Download Chapter 4, sec. 1 – Prentice Hall Biology Book p.87-89

Chapter 4, sec. 1 – Prentice Hall Biology Book p.87-89
(This material is similar to Ch.17, sec.3 in our book)
Term
Weather
Definition
Day-to-day condition of earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place
Example: Today, the weather is sunny and warm
Climate
Prevailing weather conditions in any given area; average year-after-year
conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
Example: In the subtropical climate of southern Florida, summers are hot
and wet, and winters are mild and relatively dry
The
Energy of sunlight is transformed into heat energy after it hits the earth.
Greenhouse The heat is reflected back into Atmospheric gases (mainly carbon dioxide,
Effect
methane, water vapor)
Drawing of Greenhouse Effect (Prentice Hall Biology, p.87):
Longitude
East-west position on the globe
Does not affect climate
Drawing of Longitude:
1
Latitude
Effect of
latitude on
climate
North-South position on the globe; effects climate
Because of the angle of heating from the sun, the earth has three major
climate zones: tropical, temperate and polar
Drawing of how sun’s rays strike the earth:
Heat
transport in
the
biosphere
Wind: Winds form because warm air rises near the equator and cool air
sinks near the poles. Those upward and downward movements create air
currents that move throughout the atmosphere.
Oceans: Cold water near the poles sinks, and flows along the ocean floor
into warmer regions. This movement, and the movement of surface water
by winds, creates ocean currents.
Temperature The most important aspects of climate
& moisture
Biome
Major biological community that occurs over a large area of land; a large
group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community;
A category, not a place
Deciduous
Coniferous
trees
Elevation
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall
Example: Oaks, maples
Also called evergreen trees. Have needles that are not shed during fall or
winter.
The height above sea level;
Affects climate; the higher up, the colder it is (because there is less of the
Greenhouse gas “blanket” and there is lower air pressure)
Land on earth
One terrestrial biome is the savanna
Having to do with water;
One aquatic biome is shallow ocean waters
List all the factors that affect climate:
2
Greenhouse effect
Latitude
Elevation
Heat transport in the air and the oceans
Terrestrial Biomes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Polar (north)
Temperature
Species
Diversity
Moisture
lowest
least
lowest
highest
most
highest
lowest
least
lowest
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
Polar (south)
Deserts are an exception to both the species diversity and the moisture rule. Even
deserts close to the equator have very low moisture and low species diversity.
How are the biomes different in the two Biology books?
List of terrestrial biomes from Prentice Hall Biology book:
1. Tropical rain forest
2. Tropical dry forest
3. Tropical savanna
4. Temperate grassland
5. Desert
6. Temperate woodland and shrubland
7. Temperate forest
8. Northwestern Coniferous forest (temperate rain forest)
9. Taiga (Boreal forest)
10. Tundra
11. Mountain tops and ice caps
Climate
diagram
(climatogram)
Diagram that includes monthly temperatures and precipitation in one
graph
Drawing:
3
Aquatic Biomes
Ch.17-3 (mainly material from Ch.4-4 in Dragonfly book)
Plankton
Consists of phytoplankton and zooplankton; both in standing water and
marine ecosystems
Phytoplankton Microscopic plants
Zooplankton
Microscopic animals (in water)
Includes eggs, and juvenile stages of many marine animals
Aquatic biomes consist of:
1. Freshwater
2. Estuaries
3. Marine (oceans, saltwater)
1. Freshwater
Freshwater characteristics: Less than 1% salt, only 3% of earth’s surface
Consists of three types:
a. ponds, lakes (standing water ecosystems)
b. rivers, streams (flowing water ecosystems)
c. wetlands
a. Standing water ecosystems
May have limited species diversity because of isolation
Temperature varies with seasons (much more than oceans) and water depth
Common organisms:
b. Flowing-water ecosystems
Start at headwaters (source) and end at the mouth
At the source, water has more oxygen and is colder; low species diversity
Diversity increases downstream
Sediments increase toward the mouth – water more murky, fewer plants because
of less light, different species live there
Common organisms:
c. Wetlands
Areas of standing water
include marshes, swamps, bogs
Plants must be adapted to very wet conditions
Common organisms:
2. Estuaries
mixed saltwater and fresh water; where rivers meet the sea
Common organisms:
3. Marine ecosystems (oceans)
Area where sunlight penetrates: photic zone
Area where sunlight does not penetrate: aphotic zone
Drawing:
Oceans cover 75% of the earth
4
Algae supply more oxygen than terrestrial plants and use large amount of carbon
dioxide
Evaporation of sea water provides rain water
Marine ecosystems consist of 5 zones
a. intertidal zones
b. coastal oceans,
c. coral reefs,
d. open oceans
e. benthic zones
Drawing (p.109)
a. Intertidal zone
Organisms that live there are exposed to regular and extreme changes in their
surroundings. Area covered by water once or twice each day, there may be
waves. In between organisms are exposed to sunlight and air temperature
changes.
Common organisms: snails, sea urchins, sea stars, barnacles
b. Coastal ocean
Extends from the low-tide mark to the border that surround the continents
(continental shelf). Usually shallow enough to be in the photic zone.
Some areas contain coral reefs
Common organisms: kelp, plankton
c. Coral reefs
In warm shallow waters; coral is made of coral animal shells that are left behind
when the animal dies.
Common organisms:
d. Open ocean
Largest marine zone, 90% of ocean surface
Top layer is photic, most is aphotic
Up to 11000 feet deep in the ocean trenches
In the deep: high pressure, cold, darkness, low biodiversity
Common organisms:
e. Benthic zone
The ocean floor
Common organisms: sea stars, anemones and marine worms
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