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Eukaryotic origins and diversification Eörs Szathmáry Collegium Budapest Eötvös University Prokaryotes and eukaryotes DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes Transcription and translation Microsporidia are related to Fungi Six kingdoms of life Aplicoplast genome (relic pastid) from Plasmodium Mitochondrial genetic codes Organelle to nucleus gene transfer Ribosomal gene order in mitochondria and bacteria Mitochondria and bacteria Hydrogenosomes are special mitochondria (nuclear-encoded, putative Fe-hydrogenase) Mitochondrial genes in amitochondriate cells (cpn60 gene) Internal enslavement of the purple non-sulfur bacterium Origin of the mitochondrial protein-import system Primary and secondary plastids Karyogenetic models Origin of nucleus DNA membrane in the bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus NO peptidoglycan in this organism Gemmata cell cycle The telomerase ribozyme Transposons accumulate at the centromere Transposon-derived repetitive sequences in the human genome Creation of pseudogenes Introns Alternative splicing of αtropomyosin transcripts Exon shuffling Eukaryotic gene regulation Sex in eukaryotes Tree of life based on composite evidence Posibacteria and negibacteria Four major kinds of cell Logic and problems of paralog rooting Proteasome evolution Key novelties Ignicoccus double membrane (hyperthermophilic, chemolitotrophic) Nanoarchaeum/Ignicoccus association