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Zoogeography Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Definition Zoogeography = the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of animals on earth. © The Living Earth Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 History © Mary Evans Picture Library Traveler’s tales about strange creatures to be found elsewhere in the world are regarded as the origin of zoogeography. After the 18th century, exploration expanded and became more scientific. Since this period distributional information was regarded as an important contribution to knowledge. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) Based on his own expeditions (Amazon River; Malay Archipel) and his correspondence with other scientists, he published his book ‘The geographical distribution of animals’ in 1876. © Library of Congress Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 History The conclusions of A.R. Wallace (1876) « the different parts of the world support greatly different assemblages of organisms » The different organisms are not at random distribute, but: 1. 2. 3. Continental regions had more or less uniform biotas, but with great discontinuities. The biotas of some parts of the world were much more unusual compared to other parts. Elements of the biotas of certain continents were related to each other more closely than they were to elements from the biotas of other continents. The continental regions were occupied by TYPICAL arrays of RELATED organisms, DIFFERENT from other such regions. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 History The conclusions of A.R. Wallace (1876) « the different parts of the world support greatly different assemblages of organisms » The different organisms are not at random distribute, but: 1. 2. 3. Continental regions had more or less uniform biotas, but with great discontinuities. The biotas of some parts of the world were much more unusual compared to other parts. Elements of the biotas of certain continents were related to each other more closely than they were to elements from the biotas of other continents. The continental regions were occupied by TYPICAL arrays of RELATED organisms, DIFFERENT from other such regions. = Zoogeographic realms Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Introduction The earth and all of its contents have a very long history (it is accepted by scientists to be around 4.5 billion years old). During this period it developed and became altered: life changed and diversified as it descended through myriad generations since its unique origins in the remote past, spreading across the globe as circumstances permitted. = the process of evolutionary change and diversification. These unique coincidences between lineage originations (branchings) and the particular parts of the earth where they happen have a profound impact on where the descendants are found today. Canis lupus dingo Placental mammals Placental mammals marsupials marsupials © Carl Buell Thylacinus cynocephalus † Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Introduction The geography of earth is not static, but moving without interruption. It has a long history, with continents at times widely separated and at other times agglomerated into large lumps. This process is called: CONTINENTAL DRIFT. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Alfred Wegener presented data from different disciplines supporting the theory of continental drift. It became part of the larger theory of plate tectonics. He published the results in 1915 in his book: “Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane” [“The origin of continents and oceans”]. © Charles J. Ammon © www.geography-site.co.uk Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Plate tectonics Plate tectonics is characterised by the way the plates move relative to each other. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) © Jose F. Vigil FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Plate tectonics 1. Divergent boundaries Divergent boundaries exist between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. There exists a heat flow which goes from the center of the earth to its outside. This convection causes a heat concentration in a zone where the heated material dilates. The heat concentration leads to a partial fusion with the earth’s mantle which produces magma. In the rigid part of the earth’s mantle (lithosphere), this convection produces forces of tension which make that two plates diverge. © Pierre-André Bourque (modified) Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) A part of this magma crystallizes in the lithosphere, whereas another part is expelled on the oceanic bottom in the form of lava and forming underwater volcanos. FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Plate tectonics 2. Convergent boundaries Convergent boundaries exist between two tectonic plates that are moving towards one another. I. A first type of collision is the result of convergence between two oceanic plates. One plate subducts under the other plate forming a subduction zone. This leads to the phenomenon of partial fusion of the absorbed plate. The resulting magma goes up towards the surface; a part remains in the lithosphere, but another part is expelled on the surface, producing volcanos. II. A second type of collision is the result of convergence between an oceanic plate and a continental plate. The denser oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate with the same phenomenon as the first type as consequence. III. A third type of collision implies the convergence of two continental plates. The force of displacement is not strong enough to subduct one of the two plates. All the sedimentary material is compressed and raised to form a mountain range where rocks are folded and faulted. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Plate tectonics 3. Transform boundaries Transform boundaries occur when tectonic plates slide and grind against each other along a transform fault. Transform boundaries correspond to great fractures which affect all of the thickness of the lithosphere. They are often, but not exclusively, in the oceanic lithosphere. These faults allow to accomodate differences in movement rate or even opposed movements between plates. A good example is the famous San Andreas fault in California. © Pierre-André Bourque © NASA Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift Plate tectonics The great East African Rift This is created by the crevice and separation of the African and Arabic plate (started about 35 million years ago) and by the continuous separation of eastern Africa with the rest of Africa (started about 15 million years ago). © USGS © USGS Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift The continental drift Continental drift is the movement of continents with respect to one another over the earth’s surface. Land masses on earth have been drifting around almost since they were first formed 4 billion years ago. Pangea was the supercontinent during Perm, the period just before the dinosaurs existed. It was surrounded by a gigantic ocean, Panthalassa. 200 million years ago, Pangea broke up into 2 continents: Gondwana and Laurasia. 135 million years ago, both continents broke up into the different continents. © USGS Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 The continental drift The continental drift Biological evidence for the existance of continental drift is the present distribution of lungfishes. Lepidosirenidae Protopteridae Ceratodontidae Pictures from Kuhn-Schnyder (1953) - modified Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms The zoogeographic regions are defined by Wallace (1876). They are mainly based on the distribution of mammals. According to Wegener (1915) continental drift is an important factor in the explanation of the distribution of animals. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Palearctic region The Palearctic region is the largest zoogeographic region. It includes the terrestrial regions of Europe, Asia – north of the Himalaya, North Africa and the northern and central parts of the Arabian peninsula. - Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda). © www.terrambiente.org Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Oriental region The Oriental region stretches from Pakistan over the subcontinent of India to south-east Asia, between central China in the north to Java, Bali and Borneo in the south. It includes also the Philippines, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. - Hylobates muelleri (Müller’s gibbon). © WWF / Alain Compost Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Australian region The Australian region includes Australia, New Guinea the eastern region of the Indonesian archipel, New Zealand and the islands in the Pacific Ocean. - Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala). © Martin Beebee Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Nearctic region The Nearctic region is the major part of North-America, including Greenland and the mountains of Mexico. - Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn antilope). © www.behav.org Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Neotropic region The Neotropic region includes South America, Central America and the Caribbean islands. - Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Capybara). © Luis Segura Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeographic realms Ethiopian region The Ethiopian region includes Africa south of the Sahara and the south-west extremity of the Arabian peninsula. - Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus). © Roy de Haas Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Berra, T.M. (2001), Freshwater fish distribution. Academic Press, San Diego. 604 p. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Classification of freshwater fishes 1. Primary Division freshwater fish families. All members have a little salt tolerance and are confined to freshwaters. Their distribution has not depended on passage through the sea. 2. Secondary Division freshwater fish families. The members are usually confined to freshwater, but they have some salt tolerance. Their distribution may reflect dispersal through coastal waters or across short distances of salt water. 3. Peripheral Division fish families. Some families have members which are confined to freshwater, others may spend a considerable portion of their life cycle in freshwater. Both are derived from marine ancestors who used the oceans as dispersal routes. Other families are basically marine groups, some of which enter freshwater. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Different kinds of distribution The geographic range of a taxon is determined by the limits of its distribution. 1. Continuous distribution. Within the range of its distribution, no significant suitable habitats are unoccupied. 2. Discontinuous distribution. The distribution pattern is characterised by gaps which are greater than transversed by normal dispersal in one generation. A. Disperse distribution: There are many small, well-separated demes. B. Disjunct distribution: There are only few, widely separated populations. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Different kinds of distribution Cosmopolitan The population is widely distributed, throughout the world. - Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758). Endemic The population is limited, exclusively to a certain region. - Caecobarbus geertsii Boulenger, 1921. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution in the zoogeographic regions Boden, G., T. Musschoot and J. Snoeks (2004), African fish biodiversity, FishBase and fishculture. Tropicultura SPE: 37-43. Region number of species Ethiopian region 3100 Palearctic region 1477 Oriental region 2924 Australian region 676 Nearctic region 1103 Neotropic region 4456 Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 1. Osteoglossidae. Osteoglossidae is a primary freshwater family with a circumtropical distribution in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia and Australia. Its distribution pattern reflects a previous Gondwanian pattern. The Osteoglossidae is splitted into two separate families by Ferraris (2003). A: Arapaimidae It includes the genera Arapaima (South America) and Heterotis (Africa). B: Osteoglossidae It includes the genera Osteoglossum (South America) and Scleropages (Southeast Asia and Australia) Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 2. Mormyridae. Mormyridae is a primary freshwater family which is endemic to Africa. The family is best known for the diversity of peculiar snouts among its species and the electric signals they can produce. Electric fishes live in the oceans, but also in the freshwaters of Africa and South America. © Peter Moller An electric fish can generate an electric field produced by a specialised structure called an electric organ. The output of the organ is called the ‘electric organ discharge’ (EOD). Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) © Carl D. Hopkins FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 3. Cyprinidae. Cyprinidae is the most dominant fish family in the world’s freshwaters, only absent in South America and Australia. The center of origin of this primary freshwater fish family is Orientalis. © Germano Schüür Some species, like Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 and Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) are introduced in the whole world and exist as wild populations in non-native regions. © Robert M. McDowall Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 4. Alestidae / Characidae. Alestidae and Characidae are both primary freshwater families, which are closely related. A – Nelson (1994) There is only 1 family (Characidae), with a discontinuous distribution. B – Buckup (1998) / Géry (1977) It is splitted into 2 different families: Characidae (endemic in South America) and Alestidae (endemic in Africa). C – Zanata & Vari (2005) The South American genus Chalceus is included in the Alestidae. © Miguel Landines Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 5. Clariidae. The Clariidae (or air-breathing catfishes) are widely distributed in Africa to Asia Minor and from southern and southeastern Asia to the Philippines and Java. The range of the genus Clarias more or less approximates the range of the family. Some species are able to survive in drying mud pools. It is also shown for some species that they can catch their prey on land (Van Wassenberghe et al., 2006). Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 6. Galaxiidae. Galaxiidae are a peripheral family containing some diadromous species. The family occurs in cool temperate waters of the southern hemisphere in south America, South Africa and Australia. Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) has a widely disjunct distribution for a freshwater fish. Two hypotheses have been used to explain it. A. Dispersal: movement of the marine juvenile stage through the sea (McDowall, 1970). B. Vicariance: the present distribution reflects an ancient Pangaean pattern followed by continental drift (Rosen, 1974). Berra et al. (1996) proved the two populations did not differ genetically, indicating that gene flow vie dispersal through the sea occurs today. © Robert M. McDowall Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 7. Mastacembelidae. Mastacembelidae is a primary freshwater family found in tropical and subtropical Africa, the Euphrates, the Indian region, southeastern Asia and China. Some Asian species are found in brackish water. Travers (1984) separated the Mastacembelidae into two subfamilies: a. Mastacembelinae: distributed in Southeast Asia. b. Afromastacembelinae: distributed in Africa. According to Vreven (2005), the use of subfamilies is rejected. The proposed characters supporting their monophyly are refutable. Moreover, all African species are now placed in the genus Mastacembelus. © Frank Teigler Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 8. Centropomidae. Centropomidae is a widespread marine family, containing some freshwater species, especially in Africa. Recently it is divided into 2 families by Mooi & Gill (1995): A: Centropomidae It includes 6 species distributed in the Pacific Ocean and 6 species distributed in the Atlantic Ocean. They all belong to the genus Centropomus. B: Latidae It includes 9 species of the genus Lates, distributed in Africa, Asia and Australia, and 1 species of the genus Psammoperca, distributed in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Distribution of freshwater fishes Distribution of some families 9. Cichlidae. Cichlidae is a secondary freshwater family, belonging to an otherwise marine suborder, the Labroidei (Perciformes). The distribution includes Central America, the West Indies, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Middle East, coastal India and Sri Lanka. The exact number of species is not known, many are still undescribed. © Simon Wu Many cichlid fishes have a fair degree of salt tolerance (Oreochromis, Tilapia and Sarotherodon). Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) The African lakes are characterized by the presence of species flocks of Cichlidae, with a high degree of endemicity. FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Ichthyofaunal provinces in Africa Boulenger, G.A. (1905), The distribution of African fresh-water fishes. Nature 72(1905): 413-421. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. North-western subregion Western-central subregion Southern subregion Eastern subregion Madagascar Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Ichthyofaunal provinces in Africa Roberts, T.R. (1976), Geographical distribution of African freshwater fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 57: 249-319. 1. Maghreb 2. Abyssinian highlands 3. Nilo-Sudan 4. Upper-Guinea 5. Lower-Guinea 6. Zaire (Congo) 7. East Coast 8. Zambezi 9. Quanza 10. Cape of Good Hope 11. Madagascar Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Ichthyofaunal provinces in Africa 1. Maghreb. - Atlas mountains abd coastal rivers draining into the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. - An extremely poor freshwater fish fauna, with only members of Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Cyprinodontidae and Cichlidae. 2. Abyssinian highlands. - Upper Blue Nile, Lake Tana, Chokai streams, Awash River. - An ompoverished fish fauna dominated by Cyprinidae. Other species belong to Cobitidae, Clariidae and Cichlidae. 3. Nilo-Sudan. - Nile River, Lake Edward, George and Albert, Lake Turkana, Senegal River, Niger River, Volta basin, Chad basin. - The fish fauna is remarkably uniformly distributed throughout the main part of its range. A major break in this range occurs in the mountainous divide separating the Chad and the middle Nile basins. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Ichthyofaunal provinces in Africa 4. Upper Guinea. - Coastal rivers from Senegal to Ghana: Gambia River, Casamance River, Corubal River, Lofa River, Cavally River, Comoe River. - Inhabited by a mixture of Nilo-Sudanic and Upper Guinea fishes; rivers in Sierra Leone and Liberia almost exclusively by Upper Guinean fishes. 5. Lower Guinea. - Coastal river from Nigeria to Congo DR: Cross River, Sanaga River, Ntem River, Ogowe River, Kouilou-Niari basin. - Except for the Cross River, Nilo-Sudanic species are almost entirely excluded: many species are shared with the Zaire province. 6. Zaire (Congo). - Congo basin, including Lake Tanganyika. - All African primary and secondary division fish families are represented except Denticipitidae, Arapaimidae, Gymnarchidae, Cobitidae, Nandidae and Synbranchidae. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Ichthyofaunal provinces in Africa 7. East Coast. - Coastal rivers between the Juba system and the Zambezi River, also Lake Victoria is included. - A poor fish fauna, having a strong relationship with the Zambezi province. 8. Zambezi. - Includes the Cunene basin, Okavango basin, Zambezi basin, Limpopo basin and Lake Malawi. - No species are shared with the Nilo-Sudanic province. 9. Quanza. - Coastal rivers between the Congo River and Cunene River: Quanza River, Catumbela River. - Most species belong to Cyprinidae and Cichlidae. 10. Cape of Good Hope. - Rivers of southern Africa, including Orange-Vaal River, and all rivers south of it, and west of the Pongolo River. - A high number of localized endemics, with predominance of Cyprinidae. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Marine fish distribution FAO Areas. FAO Areas are defined by FAO to record fisheries catches. 01. Africa 02. North America 03. South America 04. Asia 05. Europe / Russia (07) 06. Australia 08. Antarctica 18. Arctic Sea 21. Atlantic Ocean, northwest 27. Atlantic Ocean, northeast 31. Atlantic Ocean, western central 34. Atlantic Ocean, eastern central 37. Mediterranean and Black Sea 41. Atlantic Ocean, southwest 47. Atlantic Ocean, southeast 48. Atlantic Ocean, Antarctic 51. Indian Ocean, western 57. Indian Ocean, eastern 58. Indian Ocean, Antarctic 61. Pacific Ocean, northwest 67. Pacific Ocean, northeast 71. Pacific Ocean, western central 77. Pacific Ocean, eastern central 81. Pacific Ocean, southwest 87. Pacific Ocean, southeast 88. Pacific Ocean, Antarctic © FAO Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Tragedies of the continental drift Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Migration patterns 1. Diadromous. The fishes are regularly migrating between freshwater and seawater. The migrations should be cyclidal and predictable, and cover more than 100 km. a. Anadromous: There is a migration from the sea to freshwater to spawn. Species are ascending rivers. © Ernest Keeley - Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). b. Catadromous: There is a migration from freshwater to the sea to spawn. Species are entering oceans. © Gerhard Ott - Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). c. Amphidromous: Species are regularly migrating between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding. © Shahidul Islam - Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Migration patterns 2. Potamodromous. The fishes are migrating within streams. The migrations should be cyclidal and predictable, and cover more than 100 km. © Te-Yu Liao - Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852). 3. Limnodromous. The fishes are migrating within large lakes. The migrations should be cyclidal and predictable, and cover more than 100 km. © Nature’s Images - Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814). 4. Oceanodromous. The fishes are migrating within oceans, typically between spawning and different feeding areas. The migrations should be cyclidal and predictable, and cover more than 100 km. © Kubodera - Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788). Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Climate zones FishBase These are the climate zones of the world as used in FishBase Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes The aquatic biomes can be broken down into into two basic regions: freshwater region and marine region. 1. Freshwater region. © Isabel Ahlgren The freshwater region is defined as having a low salt concentration. It includes ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. 2. Marine region. © Carol Van Houten The marine region is characterized by its salt concentration and covers about ¾ of the earth’s surface. It includes oceans and coral reefs. The area where freshwater meets saltwater is usually called an estuary. This mixture is also called brackish water. Diagram from Garrison (1995) © Lyn Topinka Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes Zones of the oceanic region 1. Littoral zone. The littoral zone are the near-shore waters, delimited by the tide marks of low and high water. Its the region most closely to the coast. © Floor Anthoni (modified) 2. Sublittoral zone. The sublittoral zone extends from the lower edge of the intertidal zone to the outer edge of the continental shelf. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes Zones of the oceanic region © FAO © Floor Anthoni (modified) 3. Neritic zone. 4. Oceanic zone. The neritic zone is the shallow pelagic zone over the continental shelf. The oceanic zone is the open ocean beyond the continental shelf. © www.onr.navy.mil Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes Zones of the oceanic region 5. Pelagic zone. The pelagic zone includes those waters further from the land, basically the open sea. a. The epipelagic zone is the uppermost normally photic layer of the ocean between the ocean surface and the thermocline (0 – 200m). b. The mesopelagic zone is a middle layer of the ocean, characterized by dim light and steep temperature gradients (200 – 1000m). c. The bathypelagic zone is a middle layer of the ocean where only the faintest blue/green light penetrates (1000 – 4000m). © Floor Anthoni (modified) 6. Abyssal zone. a. The abyssopelagic zone is the part of the oceanic zone between 4000 and 6000m. b. The hadal zone is the part of the oceanic zone deeper than 6000m. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes Zones of the oceanic region 7. Benthic zone. The benthic zone is that part of the ocean below the pelagic zone, but it does not include the deepest parts (below 4000m). © NHPTV © Floor Anthoni (modified) Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Aquatic biomes Zones of the oceanic region In FishBase 0 Epipelagic zone Pelagic: Fishes occurring mainly in the water column between 0 and 200m, and not feeding on benthic organisms. 200 Mesopelagic zone Bathypelagic: Fishes occurring mainly in open water below 200m, and not feeding on benthic organisms. 1000 Bathypelagic zone 4000 Abyssopelagic zone 6000 Hadal zone While this classification works well for marine species, it is often difficult to apply to freshwater fishes. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) Benthopelagic: Fishes living and/or feeding on or near the bottom, as well as in midwater, between 0 and 200m. Demersal: Fishes living and/or feeding on or near the bottom, between 0 and 200m. Reef-associated: Fishes living and/of feeding on or near reefs, between 0 and 200m. Bathydemersal: Fishes living and/or feeding on or near the bottom, below 200m. FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Aquatic biomes Zones of lakes 1. Littoral zone. The littoral zone is the zone close to the shore, and where light reaches to the bottom. 2. Limnetic zone. The limnetic zone is the layer of open water where photosynthesis can occur. 3. Profundal zone. © www.waterontheweb.org The profundal zone is a deep zone below the range of effective light penetration. 4. Benthic zone. The benthic zone concerns the bottom of the lake. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) © La Galerie Catus FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase ‘Species summary page’ (2), (3) (1) The ‘Species summary page’ contains information on: (1) distribution, (2) environment [aquatic biome, habitat zone, migration pattern, depth], (3) climate [climate zone, temperatures]. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase FAO areas © Bernd Ueberschaer Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Country tables 1. Native. 3. Introduced. If the species exists in that area in free-living and self-maintaining populations and has established itself there independent of men. If the species is not native in that area, but brought in through human activities. 2. Endemic. 4. Reintroduced. If the species is native and restricted to that particular area. If the species is brought into that particular area after initial introductions failed or after the extinction of the native species. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Country tables 5. Extirpated. 7. Misidentification. If the species is extinct in that particular area, but surviving in others. This is for records that are known to be wrong. 6. Questionable. If the occurrence in that particular area needs confirmation. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Country tables © Wolfgang Ross Teugels (1990) assumes there is a relict population of Pantodon buchholzi in Sierra Leone, because of its specific characters. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) Jubb (1963) has considered the occurrence of this species in Zimbabwe as a misidentification. FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Ecosystem table © Wolfgang Ross Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Introductions table © Philippe Laléyé Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Country biodiversity Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Country biodiversity Example: list of freshwater fishes of Kenya. Alestes baremoze (Joannis, 1835) © Cécile Paugy Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Ecosystem biodiversity FishBase gives a list with all fish species distributed in this ecosystem. © World Resources Institute FishBase also gives some general information about the ecosystem [locality, depth,…]. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) © David Coulson FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps Occurrences. FishBase contains records and data of more than 40 fish collections of different musea all over the world [MRAC, BMNH, MNHN, AMNH, SAIAB,…]. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps Occurrences by species. FishBase contains some possibilities to reproduce distribution maps. Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps ‘C-square mapper’. Example: Pantodon buchholzi Peters, 1877 There are different possibilities to reproduce a distribution map with the ‘C-square mapper’. With the option ‘landmask on’, only the marine occurrences of the species are visible. It is also possible to zoom in on a certain part of the world. Another possibility with the ‘C-square mapper’ are the outline maps. © Wolfgang Ross Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps ‘KGS mapper’ (OBIS). Example: Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) OBIS (Ocean Biogeographic Information System) contains different world maps. Because FishBase contains data of different fish collections of musea, it is possible to reproduce distribution maps of species in function of different parameters. a. bathymetry b. salinity c. Average surface temperature © Robert Patzner Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps ‘KGS mapper’ (OBIS). Example: Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) It is possible to obtain data for the different points on the distribution map [coordinates and other parameters of the area]. © Robert Patzner Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Distribution maps ‘Google Earth’. Example: Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) With ‘Google Earth’ it is possible to look at the distribution of freshwater fishes. The locality can be seen in detail thanks to the ‘zoom’ option. © Frank Teigler Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Distribution maps ‘Google Earth’. Example: Hepsetus odoe (Bloch, 1794) Data of the different records can be obtained by clicking on the respective points. These data are present in FishBase. © Frank Teigler Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 Zoogeography in FishBase FishBase Distribution maps ‘Google Earth’. Example: Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) The distribution of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) reflects its catadromous behaviour. This freshwater fish species migrates to the Sargasso Sea to spawn. © Gerhard Ott Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 FishBase Zoogeography in FishBase Distribution maps ‘Aquamaps’. Example: Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) ‘Aquamaps’ is nearly the same as the ‘C-square mapper’. - ‘C-square mapper’ shows only those points which are part of the fish collections data. - ‘Aquamaps’ shows the probability of the occurrence of that particular species in a certain area. With ‘Aquamaps’ it is possible to show all appropriated habitats for a species. © Ernst Hofinger Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007 ‘c-squares mapper’ (photorealistic) Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA Tervuren) FishBase and Fish Taxonomy Training Session 2007