Download Estimating the effects of MPA management on Le Danois Bank

Estimating the effects of MPA management on Le Danois Bank
ecosystem (El Cachucho) using trophodynamic modelization
F. Sánchez1, A. Serrano1, I. Preciado1, I. Olaso1, J. Cartes2, S. Parra3, F. Velasco1, M. Gomez4, I. Frutos3 & A. Punzón1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santander laboratory, 39004, Santander, Spain.
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CMIMA, CSIC), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, La Coruña laboratory, 15001, La Coruña, Spain.
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Madrid laboratory, 28002, Madrid, Spain.
THE STUDY AREA
48°
1000
FRANCE
m
Bay
of
Biscay
46°
Le Danois Bank
44°
SPAIN
42°
12°
10°
8°
6°
4°
2°
0°
THE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES
AND THEIR HABITAT
Le Danois Bank (Le Danois, 1948), locally known by
fishermen as ‘El Cachucho’ (the local name of Beryx
decadactylus) fishing ground, is a marginal shelf located in
the Cantabrian Sea at 5ºW longitude and 44ºN latitude. The
Bank is convex southward with a length of about 72 km in
an east-west direction and about 15 km wide from north to
south; it has an almost flat surface with a minimum depth of
424 m and is separated 25 km from the Cantabrian Sea
continental shelf by a deeper inner basin and the Lastres
canyon head. It is an area with high values of diversity
including typical species of deep seamount ecosystems
together with species of continental shelf. The ECOMARG
project (www.ecomarg.net) studies this area since 2003.
50°
2°
The Gryphus-Galeus community (EUNIS habitat type
A6.31) was found mainly on the southern area of the top
of the Bank. The Callogorgia-Chimaera community lives
mainly in the northern area of the top of the Bank, where
the sediment coverage is lower, probably due to the strong
shelf break current, and there is a high presence of rocky
outcrops (Sánchez et al., 2007). The PhormosomaTrachyrincus community lives on the sedimentary terraces
that characterize the Bank break, both in the northern and
in the southern area. The faunal assemblage with the
largest distribution area is the Pheronema-Deania
community (EUNIS habitat type A6.621), which occupies
all the deeper and muddy flat sedimentary grounds of the
inner basin. In the truncated slope of the near Cantabrian
Sea shelf dwells the heavily-fished community where the
commercial species blue whiting, hake and Norway
lobster live.
THE IMPORTANCE AS MPA
Threatened and/or Declining Habitats (OSPAR list):
•
•
•
•
Deep-sea sponge aggregations (Pheronema, Asconema,..)
Lophelia pertusa reefs
Seamounts communities
Sea-pen and burrowing megafauna communities
Threatened and/or Declining Species (OSPAR list):
•
•
•
•
Gryphus vitreus
Common Skate (Dipturus batis)
Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus)
Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH):
• Forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) - spawners
• Anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) - spawners
• Thornyhead fish (Trachyscorpia christulata) – spawners
• Bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus) - spawners
Callogorgia verticillata
Galeus melastomus
MPA MANAGEMENT
proposal measures:
Chimaera monstrosa
B
A
Northern slope
The management measures proposed, for a
zone of 2330 km2, are the following:
Phormosoma placenta
Trachyrincus scabrus
El Cachucho
1. Prohibition of prospection and hydrocarbon
extraction.
THE ECOPATH MODEL
Inner
ba
sin
2. Prohibition of military maneuvers.
The links between species is based on their feeding habits. Quantitative diet estimation was obtained for
the main FISH and CRUSTACEA DECAPODA species present in the area. Stomach content analyses
were based on the volume occupied by each prey (wet volume, 0.1 cc precision), trying to achieve the
lowest taxonomic level possible. In the study of the diet of decapods crustaceans, the stomach content
weight was obtained in the laboratory (wet weight, 0.00001 g precision), and this weight was later
allocated between preys applying the dot method. A total of 1309 stomach of 45 species of fish
(Preciado et al, accepted) and 228 of eleven species of crustaceans (Cartes et al, 2007) were analysed.
This information is used to generate the feeding matrix of each functional group for the ECOPATH
trophodynamic mass-balance model (Pauly et al., 2000). The model include 35 functional groups, 3
detritus groups (marine snow, deposit detritus and fishery discards) and 5 ground fisheries (gillnet,
demersal longline, sharks longline, otter trawl and traps).
Pheronema carpenteri
3. Prohibition of the bottom fisheries (trawl,
gillnet and longline) by a period of 3 years,
except for the fishing of Norway lobster with
traps (in red diagonal cross).
Deania calcea
4. Authorization of bottom longline to the
South of parallel 44ºN, submissive scientific
assessment to study the closed area
effects (in green forward slash).
Functional groups:
C
D
Lastres canyo
n
Ca
nta
bria
n se
a sh
elf
MPA coordinates:
A 44º12.0'N - 005º16.0'W
B 44º12.0'N - 004º26.0'W
C 43º53.0'N - 004º26.0'W
D 43º53.0'N - 005º16.0'W
Surface: 2330 km2
THE ECOSPACE scenario
Lophius piscatorius
Mora moro, Aphanopus carbo, Conger conger, Molva ...
Lepidorhombus boscii
Phicis blennoides
Deania calcea, Dalatias licha, Etmopterus ….
Geleus melastomus
Trachiscorpia christulata echinata
Chimaera monstrosa, Trachyrhynchus scabrus, Lepidion ...
Coryphaenoides, Hoplostethus, Synaphobranchus, …
Micromesistius poutassou
Mictophids
Alepocephalus, Xenodermichthys, Chlorophthalmus, …
Todarodes sagittatus, Illex coindetii, Todaropsis, ..
Opistoteuthis, Bathypolipus, Rossia, Histioteuthis, …
Colus gracilis, Galeodea rugosa
Chaceon affinis
Pagurus, Munida, Parapagurus, Anapagurus, …
Pontophilus, Geryon, Aristeus, …
Acanthephyra, Sergia, Pasiphaea, Gnathphausia, …
Chaetognaths, Cnidarians, Ctenofors, Hyperiidean, …
Euphausiids
Copepods, Ostracods
Isopods, Cumaceans, Amphipods, Mysids
Mysids, Euphausiids
Amphipods, Isopods, Cumaceans, Tanaidaceans
Thaliaceans, Cymbulia peroni , Pteropods, Pyrosomids
Callogorgia verticillata , Lophelia pertusa, …
Pheronema carpenteri, Asconema setubalense, Geodia...
Anseropoda placenta, Phormosoma placenta
Stichopus tremulus
Nemertina
Polychaets, Sypunculids
Limopsis aurita, Gryphus vitreus
Meiofauna
Anglerfish
Lg Demersal Fish
Megrim
Forkbeard
Deepwater elasmobranch
Catshark
Thornyhead fish
Benthos-feeders fishes
Necton-feeders fishes
Blue whiting
Myctophids
Plankton-feeders fishes
Squids
Benthic cephalopods
Gastropods
King crab
Detritus-feeders decapods
Benthos-feeder decapods
Zooplank-feeders shrimps
Carnivorous zooplankton
Euphausiids
Copepods
Carnivorous suprabenthos
Susp-feeders suprabenthos
Deposit-feeders suprabenthos
Jellyfish
Corals & gorgonians
Sponges
Carnivorous echinoderms
Deposit-feeders echinoderms
Carnivorous worms
Deposit-feeders worms
Other suspensivore
Meiofauna
ECOSPACE routines (Walters et al., 1998) are used
as an exploratory tool for the analysis of trophic
relationships in time/space and for the evaluation of
the effect of MPA management. We have defined a
base-map (2x2 km grid cells) with seven habitats
corresponding with the main communities. We have
also defined the habitat preferences of functional
groups and fishery activities, and the movement rates
and vulnerability in bad habitats of the living groups.
Also we have located the two areas with their specific
fisheries regulations. To predict the effects of
management measures we use a 10-years
simulation.
MPA
management
No bottom gears
Only long-line
HABITAT:
Oceanic
Bank break
Bank (rocky)
Bank (sandy)
Inner basin
Shelf break
Cantabrian shelf
5.5
Anglerfish
B = 0.14
5.0
Catshark
Lg Demsal
fish
B = 0.15
B = 0.10
Squids
Blue
whiting
1.08
Corals &
B = 0.12
Benthic
cephalo.
B = 1.05
B = 0.09
Trophic level
Megrim
B = 2.67
B = 0.01
10 years simulation shows an important increase of biomass (in orange) of fish
(Anglerfish, Deepwater elasmobranchs, Catshark, Thornyhead, etc.) and vulnerable
species (Corals & Gorgonians, Sponges, Gastropods) is observed on the appropriate
habitats of the MPA. The spillover effect increases the biomass of commercial species
(Anglerfish, Megrim, Squids) on the near continental shelf of Cantabrian Sea.
Zooplk-feed.
shrimps
B = 4.28
1.19
Carnivor.
supraben.
B = 0.17
B = 2.25
Carnivorous
Zooplankton
12.84
Carnivor.
Echinod.
B = 1.98
Euphausiids
B = 0.12
54.3
50.3
Depo-feed
supraben.
B = 0.75
Depo-feed
Worms
Other
Suspens.
Depo-feed
Echinod.
Meiofauna
B = 1.8
B = 4.03
B = 0.65
B = 4.77
32.2
0.2
417.2
One of the main effect of the proposed management measures is the new
distribution of fishing effort. Thus the low levels of the effort inside MPA would be
transferred to the adjacent continental shelf. However it should be taken into
account that the model only consider the area close to the MPA. The MPA would be
more efficient if it was created in combination with a proportional effort reduction.
Nevertheless, the increase of spawners in the MPA may compensate these effects
since a higher available biomass for the continental shelf fisheries is expected
(spillover and larval export effects).
8.1
7.2
B = 0.19
1.1
Sponges
B = 10.95
10.3
PREDICTIONS: Fisheries effort reallocation
Carnivor.
Worms
4.4
Copepods
20.1
253.3
B = 0.15
B = 0.72
3.78
Jellyfish
B = 1.99
Gastropod
B = 3.20
Detr-feed
decapods
30.9
110.4
Susp-feed
supraben.
Bent-feed
decapods
B = 0.45
B = 5.65
5.5
B = 0.13
Benth-feed
fishes
Mictophids
gorgonians
2.0
PREDICTIONS: Biomass spatial distribution
Forkbeard
B = 0.16
B = 0.40
Plank-feed
Fishes
4.0
1.5
Thornyhead
Nect-feed
fishes
3.0
Flows from Phytoplankton
Flows from Marine snow
Flows from Deposit detritus
Flows from Discards
B = 0.15
0.12
B = 0.80
2.5
0.37
B = 0.67
4.5
3.5
B=Biomass and flows in t·km-2
Deepwater
elasmobr.
B = 3.90
6.7
0.07
3.8
69.8
31.4
4.6
3.8
Gillnet (Rasco)
1.0
Phytoplankton
B = 10.00
Marine snow
(POM)
Discards
B = 0.10
0.09
Demersal longline Sharks longline
Gillnet (Rasco)
Traps
Otter Trawl
Demersal longline Sharks longline
Deposit
detritus
B = 2.0
B = 1.50
References
Cartes, J.E., C. Huguet, S. Parra and F. Sanchez, 2007. Community structure and dynamics of deep-water decapod
assemblages from Le Danois bank (Cantabrian Sea, NE Atlantic): influence of environmental variables and food availability.
Deep-Sea Research Part I, 54: 1091-1110.
Walters, C., D. Pauly and V. Christensen, 1998. Ecospace: prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of
exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas. ICES, C.M. 1998. Theme Session (S), 22
pp.
Otter Trawl
Biomass / original biomass
Le Danois, E., 1948. Les Profondeurs de la Mer. Ed. Payot, Paris, 303 pp.
3
Pauly, D., V. Christensen and C. J. Walters, 2000. Ecopath, Ecosim and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impacts
of fisheries. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57, 697–706.
2
Preciado, I., A. Serrano, J.E. Cartes, F. Velasco, I.Olaso, F. Sánchez and I. Frutos, (accepted). Resource utilisation by deepsea sharks at the Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, NE Atlantic). Marine Biology.
1
Sánchez, F., A. Serrano, S. Parra, M. Ballesteros and J.E. Cartes, 2007. Habitat characteristics as determinant of the structure
and spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain). Journal of
Marine Systems (in press).
Traps
Anglerfish
Catshark
Lg demersal fish
Thornyhead fish
Forkbeard
0
Blue whiting
Squids