivers, streams (flowing water ecosystems) c. wetlands a. Standing water ecosystems May have limited species diversity because of isolation Temperature varies with seasons (much more than oceans) and water depth Common organisms: b. Flowing-water ecosystems Start at headwaters (source) and end at the mouth At the source, water has more oxygen and is colder; low species diversity Diversity increases downstream Sediments increase toward the mouth – water more murky, fewer plants because of less light, different species live there Common organisms: c. Wetlands Areas of standing water include marshes, swamps, bogs Plants must be adapted to very wet conditions Common organisms: 2. Estuaries mixed saltwater and fresh water; where rivers meet the sea Common organisms: 3. Marine ecosystems (oceans) Area where sunlight penetrates: photic zone Area where sunlight does not penetrate: aphotic zone Drawing: Oceans cover 75% of the earth 4 Algae supply more oxygen than terrestrial plants and use large amount of carbon dioxide Evaporation of sea water provides rain water Marine ecosystems consist of 5 zones a. intertidal zones b. coastal oceans, c. coral reefs, d. open oceans e. benthic zones Drawing (p.109) a. Intertidal zone Organisms that live there are exposed to regular and extreme changes in their surroundings. Area covered by water once or twice each day, there may be waves. In between organisms are exposed to sunlight and air temperature changes. Common organisms: snails, sea urchins, sea stars, barnacles b. Coastal ocean Extends from the low-tide mark to the border that surround the continents (continental shelf). Usually shallow enough to be in the photic zone. Some areas contain coral reefs Common organisms: kelp, plankton c. Coral reefs In warm shallow waters; coral is made of coral animal shells that are left behind when the animal dies. Common organisms: d. Open ocean Largest marine zone, 90% of ocean surface Top layer is photic, most is aphotic Up to 11000 feet deep in the ocean trenches In the deep: high pressure, cold, darkness, low biodiversity Common organisms: e. Benthic zone The ocean floor Common organisms: sea stars, anemones and marine worms 5