Download Question bank

AGB 121: Principles Of Animal Genetics &
Population Genetics (2+1)
DEFINITIONS
1.
Acrocentric
2.
Albinism
3.
Allele
4.
Allelomorph
5.
Back crossing
6.
Carrier
7.
Chiasmata
8.
Chromosome
9.
Codominance
10.
Coefficient of coincidence
11.
Conjugation
12.
Crossing over
13.
Dihybrid
14.
Diploid
15.
Dominance
16.
Duplication
17.
Epistasis
18.
Euploidy
19.
Gene
20.
Genetics
21.
Genic balance theory
22.
Genome
23.
Genotype
24.
Hemizygous
25.
Heterozygous
26.
Holandric trait
27.
Homogametic
28.
Homozygote
29.
Homozygous
30.
Idiogram
31.
Inborn errors of metabolism
32.
Inheritance
33.
Interference
34.
Karyotype
35.
Law of segregation
36.
Lethal gene
37.
Linkage
38.
Locus
39.
Lyon’s hypothesis
40.
Meiosis
41.
Metacentric
42.
Modifying genes
43.
Monohybrid
44.
Monosomic
45.
Multihybrid
46.
Mutation
47.
Penetrance
48.
Phenotype
49.
Plasmids and episomes
50.
Pleiotropy
51.
Ploidy
52.
Recessive
53.
Segregation
54.
Segregation
55.
Sex reversal
56.
Sex reversal
57.
Sex-influenced traits
58.
Sex-linked gene
59.
Synapsis
60.
Test cross
61.
Trait
62.
Transcription
63.
Transduction
64.
Transformation
65.
Transgenesis
66.
Transgressive variation
67.
Translation
68.
Translocation
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Allozygosity and Autozygosity
2.
Auto sexing in poultry
3.
Autopolyploids and allopolyploids
4.
Back cross
5.
Bacterial Genetics
6.
Centromere
7.
Chiasma
8.
Chromosome morphology
9.
Co-dominance
10.
Coefficient of coincidence
11.
Creeper condition in poultry
12.
Crisscross inheritance
13.
Crossing over
14.
Deletion
15.
Determination of sex in Drosophila
16.
Develpomental Genetics
17.
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
18.
Differentiate qualitative and quantitative traits
19.
Differentiation of homozygote and heterozygote by test cross
20.
Dominant epistasis
21.
Endoplasmic reticulum
22.
Epigenesis
23.
Epistasis
24.
Factors affecting classic F2 dibybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1
25.
Genic balance theory
26.
Germplasm theory
27.
Haemophilia
28.
Heterogametic and homogametic sexes in mammals and birds
29.
Holandric genes
30.
Homozygote
31.
Incomplete dominance
32.
Incomplete penetrance
33.
Inheritance of colour blindness
34.
Interaction of genes
35.
Law of independent assortment
36.
Law of random assortment
37.
Law of segregation
38.
Lethal genes
39.
Mitosis
40.
Modified monohybrid ratio
41.
Modifying genes
42.
Morphology of chromosomes
43.
Multiple alleles
44.
Multiple factor inheritance
45.
Nucleus
46.
Pangenesis
47.
Parthenogenesis
48.
Phenocopy
49.
Pleiotropy
50.
Polytene chromosome
51.
Position effect
52.
Reasons for success of Mendel’s experiment
53.
Recessive epistasis
54.
Reciprocal translocation
55.
Recombinantion in Bacteria
56.
Robertsonian translocation
57.
Salient findings of Mendel
58.
Sex-influenced inheritance
59.
Sex-limited inheritance
60.
Sex-linked inheritance
61.
Significance of meiosis
62.
Test cross
63.
Test cross of a dihybrid F1
64.
Tetraploids
65.
Transformation
66.
Transgressive variation
67.
Translocation
68.
Variable expressivity
69. Y-linked inheritance
70. Zygotene
71. Applications of Hardy -Weinberg Law
72. Attainment of genetic equilibrium for linked genes
73. Average effect of a gene
74. Breeding value
75. Coefficient of selection.
76. Degree of dominance
77. Differentiate between fitness and coefficient of selection
78. Dominance
79. Effect of non-recurrent mutation on gene frequency.
80. Effective population size
81. Effective population size and rate of inbreeding.
82. Environmental deviation
83. Fitness
84. Frequency of carriers
85. Gene and genotype frequencies
86. Genetic drift / Random drift
87. Halfsibs and fullsibs
88. Heritability
89. Heritability in the narrow sense
90. Intensity of selection
91. Interaction deviation
92. Linkage disequilibrium
93. Metric characters
94. Migration and change of gene frequency
95. Mutation
96. Non-random mating
97. Phenotypic value
98. Population mean
99. Significance of genetic variation
100. Systematic forces
101. Variance
102. Zygotic frequency
103. Attainment of genetic equilibrium for linked genes
104. Average effect of gene
105. Complete selection against a recessive gene
106. Different methods of estimating heritability
107. Dispersive process
108. Effective population size
109. Estimation of carriers
110. Factors affecting genotypic frequencies
111. Genetic and environmental components of variance
112. Genetic variance
113. Genotype x environment interaction
114. Heritability estimation by sib analyses
115. ldealised population
116. Inheritance pattern of sex-linked genes.
117. Metric characters
118. Migration and change of gene frequency
119. Partitioning of genotypic value.
120. Partitioning of phenotypic variance.
121. Population mean
122. Properties and applications of Hardy-Weinberg Law
123. Quantitative characters
124. Random drift
125. Repeatability
126. Resemblance between relatives
127. Selection favouring heterozygotes
128. Sex-linked genes and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
129. Variance / Covariance
130. Write the type of inheritance and the chromosome pairs of the following:










Roan colour in cattle
White eye in Drosophila
Walnut comb in poultry
Waltzing gait in mice
Himalayan colour in rabbits
Cattle
Swamp buffalo
Sheep
Goat Horse
131. Write the chromosome number (2n) of the following animals








Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goat
Pig
Horse
Fruit fly
chicken
132. Write the monumental discoveries of the following scientists



























Mendel
Darwin
Morgan
Watson and Crick
Wilmot
What is the F2 Ratio of the following crosses:
Monohybrid
Dihybrid
Dominant epistasis
Recessive epistasis
Incomplete dominance
Dihybrid cross with lack of dominance in one pair of genes
Dihybrid cross with lack of dominance in both pairs of genes
Dominant and recessive epistasis
Duplicate dominant epistasis
Duplicate recessive epistasis
What is the mode of inheritance of the following conditions
White eye in Drosophila
Roan colour in Shorthorn cattle
Walnut comb in poultry
Albino rats
Haemophila in man
White coat colour in dogs
Cock feathering in poultry
Baldness in man
Feathered shanks in poultry
Short spine in cattle
133. What is the type of inheritance of the following:













Roan colour in cattle
Sickle cell anaemia in man
Short spine in cattle
Croper condition in poultry
Haemophilia in man
White eye in Drosophila
Walnut comb in poultry
Waltzing gait in mouse
Deafness in man
Baldness in man
Beard in man
Blue colour in Andalusian fowl
Rh blood group in human
134. Name the following Scientists











Who proposed the theory of Larmarckism
Who proposed the theory of Germplasm
German scientist who rediscovered the finding of Mendel
Who proposed the theory of linkage and crossingover
Who discovered the ABO blood groups
Who identified non-disjunction condition in Drosophila.
Who proposed the use and disuse theory?
Who proposed the preformation theory?
Who proposed the encasement theory?
Who proposed the mutation theory?
Write the chromosome number of
o Drosophila
o Cattle
o Buffalo and
o Goat
135. Distinguish and differentiate of the following:





Autotetraploids and allotetraploids
Incomplete dominance
X-linked traits
Genetic code
CIB method
136. State the conditions in which the following F2 ratios occur






9:3:3:1 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 15:1 9:7 12:3:1 –
9:3:4 –
ESSAYS
1.
Linkage is an exception to independent assortment and crossover is an exception to
linkage”. Discuss.
2.
Classify chromosomal aberrations. Discuss in detail about translocations and its
significance in animal breeding.
3.
Classify the chromosomal aberrations in animals and briefly describe them. Also
indicate their importance.
4.
Explain about cytoplasmic inheritance giving examples.
5.
Define multiple alleles and illustrate with a suitable example in animals.
6.
Define multiple gene inheritance and discuss the differences between qualitative
inheritance and quantitative trait inheritance.
7.
Define the laws of heredity and explain in detail about dominant epistasis and
recessive epistasis.
8.
Define the laws of inheritance and explain the modifications of dihybrid ratio with
less than four phenotypes.
9.
Draw the diagram of a typical eukaryotic cell along with important cell organelles.
Describe the functions of each.
10.
How epistasis differs from dominance? Explain recessive epistasis with a suitable
example.
11.
Explain the inheritance of linked genes with an example
12.
Explain the inheritance of polygenes
13.
Name the conditions in which the Mendel’s classical dihybrid ratio is modified?
Illustrate your answer with an example for duplicate recessive epistasis.
14.
What are sex-linked genes? How their mode of inheritance is different from that of
autosomes? How this principle is used for autosexing of poultry?
15.
What is complementary interaction of genes? Illustrate with a suitable example in
domestic fowl.
16.
What is crossing over? Describe the mechanism of crossing over.
17.
What is epistasis? Classify epistasis. Describe duplicate recessive epistasis with a
suitable example.
18.
What is mutation and discuss about the causes of mutation.
19.
What
is
sex-linked
inheritance?
Describe
with
an
example
in
Drosophila
melanogaster. List important features of sex-linked inheritance.
20.
State Hardy-Weinberg Law. Prove the constancy of gene and genotype frequencies
under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
21.
Define breeding value. What are the components of phenotypic value and
phenotypic variance of a character influenced by many genes and environment?
22.
Does the dispersive process affect the Hardy-Weinberg Law? If so, how? Discuss.
23.
Discuss the components of variance and how will you partition?
24.
In a large random mating population both the gene frequency and the genotype
frequency are constant from generation to generation in the absence of migration,
mutation and selection. Explain.
25.
Define heritability. Discuss the various methods of estimating heritability. Explain
how knowledge of heritability is helpful in selection.
26.
Discuss in detail the effect of complete selection against recessives on gene
frequency in a population.
27.
What is dispersive process? Discuss the consequences of dispersive process. How
inbreeding is related to sampling variance?
28.
What is selection? Discuss the concepts involved in selection. How selection affects
gene
frequency
when
complete
selection
is
practised
against
recessive
homozygotes?
29.
What is mutation? What are the different types of mutations with respect to their
direction and occurrence? Discuss their effect on the change of gene frequency in a
population.
30.
What is selection? Discuss the attainment of equilibrium when there is selection
favouring heterozygotes.
31.
Define recurrent mutation. Describe the attainment of equilibrium when there is
mutation of a gene in both directions in a population.
32.
What do you mean by genetic equilibrium? Describe how a panmictic population
remains in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
33.
a) What is effective population size? Give the formulae for estimating effective
population size (Ne) and D F in real populations under different situations. b) There
are 200 cows and 2 bulls in a dairy herd. Estimate the effective size of the
population and interpret the result obtained.
34.
What is panmixia? Describe Hardy-Weinberg law and its operation in a panmictic
population. What are the applications of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
35.
What are systematic processes? Describe the consequences of selection favouring
heterozygotes with suitable example.
36.
What is repeatability? What is the principle involved in the estimation of
repeatability? Describe the uses of repeatability. Give the repeatability estimates for
any four important economic traits.
37.
What are systematic processes? Describe how the migration and recurrent mutation
causes change in gene frequency.
38.
How the change of gene frequency (∆q) and frequency of recessive allele (q) at
equilibrium due to mutation are estimated?
39.
Define population mean. Discuss the components of phenotypic value and
phenotypic variance of a character influenced by many genes and environment.
40.
Classify chromosomal abberations. Discuss in detail about the translocations and its
significance in animal breeding.
41.
Classify the chromosomal aberrations of animals and briefly describe them. Also
indicate their importance.
42.
Define lethal genes. Explain type of inheritance in a sex-linked recessive lethal
condition.
43.
Define multiple alleles and illustrate with suitable example in farm animals.
44.
Define multiple gene inheritance and distinguish the differences between qualitative
trait inheritance and quantitative trait inheritance.
45.
Define practical Heredity. Explain the relative merits of Drosophila melanogaster as
an experimental material for the study of practical heredity.
46.
Define the laws of inheritance and explain the modifications of dihybrid ratio with
less than four phenotypes.
47.
Distinguish the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
48.
Draw the diagram of a typical eukaryotic cell along with important cell organelles.
Describe the functions of each.
49.
How epistasis differs from dominance? Explain recessive epistasis with an example.
50.
Inheritance of colour blindness in human
51.
Modifications in two pair ratio due to lack of dominance in one pair of genes.
52.
Name the conditions in which the Mendel’s classical dihybrid ratio is modified?
Illustrate your answer with an example for duplicate recessive epistasis.
53.
What are sex-linked genes? How their mode of inheritance in different from that of
autosomes? How this principle is used for autosexing of poultry?
54.
What is complementary interaction of genes? Illustrate with a suitable example in
domestic fowl.
55.
What is epistasis? How various phenotypes are formed in dominant epistasis and
explain with suitable examples.
56.
Write in detail about gene mutation.