Download CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Chapter 5: Learning

Chapter 5: Learning
Chapter Review
Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to
experience
•
Associative Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlov's Conditioning Experiments
Elements of Classical Conditioning
• There are four basic elements to this transfer
• Unconditioned stimulus (US)
•
Unconditioned response (UR)
•
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
•
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned = learned
Unconditioned = unlearned
Why is Pavlov’s work important?
Classical Conditioning in Humans
Little Albert Study: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Mary Cover Jones
•
Desensitization therapy
Classical Conditioning Is Selective
•
Seligman's principles of preparedness and contrapreparedness
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Classical conditioning: respondent behavior
Vs.
Operant (or instrumental) conditioning: associate behaviors with
consequences
Elements of Operant Conditioning
• Thorndike
•
•
Reinforcement
•
Punishers
Thorndike proposed the law of effect
• "stamped in"
•
"stamped out"
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
•
Skinner Box
•
Shaping
Reinforcement
Reinforcer: any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response
o Positive reinforcement:
o Negative reinforcement:
Punishment
• Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior
will recur.
•
Avoidance training
Learned Helplessness
COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Contingencies
Contingencies in Classical Conditioning
•
Blocking
Contingencies in Operant Conditioning
•
Schedules of reinforcement.
•
Fixed-interval schedule
•
Variable-interval schedule
•
Fixed-ratio schedule
•
Variable-ratio schedule
Response Acquisition
• In classical conditioning
•
•
Intermittent pairing
In operant conditioning
•
Skinner box
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization and Discrimination
In classical conditioning
•
Stimulus generalization
•
Stimulus discrimination
In operant conditioning
•
Response generalization
NEW LEARNING BASED ON ORIGINAL LEARNING
Higher-Order Conditioning in Classical Conditioning
• Higher-order conditioning
Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning
•
Primary reinforcer
•
Secondary reinforcer
COGNITIVE LEARNING
•
Latent learning
•
Cognitive map
Insight and Learning Sets
•
Insight
•
Learning sets
Learning by Observing
.
• Albert Bandura
•
Observational (or vicarious) learning
•
Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment.