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WWI Vocabulary
Imperialism-thecreation/maintenanceofanunequaleconomic,
cultural,andterritorialrelationship,usuallybetween
states/nations-OR-theactionsbywhichonenationisableto
controlotherusuallysmallerorweakernations
Colonialism-theestablishment,exploitation,andexpansionof
coloniesinoneterritorybypeoplefromanotherterritory;control
byonenationoveradependentareaorpeopleandapolicythat
favorsorisbasedonsuchcontrol
Nationalism-astrongidentificationofagroupofindividualswith
anation;loyaltyanddevotiontoanationespeciallywhen
glorifyingonenationaboveallothersandastressingofthe
promotionofitscultureandinterests
Alliance-aunionbetweenpersons,families,orparties;aunion
betweennationsforassistanceandprotection;apartnership
betweencountries
Militarism-controlorrulebyamilitaryclass;extremeloveand
praiseofmilitaryvirtuesandideals;apolicyofaggressivemilitary
readiness
TrenchWarfare-atypeofcombat(fighting/battle)inwhich
opposingtroopsfightfromtrenchesfacingeachother.
Entente-afriendlyunderstandingorinformalalliancebetween
statesorfactions-OR-agroupofstatesinsuchanallianceasjust
described.
Armistice-anagreementmadebyopposingsidesinawartostop
fightingforacertaintime;atruce.
Totalwar-awarthatisunrestrictedintermsoftheweapons
used,theterritoryorcombatantsinvolved,ortheobjectives
pursued,esp.oneinwhichthelawsofwararedisregarded
Spheresofinfluence-anyareainwhichonenationhasdominant
poweroveranothernationorothernations/people/states/etc.
Isolationism-apolicyofremainingapartfromtheaffairsor
interestsofothergroups,esp.thepoliticalaffairsofother
countries.
Mobilization-actofassemblingandputtingintoreadinessfor
warorotheremergency:"mobilizationofthetroops".
Pre-World War I Events
June28,1914ArchdukeFranzFerdinandassassinatedin
Sarajevo
July5AustriarequestsandreceivesGermany’s“blankcheck,”
pledgingunconditionalsupportifRussiaentersthewar
July23AustriaissuesultimatumtoSerbia
July25Serbiarespondstoultimatum;Austrianambassadorto
SerbiaimmediatelyleavesBelgradeFrancepromisessupportto
Russiaintheeventofwar
July28AustriadeclareswaronSerbia
July30Russiaordersgeneralmobilizationoftroops
August1GermanydeclareswaronRussia
August1-3GermanyandFranceordergeneralmobilization
August3GermanydeclareswaronFrance
August4BritaindeclareswaronGermany
August6Austria-HungarydeclareswaronGermanywhen
GermanyinvadesBelgium
August13BecauseoftheiralliancewithGreatBritain,Japan
declareswaronGermany.
August19UnitedStatesPresidentWoodrowWilsonannounces
thattheUSwillremainneutral
August4BritaindeclareswaronGermany
September5FirstBattleoftheMarne.Trenchwarfarebeginson
bothsides.WWIhasofficiallybegun
“The Road to War”: A Beginner’s Guide to the
Beginnings of World War One
TheArchduke’sAssassination
OnJune28,1914,thearchdukeofAustria,FranzFerdinand,and
hiswifewereonanofficialvisittothecityofSarajevoinBosniaHerzegovina,aSerb-dominatedprovinceofAustria-Hungary.
Duringthevisit,agroupofSerbianmilitants,seeking
independencefortheterritory,madetwoseparateassassination
attempts.Inthefirstattempt,theythrewabombathiscarshortly
afterhearrivedintown,butthebombbouncedoffthecarand
failedtokillorinjuretheintendedvictim.
Laterthatday,whilethearchdukewasenroutetoahospitalto
visitanofficerwoundedbythebomb,heturneddownasidestreet
whereGavriloPrincip,anineteen-year-oldBosnianSerbwhohad
beenpartoftheassassinationattemptthatmorning,happenedto
be.Seizingtheopportunity,Principsteppeduptothecar’s
windowandshotboththearchdukeandhiswifeatpoint-blank
range.
ReactiontotheAssassination
Thearchduke’sassassinationhadanincendiaryeffectthroughout
CentralEurope.TensionsbetweenAustria-HungaryandSerbia,
whichhadalreadybeenrisingforseveralyearsoverterritorial
disputes,escalatedfurther.Despitelimitedevidence,AustriaHungaryblamedtheSerbiangovernmentfortheassassination.
Furthermore,itblamedSerbiaforseedingunrestamongethnic
SerbsinBosnia-Herzegovina,aprovinceofAustria-Hungarythat
sharedaborderwithSerbia.
RussiaandSerbia
Austro-HungarianleadersdecidedthatthesolutiontotheSerbian
problemwasanall-outinvasionofthecountry.However,there
wasamajorobstacletothisplan:Russia,whichhadcloseethnic,
religious,andpoliticaltiestoSerbia,waslikelytocometoits
defenseduringaninvasion.Thoughpoorlyarmedandtrained,
Russia’sarmywashugeandcapableofposingaformidablethreat
toAustria-Hungary.
Germany’s“BlankCheck”
AwareofthethreatfromRussia,Austria-Hungaryheldoffonits
attackplansandturnedtoitswell-armedallytothenorth,
Germany.OnJuly5,1914,Austria-Hungarysentanenvoytomeet
personallywiththeGermanemperor,KaiserWilhelmII,to
conveyAustria’sconcernsaboutRussia.ThekaiserfeltthatRussia
wasunlikelytorespondmilitarily,asitsforceswereutterly
unpreparedforwar.Healsohadaclosepersonalrelationshipwith
TsarNicholasII(thetwowerecousins),sohehopedtosmooth
thingsoverdiplomatically.Nevertheless,thekaiserpledgedthatif
RussiantroopsdidinfactadvanceonAustria-Hungary,Germany
wouldhelpfightofftheattackers.Thisguaranteeisoftenreferred
toasGermany’s“blankcheck.”
Austria’sUltimatum
OnJuly23,1914,theAustro-Hungariangovernmentissuedan
ultimatumtoSerbiacontainingtendemands.Theultimatum
insistedthatAustria-HungarybeallowedtoparticipateinSerbia’s
investigationofArchdukeFranzFerdinand’sassassinationand,in
particular,totakedirectpartinthejudicialprocessagainstthe
suspects.ThedemandsalsorequiredSerbiatostampoutallforms
ofanti-Austrianactivismandpropagandaemanatingfromthe
country.Theultimatum,writtenbymembersoftheAustrian
CouncilofMinisters,wasspecificallyintendedtobehumiliating
andunacceptabletoSerbia.
OnJuly25,however,SerbiaacceptedAustria-Hungary’sdemands
almostentirely—asidefromjustafewconditionsregarding
Austria’sparticipationinthejudicialprocessagainstthecriminals.
Austria-Hungary’sresponsewasswift:itsembassyinSerbia
closedwithinahalfhourofreceivingSerbia’sanswer,andthree
dayslater,onJuly28,AustriadeclaredwaronSerbia.OnJuly29,
thefirstAustrianartilleryshellsfellonSerbia’scapital,Belgrade.
TheOtherSidesEntertheWar
Afterthisfirstmilitaryaction,aseriesofeventsfollowedinquick
succession.WithnewsofAustria’sattackonBelgrade,Russia
orderedageneralmobilizationofitstroopsonJuly30,1914.
Germany,interpretingthismoveasafinaldecisionbyRussiatogo
towar,promptlyordereditsownmobilization.Althoughthe
RussiantsarandGermankaiserwerecommunicatingfeverishlyby
telegraphthroughoutthistime,theyfailedtoconvinceeachother
thattheywereonlytakingprecautionarymeasures.Britainmade
anattempttointervenediplomatically,buttonoavail.OnAugust
1,theGermanambassadortoRussiahandedtheRussianforeign
ministeradeclarationofwar.
OnAugust3,Germany,inaccordancewiththeSchlieffenPlan
(seeTerms,p.11),declaredwaronFranceaswell.Germanymade
clearitsintentiontocrosstheneutralnationBelgiuminorderto
reachFrance’sleastfortifiedborder,inviolationofitsowntreaty
inrespecttoneutralcountries.Therefore,Britain,whichhada
defenseagreementwithBelgium,declaredwaronGermanythe
nextday,August4,bringingthenumberofcountriesinvolvedup
tosix.Therewouldsoonbemore.
ExplainingtheStartoftheWar
SomeearlyaccountsofWorldWarItreatitsstartasachainof
almostcoincidentalevents:amixofunfortunatelapsesin
judgmentonthepartofpoliticalandmilitaryleaders,combined
withatangledwebofalliancesanddefensetreatiesthattriggered
declarationsofwarbetweencountriesthatreallyhadlittlereason
tobeatwarwitheachother.Althoughthesefactorswerecrucial,a
numberofotherimportantfactorswereinvolved.
Afterall,mostofthecountriesthatcametobeinvolvedinWorld
WarIhadenjoyedrelativelyfriendlyinterrelationsrightuptothe
startofthewar.Forthemostpart,theysharedstrongeconomic
interdependencies,andtradebetweenthemwasbrisk,makingthe
prospectofalarge-scalewarhighlyunattractive.
Moreover,thoughseveraltreatiesinforceatthetimedidcompel
certaincountriestojointhewar,itisamistaketoassumethatany
ofthemjoinedthewar“automatically.”Leadersineachcountry
debatedwhethertoenterthewarandgenerallymadetheir
decisionsonlyafterevaluatingtheirownconcreteinterestsand
risks.Manyofthesecountrieshadhiddenmotivesand,atthesame
time,mistakenlyassumedthatsomeoftheotherswouldstayout
oftheconflict.
GermanMotives
ThoughGermanyhadlittleinterestinAustria’sproblemswith
Serbia,ithadsignificantambitionsregardingitsotherneighbors.
Inrecentyears,Russiahadbecomeincreasinglyinvolvedin
Europeanaffairs,whilesimultaneouslymodernizingand
expandingitsmilitary.Germanmilitaryleadersfeltthatwarwith
Russiawasinevitableatsomepoint.Therefore,theyargued,it
wouldbefarbettertofightRussianow,whileitsarmywasstill
poorlyarmedanduntrained,ratherthantowaituntilitcouldpose
agreaterthreat.SomehistoriansclaimthatGermanydeliberately
encouragedAustriatogotowarwithSerbiainordertosetoffa
warwithRussia.
Furthermore,Germanmilitaryleadersbelievedtherewasagood
chancethatBritainwouldremainneutralandthatFrancealso
mightstayatarm’slength,despiteitstreatywithRussia.This
wishfulthinkinghelpedtheGermanmilitaryleadersconvince
themselvesthatthewarwouldbewinnableandalsohelpedthem
toselltheirplantothekaiser.
BritishMotives
Forcenturies,Britainhadbeenthegreatestnavalpowerinthe
worldandalsohadthelargestcollectionofcolonies.Inthefirst
yearsofthetwentiethcentury,however,Germanymadeamassive
andcostlyefforttobuildupacomparablenavalfleetofitsown,
withthespecificgoalofmatchingBritainonthehighseas.
Germanyalsohadrecentlyshownastrongerinterestthanbefore
inacquiringnewcolonies.Britain,seeingthesedevelopmentsasa
dangerousthreattothebalanceofpowerinEurope,arguedto
Germany(throughdiplomaticchannels)thatthecountryhadno
needforalargenavyoralargenumberofcolonies.Germany
ignoredBritain’srebuffsandcontinuedasbefore.Justassome
Germanleadersfavoredan“anticipatory”waragainstRussia,
someBritishleadersfeltsimilarlyaboutGermany.
FrenchMotives
In1871,FrancehadlosttheterritoriesofAlsaceandLorraineto
Germanyinawar—abitterlyhumiliatingblowthatleftFrance
desperatetoregaintheselands.Whilefearfulofanall-outGerman
invasion,someFrenchleadersfeltthatifGermanyweredistracted
byawarwithRussia,FrancemighthaveachancetoseizeAlsace
andLorraine.
RussianMotives
Russia’smotivesforenteringthewararelessclear-cut.The
periodjustpriortothewarwasatimeofgreatinstabilityin
Russia:neverbeforeinthenation’shistoryhadthetsar’sgripon
powerbeensofragile.Ontheotherhand,therewassupportin
RussiafortheSerbiancause,andamilitaryvictorywouldlikely
helpthetsarpolitically.Nevertheless,warwasariskyproposition
giventhepoorstateoftheRussianmilitaryatthetime.Tsar
NicholasII,whowaspersonallyhesitantaboutjoiningthewar,
brieflyflip-floppedoverorderingmobilization.Ultimately,
however,hecavedunderpressurefromoverlyoptimisticRussian
militaryleadersandadviserswhohadstrongnationalistic
leanings.
Events of WWI
Germany’sAttackonBelgium
Aftertheinitialroundofwardeclarations,eventsunfoldedquickly
aseachsidetriedtopositionitselfadvantageously.Germany’s
troopswerethefirsttomove,andtheirinitialtargetwasBelgium.
ThefirstGermantroopscrossedtheborderonthenightofAugust
3,1914,expectingtoovertakethelittlenationquicklyandtomove
ontotheirmainobjectiveofFrance.
TheGermansfoundmoreresistancethananticipated,however,
especiallyamongciviliansniperswhofiredonthemfromhidden
positions.Inretaliation,theGermansburnedanumberoftowns
andvillagestothegroundandexecutedlargenumbersofcivilians,
includingwomenandchildren.Theheaviestfightingwasaround
thefortressatLiege;thecapital,Brussels,didnotfalluntilAugust
20.Allthetime,however,additionalGermanarmieswere
gatheringalongtheremainderofFrance’seasternborders.
Russia’sAttackonGermany
UnderminingGermany’sSchlieffenPlan,Russiantroopsattacked
Germanymuchsoonerthanexpected.TwoRussianarmies,under
generalsAlexanderSamsonovandPaulvonRennenkampf,
crossedGermany’sborderinEastPrussiaonAugust17.Withthe
bruntofGermanforcesfocusedonFrance,theRussiansadvanced
quicklyatfirstandsoonthreatenedtheregionalcapitalof
Königsberg(present-dayKaliningrad).
Vastlyoutnumberedandinitiallyoverwhelmed,theGerman
commanderintheregion,GeneralMaximilianvonPrittwitz,
panickedandtriedtocallaretreat,againsttheadviceofhisstaff.
Todealwiththeemergency,Germanmilitaryleadersquickly
replacedPrittwitzwithamoreexperiencedleader,GeneralPaul
vonHindenburg,andrecalledsomeofthetroopsfromthe
westernfronttohelpintheeast.
TheBattleofTannenberg
Reinforcedandundernewleadership,theGermanforcesinthe
eaststruckbackdecisivelyattheinvadingRussianforces.Because
thearmiesofSamsonovandRennenkampfwereoperating
separately,withoutmutualcoordination,theGermanswereable
todealwiththemoneatatime.TwoGermanarmiesengaged
Samsonov’sforcesatTannenbergonAugust26.Eventually,
weakenedbyconstantpoundingfromGermanartillery,
Samsonov’stroopswereforcedtoretreat.Astheydidso,asecond
Germanarmycutofftheirpath,completelyentrappingthem.A
slaughterensuedinwhichover30,000Russiansoldierswere
killedandanadditional92,000takenprisoner.GeneralSamsonov
committedsuicidethatsameday.
TheBattleoftheMasurianLakes
OnSeptember9,Hindenburg’stroopstookonRennenkampf’s
armyatthenearbyMasurianLakes,foranearrepeat
performanceofTannenberg.ThoughRennenkampf’sarmy
retreatedsuccessfully,theydidsoonlywithanother125,000
casualties.BetweenTannenbergandtheMasurianLakes,Russia
lostapproximately300,000soldiersinunderamonthoffighting.
Austria-Hungary’sLosses
WhileRussiawassufferinghugelosesagainstGermany,itdidwin
avictoryagainstAustria-Hungary.OnAugust18,athirdRussian
armyenteredGalicia,aregionalongAustria-Hungary’seastern
border.ThegeneraloftheAustrianforcesmisjudgedthemain
Russianattack,sothearmiespassedeachotherandendedup
literallychasingeachotheraroundinacircle.Asaresult,the
Russianswereabletopushintoenemyterritoryandforcethe
Austro-Hungarianstoretreat100mileswithmassivecasualties.
Inthemeantime,Austria-Hungarywaslosingitsfirstmajorbattle
againstSerbia.OnAugust12,Austrialaunchedagroundinvasion
intoSerbiaatthetownofSabac.Thoughthetownwascaptured,
theAustrianarmysoonranintoawallasSerbianforcesadvanced
uptheJadarValley,ambushingtheAustro-Hungarianforces.After
abattleofseveraldays,theSerbianarmiesforcedtheAustriansto
retreatallthewaybacktotheborder.
Japan’sEntryintotheWar
OnAugust23,1914,JapandeclaredwaronGermanyinsolidarity
withBritain.OnereasonforthisactionwasJapan’sintentto
retakesomeislandsinthePacificOceanthatGermanyhadseized
ascoloniesinrecentdecades.
AssessingtheFirstMonthoftheWar
TheboldstepsthatGermanyandRussiatookinthewar’sopening
monthhadaneffectonthedynamicsoftherestofthewarand
providedhintsthatthewarmightlastmuchlongerthanexpected.
Eveninthefirstdaysofthewar,Germany’smuch-touted
SchlieffenPlanbegantounravel,asRussiantroopsarrivedatthe
Germanbordersfasterthananticipated.AlthoughGermany
successfullythwartedtheRussians,itwasforcedtodivertarmies
fromitsadvancetothewest.Meanwhile,thestiffresistancefrom
Belgiumduringthatwesternadvanceindicatedthattheconquest
ofFrancemightlikewisebemoredifficultthanexpected.Onthe
otherside,themassivelossesthatRussiasufferedinthefirst
monthofferedasimilarwarningsignofhowcostlyanddifficult
thewarmightturnouttobe.
CAUSES OF WWI by History.com
1.When&wheredidtheassassinationofArchdukeFranz
Ferdinandoccur?
2.Whatwastherelationshipbetween“empire-building”andthe
beginningoftheFirstWorldWar?
3.WhydidalliancesdevelopthroughoutEuropearoundtheturn
ofthe20thcentury(beginningofthe1900’s)?
4.Whatwastherelationshipbetweenalliancesandthe
beginningsoftheFirstWorldWar?
*WhendidtheUnitedStatesjointhealliedpowers?
6.Bytheendoftheconflict,abouthowmanynationsparticipated
inWWI?
7.WhendidWWIend?
“Firsts of WWI” 3-2-1
three:ThreeFIRSTSofWorldWarI
*
*
*
two:TwomedicaladvancementsofWorldWarI
•
•
one:OnesentenceexplaininghowWorldWarIchangedhowwar
wasconducted
•
THE M.A.I.N. CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
TheGrowthofMilitarism--Beginninginthe1890s,increasing
nationalismledtoadangerousEuropeanarmsrace.Thenationsof
Europebelievedthattobetrulygreat,theyneededtohavea
powerfulmilitary.By1914,alltheGreatPowersexceptBritain
hadlargestandingarmies.Inaddition,militaryexpertsstressed
theimportanceofbeingabletoquicklymobilize,ororganizeand
movetroopsincaseofawar.Generalsineachcountrydeveloped
highlydetailedplansforsuchamobilization.
Thepolicyofglorifyingmilitarypowerandkeepinganarmy
preparedforwarwasknownasmilitarism.Havingalargeand
strongstandingarmymadecitizensfeelpatriotic.However,italso
frightenedsomepeople.Asearlyas1895,FrédéricPassy,apeace
activistandfutureNobelPeacePrizewinner,expressedaconcern
thatmanyshared:
“Theentireable-bodiedpopulationarepreparingto
massacreoneanother;thoughnoone,itistrue,wantstoattack,
andeverybodyprotestshisloveofpeaceanddeterminationto
maintainit,yetthewholeworldfeelsthatitonlyrequiressome
unforeseenincident,someunpreventableaccident,forthesparkto
fallinaflash...andblowallEuropesky-high.”
TangledAlliances--Growingrivalryledthenationstomake
allianceswithoneanother.FearingthatFrancewouldwant
revengeforitsdefeatintheFranco-PrussianWar,Ottovon
BismarcksetouttoisolateFrance.In1879,heformedaTriple
AlliancewithAustria-HungaryandItaly,andatreatywithRussia.
However,whenWilhelmIIbecameKaiser,oremperor,of
Germany,hedidnotwanttosharepower.HeforcedBismarckout
andfollowedhisownpolicy.HelettheagreementwithRussia
expire,andRussiaquicklyallieditselfwithFrance.Thisalliance
meantthatGermanywouldhavetofightenemiesoneastandwest
bordersiftherewereawarwitheithercountry.WilhelmIIthen
movedtomaketheGermannavylargerBritaingrewalarmedand
begantobuildmoreshipsofitsown.ItmadeaTripleEntente
alliancewithFranceandRussia.ThesixGreatPowershadnow
formedtwocamps:Germany,Austria-Hungary,andItalyagainst
Britain,France,andRussia.
Imperialism--Anotherforcethathelpedsetthestageforwarin
Europewasimperialism.ThenationsofEuropecompetedfiercely
forcoloniesinAfricaandAsia.Thequestforcoloniessometimes
pushedEuropeannationstothebrinkofwar.In1905andagainin
1911,GermanyandFrancenearlyfoughtoverwhowouldcontrol
Morocco,innorthernAfrica.WithmostofEuropesupporting
France,Germanyeventuallybackeddown.AsEuropeancountries
continuedtocompeteforoverseasempires,theirsenseofrivalry
andmistrustofoneanotherdeepened.
TheSteadyRiseofNationalism--Onesuchforcewas
nationalism,oradeepdevotiontoone’snation.Nationalismcan
serveasaunifyingforcewithinacountry.However,italsocan
causeintensecompetitionbetweennations,witheachseekingto
overpowertheother.Bytheturnofthe20thcentury,afierce
rivalryindeedhaddevelopedamongEurope’sGreatPowers.
ThosenationswereGermany,Austria-Hungary,GreatBritain,
Russia,Italy,andFrance.
ThisincreasingrivalryamongEuropeannationsstemmed
fromseveralsources.Competitionformaterialsandmarketswas
one.GreatBritain,homeoftheIndustrialRevolution,hadlong
beenEurope’sleaderinindustry,finance,andshipping.After
1850,however,othernationsbegantochallengeBritain’spower.
OnesuchnationwasGermany.Germany’smanynewindustries
madeitseconomythefastestgrowingoneonthecontinent.Asa
result,GermanycompetedwithGreatBritainforindustrial
dominance.
Nationalisticrivalriesalsogrewoutofterritorialdisputes.
France,forexample,hadnevergottenoverthelossofAlsace-
LorrainetoGermanyintheFranco-PrussianWar(1870).Austria
HungaryandRussiabothtriedtodominateintheBalkans,a
regioninsoutheastEurope.WithintheBalkans,theintense
nationalismofSerbs,Bulgarians,Romanians,andotherethnic
groupsledtodemandsforindependence.
On top of these “M.A.I.N.” Causes of WWI...
Meanwhile,troublewasbrewingintheBalkans,in
southeasternEurope.TheOttomanEmpire,whichcontrolledthis
area,wasbreakingapart.BothAustria-HungaryandRussia
wantedsomeofthisland.ThekingdomofSerbia,whichwasin
thisregion,wantedtobringotherSlavicpeopleswholivedinthe
Balkansunderitscontrol.In1908,Austria-HungaryseizedBosnia
andHerzegovina.TheselandshadSlavicpeoples,andtheSerbs
wereangered.However,theirRussianallieswereunwillingto
supportthem,andtheybackeddown.By1914,thesituationwas
different.Serbiahadgainedlandinotherpartsoftheregionand
feltstrong.AustriaworriedthatSerbiamightinterferewithits
controlofBosniaandHerzegovina.
Amidthesetensions,ashotrangout.InJune1914,aSerbian
shotandkilledtheheirtothethroneofAustria-Hungary.AustriaHungarydeclaredwaronSerbia,RussiacametoSerbia’sdefense,
andsoonmostofEuropewasatwar.
THINKTHROUGHHISTORYWhymightthe“machineryofwar,”
setinmotionbytheassassinationofArchdukeFerdinand,have
beendifficulttostop?
The Opening Moves of World War I
August3,1914GermantroopsenterBelgium
August4GermantroopsenterPoland(Russianterritory)andtake
threetowns
August5GermansencounterfirstseriousfightingatLiege,
Belgium
August10FrancedeclareswaronAustria-Hungary
August12FirstBritishtroopscrossEnglishChannelintoFrance
BritaindeclareswaronAustria-HungaryAustriantroopsenter
SerbiaatSabac
August15Liegefalls
August17RussiantroopsenterEastPrussia(Germany)
August18RussiantroopsenterAustria-Hungary
August20GermansenterBrussels,completingoccupationof
Belgium
August23JapandeclareswaronGermany
August26BattleofTannenbergbeginsoneasternfront
August30RussianforcesunderSamsonovdefeatedat
Tannenberg
September9BattleoftheMasurianLakesbegins
September14RussianforcesretreatafterdefeatatMasurian
Lakes
World War I Notes and Timeline
WWIwassparkedbytheassassinationofArchdukeFerdinandin
1914andendedwiththeTreatyofVersaillesin1919.
1914
June28-ArchdukeFerdinandwasassassinatedbyaSerbian
nationalist
July28-Austria-HungarydeclareswaronSerbia.
August1-3-GermanydeclareswaronRussiaandFrance.
August4–BritaindeclareswaronGermanywhenGermany
invadesBelgium.
August6-Austria-HungarydeclareswaronRussiaandSerbia
declareswaronGermany.
August19-U.S.PresidentWoodrowWilsonannouncestheU.S.
willremainneutral.
September5-FirstBattleoftheMarne.Trenchwarfarebeginson
bothsidesdigin.
1915
February4-Germanydeclaresa"warzone"blockingBritishships
withsubmarines
April22-TheSecondBattleofYpresbegins.Poisongasis
introducedtothebattlefield.
May7-TheBritishoceanlinerRMSLusitaniaissunkbyGerman
U-boat,U-20
1916
February21-TheBattleofVerdunbegins.Longestbattleandwas
oneofthebloodiest.
May31-TheBattleofJutland,themajornavalbattleofthewar,
begins.
July1-TheBattleoftheSommebegins.Tanksarefirstintroduced
intobattle.
1917
January19-GermanysendsZimmermanTelegramtoMexicoto
joinGermanyinthewar.GermanypledgedtohelpMexicotake
overtheUnitedStates.TheBritishinterceptanddecipherthe
codedmessage.TriggerforUnitedStatestojointhewar.
March15-RussianTsarNicholasIIabdicates.
April6-TheUnitedStatesdeclareswaronGermany.
November7-TheBolshevikssuccessfullyoverthrowtheRussian
government.
1918
January8-U.S.PresidentWoodrowWilsonissueshisFourteen
Pointstopeace.
March3-RussiasignsaTreaty,peacebetweenRussiaandthe
CentralPowers.
March21-GermanylaunchestheSpringOffensive.
April21-Germanflyingace,TheRedBaron(BaronManfredvon
Richthofen)isshotdown.
November9-GermanKaiserWilhelmIIabdicatesandflees
Germany.
November11-Fightingendsonthe11thhourofthe11thdayof
the11thmonth
1919
June28–TheTreatyofVersaillesofficiallyendsWWI.
Section One: The Stage is Set for War
Late1800sEuropewaspeacefulandmettokeeppeaceregularly
ReasonsforWar
1. Nationalism:Extremeprideinanation’sheritage–
competitionoverresources(fueledbyindustrialism)and
territoryINCREASEDethnictensions.Countriesfeltthreatened
bynewgroupspushingforindependence.
2. Imperialism:Mostcountieswanttoexpand.ThiskeptEurope
ontheBRINKofwar.Italsomadefriendlycountriesmistrust
eachother.TRUSTisakeytopeace.
3. Militarism:Peoplehadstandingarmiesandwereconstantly
readyforwar.Thiseliminatedthe“coolingoff”timeof
gatheringanarmy.Thisresultedinwarbeingeasiertostart.
4. Alliances:Messy/switchedsides,agreedonsomeissuesand
notothers.Empirestookoverlandthenstartedworkingfor
peace.(SeeChartinNotebook)
SparkofWar
CrisisintheBalkans–TheSerbiansassassinateAustriaHungary’sheirinBosnia.RussianandAustria-Hungarycompete
forbowerandinfluencesintheBalkans–aneasysituationforwar
todevelop.Therewerealsoethnictensionsbetweengroups
residinginthearea.
(TheBalkans–MountainousareainEasternEurope)
EthnicConflicts
• TheOttomanEmpirecommittedgenocideagainstArmenians
duringandbeforeWWIbasedontheirethnicityandculture.
Theyforcedthemintoworkcampsandforcedthemtomarch
acrosstheempireinharshconditions.
• RussiaforcedmanyJewishpeopletoleavetheircountrybefore
andduringWWI.Theyalsohadverydiscriminatorypolicies
• InAfricatherewereethnicconflictsbetweentraditional
groupsandbetweentheAfricansandtheImperialrulers
Section Two: War Consumes Europe
TheAllianceSystemcollapses
• AlliancesbeforeWWIcauseaminorevent(theassassinationof
ArchdukeFerdinand)tobecomeaMAJORevent!
• Austria-HungarydeclareswaronSerbiaandthenalliesgoto
theiraid–causingmanycountriestojointhewar.
SchlieffenPlan:0%successrateor100%failurerate.Thiswas
theplantheGermanycameupwith.1.RacetoFranceandattack
them,2.thenracebackacrossGermanyandattackRussiawiththe
entirearmy.Thisfailsforthreereasons1.Francefoughtharder
thantheythought,2.ArmiesareSLOW,and3.Russiawasableto
mobilizefasterthantheyanticipated.RESULT:Germanyhadto
splittheirarmyandfightaTWOfrontwar!OhNo!NotIdeal!
WarBegins:GermanyinvadesBelgiumtogettoFrance,this
meansthatGB(GreatBritain)joinsthewarontheAlliedside,and
Italyswitchesalliancesandjoinsthewartoo!ByAugustof1914
mostofEuropeisinastateofTotalWar(nopeaceforEurope).
WesternFront:(AlongtheFrenchborder)
• BattleoftheMarneGermansaredrivenbackfrompartof
France.Theyareevenlymatched.
• TrenchWarfare:Difficultanddirty–Rats,mudandother
dangers.
• NewTechnology:likemachineguns,poisonousgas,tanks,
largegunsweremoredeadlythaneverbefore
EasternFront:By1915Russiahadlostinterestinthewarand
wasrunninglowonresources.–theywerelosingtotheGermans.
BythemiddleofthewarAfricaandAsiawerealsoinvolved
ChristmasPeaceof1914:TherewasanarmisticeonChristmas
Dayonehundredyearsago.Thishappenedshortlyafterthewar
began.Alsooutofthistrucecametalesofforeignerssinging
Christmascarolstogether.
Section Three: War Affects the World
TheWarReachesaStalemate
• Thetwofrontwarbecamelongandtheoutlookgrimfor
Europeafteracoupleyears.Bothfrontswerestalemates.
• InSouthwestAsiatheBritishhelpedArabNationsdeclareand
fightforindependencefromtheTurks.(thisiswhereweget
thestoryofLawrenceofArabia)
• ColonistsfoughtfortheirEmpires–theydidthisformany
reasons,butoneofthemostpopularwassharedbyGhandiin
India-hewantedtohaveIndiafightwithBritaininhopesthey
couldpeacefullygainindependence.
BattleontheHighSeas
• NewNavaltechnologymadesubmarinesmoreeffective
wartimeweapons.
• By1917navelbattlesbecamepivotaltothewar.
• Germanannouncedthattheywouldsinkanyshipsailing
aroundBritain–includingthosefromneutralcountries(USA)
• ThisPolicyis/wascalledunrestrictedwarfareanditwas
veryunpopular.
• May7,1915au-boat(Germansub)sanktheLusitaniathiswas
aBritishpassengershipthatwascarryingweaponsand128
Americans.Over1,000peoplewerekilled.ManyUSpeople
wereoutragedandwantedAmericatojointhewar.
TheUSAjoinstheWar
• ZimmermanTelegraph:SentfromGermanytoMexico–
offeredtohelpMexicoregainlandlosttotheUSiftheyhelped
Germany.SeenasareasonfortheUSjoiningthewar.
• TheUSjoinedthewaronthealliedsidesincetheUShadmore
economictiestotheAlliedcountries.
• Inthefirst3yearsofWWIEuropelostmoremeninbattlethan
theyhadinthelast300yearsofwarcombined!Yikes!
• Rationing:becamewidespreadtocontrolthedistributionof
rare/limitedgoods.
• Propaganda:encouragedpeopletosupportthewareffort
Sec3NotesContinued.
• Mengainedrightsduringtherevolutions/industrialismbut
womengainedrightsafterWWI.
AlliesWintheWar
• ThewarinRussiasloweddownbecauseoftherevolutionand
transitiontoCommunistrule.(theygotridoftheCzar)
• July1918:2ndBattleoftheMarne–Germanstriedtowinby
attacking–theylostbecauseofnewsupportfromtheUSA
EndoftheWar
• November9,1918:LeaderofGermanyresigns
• November11,1918at11am(11-11-11am)thewarofficially
stops
• Thewarlastedfouryears1914-1918
• LeadersmetinParistobeginworkonapeacetreaty
Section Four: A Flawed Peace
January18,1919:PeaceconferenceinParisandendedwith
theTreatyofVersailles(Ver-sigh)
• Alliesmadethedecisionswhilethecentralpowersdidnot
haveasay–infactrepresentativesfromtheCentralPowers
werenoteveninvitedtoparticipate(talkaboutrubbingitin!)
• WWilson(America)andLloydGeorge(UK)ledthemeetings.
• Wilson’sideawasknownasthe14Points.Hisideaprovided
theframeworkforopeninternationalcommunication.Hisidea
wasNOTpopularwithEuropeanleadersandwasrejected
becauseitwas“toonice”toGermany.
HarshPeace:
• FrancewasMADthatGermanyhaddestroyedtheirlandand
wantedGermanypunished
• TheUKfeltthesameway
• TheLeagueofNationswascreated(itwaspartlyWilson’s
idea)wasaninternationaladvisorycouncilsimilartothe
UnitedNationstoday.ITFAILED!
• TheTreatyofVersaillesmadeGermanytakeALLtheblamefor
thewarANDpayforwardamages–reparations(thiswasa
verycommonpracticethroughouthistory–youbreakit,you
lose,youpay!)
Impacts
• TheCentralPowerslostland–thiscausedthemtobeangryat
EuropeandAmerica.
• ColonieswereNOTgivenindependence–thisledtopolitical
unrestsincemanycolonialsthoughttheyshouldbefreefor
helpingwiththewar
• Americawantedtobeisolationists–theydidnotsigntheTOV
LegacyofWar:
• LostGeneration:agroupofpeoplewhowerecollectively
depressedafterthewar.Theygreatlyinfluencedartand
literatureafterWWI.
• Peacelasted20years
• 8.5millionpeoplekilled,21millionwounded
• EconomiccollapseinEurope
•
Flocabulary World War I
Theysentusalltowar,
Theytoldustobereadytofight.
Butalltheyreallycaredabout,
Wasifwewerereadytodie.
It’scalledtheGreatWar;IguessIknowwhy,
‘Causeitwassobig,andsomanydied.
Likeme,yeahI’mjustaghost,
Comingbackfromthepastjusttopassyouanote,
AndpassonwhatIknow,yeahI’veseenalot,
I’veseensoldierslineup,andseen‘emdrop.
WhereshouldIbegin?Whatwasthemeaning?
Thosewhodon’tremembermistakesrepeat‘em.
Andwhy’dithappen?I’mmasoundoutthereasons,
First,alltheseEuropeanstateswerescheming.
Imperialism–theywantedtoexpand,
Controlpeople,controlland.
Plustheyhadnewshipsandguns,
Militarism–that’showthesenationsspendingtheirfunds.
Andtheyhadalliancesandpacts,
Likeifyoupunchhim,I’mmapunchyouback.
Andthepeoplejustcheerandgrin,
Nationalism,everyonewantstheirteamtowin.
Yeah,itwaslikeabombsettoblow,
Wasitinevitable?Wellthat’sdebated,
ButwhenFranzFerdinandwasassassinated,
Thecamel’sbackbroke,thatwasthelaststraw.
Onedominogoesdown,theyallfall,
Like…
Isawmybestfrienddie,
ButIstillseehim,
He’srighttherebymyside.(x2)
Ihopeyou’rereadyformore,
Propaganda’sallover;they’resellingthewar,
Tellingusallliestoenlistus,
SayingwewouldreturntoourlovedonesbyChristmas.
Weweresoamped–thoughtwarwasharmless,
Howcanyouhugyourfamilywhenyou’rearmless?
Stuckinatrenchlikeabaseballdugout,
Butwhentheygetahit,wehavetopullaslugout.
Andbackhome,they'reeatingrations,
Justalittlefoodthathastolast.
InTotalWar,we’reallplayingourparts,
Womeninfactoriesmakingourparts.
Africanarmies,colonialsoldiers,
AllfightinEurope;they’refollowingorders.
Newtechnologyvs.oldtactics,
Thatmeansthewholedeathtollismassive.
Newweapons,they’rekillingusfastwith,
Submarines,tanks,andpoisonousgasses,
Biggunsthatgoratatatat,
Machinegunfiremakeaboyfallflat.
It’snotallquietontheWesternFront,
NortheEasternfront,Iwon’tevenfront.
I’msoshell-shockedIdon’tspeakformonths,
Theymightshipmeinaboxtomygrievingmom.
I’mscared,I’mcold,soakedthroughmycoat,
Fouryearslater,alittlehope.
Armistice,thefireceased,
ThentheTreatyofVersaillesmeantpeace.
TheycutupEasternEurope,putshacklesonGermany.
“Thinkthat’llworkout?”Certainly!
Atleastthiswasthe“WartoEndWar,”
We’llneverhaveanotherworldwar,forsure…
Isawmybestfrienddie,
ButIstillseehim,He’srighttherebymyside.(x2)
The Things That Make a Soldier Great
fromWarTimeRhymes
byEdgarA.Guest(published1918)
Thethingsthatmakeasoldiergreatandsendhimouttodie,
Tofacetheflamingcannon'smouth,noreverquestionwhy,
Arelilacsbyalittleporch,therowoftulipsred,
Thepeoniesandpansies,too,theoldpetuniabed,
Thegrassplotwherehischildrenplay,therosesonthewall:
'Tisthesethatmakeasoldiergreat.He'sfightingforthemall.
'Tisnotthepompandprideofkingsthatmakeasoldierbrave,
'Tisnotallegiancetotheflagthatoverhimmaywave;
Forsoldiersneverfightsowellonlandoronthefoam
Aswhenbehindthecausetheyseethelittleplacecalledhome.
Endangerbutthathumblestreetwhereonhischildrenrun—
Youmakeasoldierofthemanwhoneverboreagun.
Whatisitthroughthebattlesmokethevaliantsoldiersees?
Thelittlegardenfaraway,thebuddingappletrees,
Thelittlepatchofgroundbackthere,thechildrenattheirplay,
Perhapsatinymoundbehindthesimplechurchofgray.
Thegoldenthreadofcourageisn'tlinkedtocastledome
Buttothespot,where'eritbe—thehumblespotcalledhome.
Andnowthelilacsbudagainandallislovelythere,
Andhomesicksoldiersfarawayknowspringisintheair;
Thetulipscometobloomagain,thegrassoncemoreisgreen,
Andeverymancanseethespotwhereallhisjoyshavebeen.
Heseeshischildrensmileathim,hehearsthebuglecall,
Andonlydeathcanstophimnow—he'sfightingforthemall.
Dulce et Decorum Est*
WilfredOwen8October1917-March,1918
Bentdouble,likeoldbeggarsundersacks,Knock-kneed,coughing
likehags,wecursedthroughsludge,Tillonthehauntingflareswe
turnedourbacksAndtowardsourdistantrestbeganto
trudge.Menmarchedasleep.Manyhadlosttheirboots,Butlimped
on,blood-shod.Allwentlame;allblind;Drunkwithfatigue;deaf
eventothehootsOftired,outstrippedFive-Ninesthatdropped
behind.
Gas!GAS!Quick,boys!–Anecstasyoffumbling,Fittingtheclumsy
helmetsjustintime;Butsomeonestillwasyellingoutand
stumblingAndflound'ringlikeamaninfireorlime...Dim
throughthemistypanesandthickgreenlight,Asunderagreen
sea,Isawhimdrowning.
Inallmydreamsbeforemyhelplesssight,Heplungesatme,
guttering,choking,drowning.
Ifinsomesmotheringdreams,youtoocouldpaceBehindthe
wagonthatweflunghimin,Andwatchthewhiteeyeswrithingin
hisface,Hishangingface,likeadevil'ssickofsin;Ifyoucould
hear,ateveryjolt,thebloodComegarglingfromthefrothcorruptedlungs,Obsceneascancer,bitterasthecudOfvile,
incurablesoresoninnocenttongues,–Myfriend,youwouldnot
tellwithsuchhighzestTochildrenardentforsomedesperate
glory,TheoldLie:DulceetdecorumestPropatriamori.
Thetitle-andfinalline-ofthepoemcomefromanotherpoem:
Dulceetdecorumestpropatriamoriisalinefromthepoet
Horace'sOdes.ThelinecanberoughlytranslatedintoEnglishas:
"Itissweetandrighttodieforyourcountry."
Revolutions in Russia
KEYIDEAUnrestinRussiaeruptedinrevolutiontoproducethefirst
Communistgovernment.
In1881,reformsinRussiastoppedwhentheczarwaskilled
byradicalstudents.Thenewczar,AlexanderIII,tookbackcontrol
oftheRussiangovernment.Hecrackeddownonanyonewho
seemedtothreatenhisgovernment.HealsooppressedallnonRussianpeopleswholivedwithintheRussianempire,especially
Jews.
In1894,hissonNicholasIIbecameczarandcontinuedthe
strongrule.HelaunchedaprogramaimedatbuildingupRussia’s
industry.Russiaquicklybecamealeadingproducerofsteelinthe
world.However,thisrapidindustrialgrowthbroughtproblems.
Workingconditionswerepoor,wageswerelow,andchildren
wereforcedtowork.Workersgrewangryandoftenwenton
strike.Revolutionarygroupswantedtotopplethegovernment.
SomefollowedtheteachingsofKarlMarx.In1903,theyargued
abouthowtocarryouttheirrevolution,andtheysplitintotwo
groups.Onegroup—theBolsheviks—wasledbyVladimirLenin.
HefledRussiaafewyearslatertoawaitabettertimetopushhis
ideas.
RussiasufferedahugedefeatatthehandsofJapaninawar
thatstartedin1904.Inearly1905,theRussianarmykilled
hundredsofhungryworkerswhohadpeacefullygatheredtoask
forrelief.Strikesspreadinprotest,andNicholaswasforcedto
allowsomereformstotakeplace.
ThesufferingcausedbyWorldWarIwasthefinalblow
againsttheczar’srule.Injustthefirstfewmonthsofwar,Russia
hadfourmillionsoldierskilled,wounded,orcaptured.Asthewar
worsened,theczarlostcontrolofRussia.Soldiersrefusedtofight,
pricesshotskyhigh,andpeoplestarved.InMarch1917,almost
200,000workerstooktothestreetsofonecitytoprotesthigh
prices.Soldiersshotintothecrowd.Latertheyfiredattheir
officersandjoinedtheprotest.Theczarwasforcedtostepdown.
Ayearlater,heandhisfamilywereexecuted.Agovernmentledby
AlexanderKerenskywasformed.
KerenskyhopedtokeepRussiainthewar.Thedecisioncost
himthesupportofsoldierswhowantedtofightnolongerand
workersandpeasantswhowantedanendtofoodshortages.
Acrossthecountrytheseforcesformedlocalcouncilscalled
soviets.Insomecities,thesovietsactuallyhadmorerealpower
thanthegovernment.
Inthemidstofthisunrest,LeninreturnedtoRussia
determinedtobringabouthisrevolution.Hisslogan“Peace,Land,
andBread”wassoontakenupbymanypeople.InNovember
1917,armedworkerstookcontrolofgovernmentoffices.The
Kerenskyreignwasended.
Towinthepeasants’support,Leninorderedallfarmlandbe
giventothem.Workersweregivencontrolofthefactories.Soon
LeninagreedtoapeacetreatywithGermany.Itgaveawaylarge
amountsofRussianland,butitendedthewar.Then,forces
opposedtoLenin’srevolution—supportedbytheAllieswho
foughtGermany—triedtodefeatLenin’sarmyinbattle.Thecivil
warlastedthreeyears.Thefightingandthefaminethatfollowedit
killed15millionRussians.Intheend,though,Lenin’sRedArmy
won.
In1921,LeninlaunchedanewplantorebuildtheRussian
economy.Itallowedforsomeprivateownershipofproperty,
relaxingLenin’sdesireforcompletestatecontrol.Healsochanged
thegovernmenttoformanewnation—theSovietUnion.Itwould
berunbytheleadersoftheCommunistParty.Bythelate1920s,
theSovieteconomyhadcomeback.Farmsandfactorieswere
producingasmuchastheyhadbeforeWorldWarI.
MakingGeneralizations
Howdidtheproblemsofthelate1800sandearly1900sleadto
theRussianRevolution?
PerceivingRelationshipsCompareKerensky’sandLenin’splans.
The Treaty of Versailles and the Impact on
Germany
TheParisPeaceConferenceopenedonJanuary12,1919.
MeetingswereheldatvariouslocationsinandaroundParisuntil
January20,1920.Leadersof32statesrepresentingabout75%of
theworld'spopulation,attended.However,thefivemajorpowers,
theUnitedStates,Britain,France,Italy,andJapandominated
negotiations.
TheVersaillesTreatywasoneoftheproductsofthe
conference.TheGermansbelievedthatthetreatywouldbebased
onPresidentWilson’sFourteenPoints,whichofferedaframework
forajustpeace,andthehopesthatanyfutureinternational
tensionwouldbeprevented.
ThistreatyheldGermanysolelyresponsibleforWWI.
Germanywasforcedtopayreparationstotaling£6,600million,
theylost1/8ofitsland,allofitscolonies,alloverseasassets,a
newmapofEuropewascarvedoutofGermany,andtheGerman
militarywasbasicallynon-existent.TotheGermanpeople,they
werebeingruthlesslypunishedforawarnotonlywerenot
responsibleforbuthadtofight.
ThemaintermsoftheVersaillesTreatywere:
1. SurrenderofallGermancoloniesasLeagueofNations
mandates
2. ThereturnofAlsace-LorrainetoFrance
3. CessionoflandinEasternEurope–severalnewcountries
created
4. Danzigtobecomeafreecity
5. TheDanish-Germanfrontierwassettledbyanotherpeople
6. OccupationandspecialstatusfortheSaarunderFrench
control
7. Demilitarizationandafifteen-yearoccupationoftheRhineland
8. Germanreparationsof£6,600million
9. AbanontheunionofGermanyandAustria
10. AnacceptanceofGermany'sguiltincausingthewar
11. AtrialoftheformerKaiserandotherwarleaders
12. limitedGermany'sarmyto100,000menwithnoconscription,
notanks,noheavyartillery,nopoison-gassupplies,noaircraft
andnoairships
*thelimitationoftheGermanNavytovesselsunder100,000tons,
withnosubmarines
GermanysignedtheVersaillesTreatyunderprotest.TheUSA
Congressrefusedtoratifythetreaty.ManypeopleinFranceand
BritainwereangrythattherewasnotrialoftheKaiserortheother
warleaders.
ThetreatydevastatedGermanypoliticallyandeconomically.
Becauseofthetreaty,manyGermansweredesperatetofindanew
leadertogetthemoutoftheGreatDepression,whichtheyblamed
ontheextravagantreparationstheyhadtopaytotheAllies.
Acronyms are helpful!
Remember“B.R.A.T.”tosummarizethemainpointsoftheTOV.
1.GermanyhadtoaccepttheBLAMEforstartingthewar(Clause
231).Thiswasvitalbecauseitprovidedthejustificationfor...
2.Germanyhadtopay£6,600million(calledREPARATIONS)for
thedamagedoneduringthewar.
3.Germanywasforbiddentohavesubmarinesoranair
force.Shecouldhaveanavyofonlysixbattleships,andanARMY
ofjust100,000men.Inaddition,Germanywasnotallowedto
placeanytroopsintheRhineland,thestripofland,50mileswide,
nexttoFrance.
4.GermanylostTERRITORY(land)inEurope(seemap,below).
Germany’scoloniesweregiventoBritainandFrance.(Also,
GermanywasforbiddentojointheLeagueofNations,orunite
withAustria.)
SIDENOTE:TheGermansbelievedPresidentWilson’sFourteen
PointswouldhaveresultedinlessdevastationtoGermanyifused
inthetreaty.However,the“BigFour”weredeterminedtopunish
Germanyforthewar...andsotheydid.
Visual Summary: The Great War
Long-Term Causes
NationalismspurscompetitionamongEuropeannations.
Imperialismdeepensnationalrivalries.
Militarismleadstolargestandingarmies.
ThealliancesystemdividesEuropeintotworivalcamps
Immediate Causes
TheassassinationofArchdukeFranzFerdinandinJune1914
promptsAustriatodeclarewaronSerbia
Thealliancesystemrequiresnationstosupporttheirallies.
WWI
Immediate Effects
AgenerationofEuropeansiskilledorwounded.
DynastiesfallinGermany,Austria-Hungary,andRussia.
Newcountriesarecreated.
TheLeagueofNationsisestablishedtohelppromotepeace.
Long-term Effects
Manynationsfeelbitterandbetrayedbythepeacesettlements.
Forcesthathelpedcausethewar–nationalism,competition–
remain.
Trench Warfare
Armistice
Total War
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Communism
Russian Royal Family
Empire
WWI Study Guide
Ferdinand’s Assassination
Spark of WWI
Central Powers
Allied Powers
High Casualty Rates in WWI
Treaty of Versailles
Imperialism
Ottoman Empire
Russia
Romania
Austria-Hungary
Geographic Changes in Europe due to War
Alliance and Geography and their effect