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Chapter 5: Learning Chapter Review Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience • Associative Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov's Conditioning Experiments Elements of Classical Conditioning • There are four basic elements to this transfer • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR) Conditioned = learned Unconditioned = unlearned Why is Pavlov’s work important? Classical Conditioning in Humans Little Albert Study: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner Mary Cover Jones • Desensitization therapy Classical Conditioning Is Selective • Seligman's principles of preparedness and contrapreparedness OPERANT CONDITIONING Classical conditioning: respondent behavior Vs. Operant (or instrumental) conditioning: associate behaviors with consequences Elements of Operant Conditioning • Thorndike • • Reinforcement • Punishers Thorndike proposed the law of effect • "stamped in" • "stamped out" B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Skinner Box • Shaping Reinforcement Reinforcer: any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response o Positive reinforcement: o Negative reinforcement: Punishment • Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. • Avoidance training Learned Helplessness COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Contingencies Contingencies in Classical Conditioning • Blocking Contingencies in Operant Conditioning • Schedules of reinforcement. • Fixed-interval schedule • Variable-interval schedule • Fixed-ratio schedule • Variable-ratio schedule Response Acquisition • In classical conditioning • • Intermittent pairing In operant conditioning • Skinner box Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization and Discrimination In classical conditioning • Stimulus generalization • Stimulus discrimination In operant conditioning • Response generalization NEW LEARNING BASED ON ORIGINAL LEARNING Higher-Order Conditioning in Classical Conditioning • Higher-order conditioning Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning • Primary reinforcer • Secondary reinforcer COGNITIVE LEARNING • Latent learning • Cognitive map Insight and Learning Sets • Insight • Learning sets Learning by Observing . • Albert Bandura • Observational (or vicarious) learning • Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment.