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The Federal Bureaucracy I. Why Bureaucracy? II The Development of Bureaucracy in II. America III The Organization of the Bureaucracyy IV. Who Controls the Bureaucracy? V Bureaucracy V. B and d the h Size Si off Government Why Bureaucracy? “Bureaucrat” a pejorative term Yet Y t wantt governmentt tto protect t t in US th the environment, ensure auto safety, keep terrorist off our planes, etc. To do so need to form bureaucracies Max Weber’s Weber s Principles of Bureaucracy… Hierarchical, division of labor, impersonal, following defined/abstract rules, striving for specified goals As government expands, bureaucracy expands So American’s have a “love-hate” relationship p with bureaucracyy Development of Bureaucracy in America Spoils System: winning party pp supporters pp to government g appointed positions Assassination Pendleton of J James Garfield ((1881)) Act (1883): Civil Service Reform (Merit System) Hatch Act (1939): Prohibition on P liti l A Political Activities ti iti Revised in 1993; now more “no politics while hil on duty” d t ” Organization g of the Federal Bureaucracy Only about 15 percent in Washington area. More than 25 percent of the civilian employees work for military; another 30 percent work for the Postal Service. p Less than 10 percent work for welfare g agencies. Diverse group more demographically p of the nation than representative politicians. Most are white-collar workers: secretaries,, clerks, lawyers, inspectors, and... ENGINEERS!!!! Organization of the Federal Bureaucracyy Cabinet Departments (e.g., State, Commerce, Education) Independent p Agencies g ((e.g., g , NASA,, CIA,, EPA) Independent Regulatory Commissions (e.g., Federal Reserve, SEC, FCC, FTC) Government G tC Corporations ti ( (e.g., US P Postal t l Service, Corporation for Public B Broadcasting, d ti TVA FDIC) TVA, Size of the Bureaucracy Who Controls the Bureaucracy? Congress Budget g Oversight President Budget (Office of Management and Budget) Appointments (with Senate) Courts C t Administrative law courts Bureaucratic Autonomy Agency Regulation g and Administrative Discretion Agency Control Interests Bureaucratic Culture and Bureaucratic Capture Political Alliances Iron Triangles and Issue Networks Bureaucrats are not just referees, but active players in the political game! Bureaucracy and the Size of Government Q: Can the size of the bureaucracy be controlled? In many respects...NO! Shift to State and Local Government Federal Spending p g Largely g y Uncontrollable Federal Spending has Not Increased Much Relative to Overall Economy “Iron Triangles” Public and other interests largely g y blocked out…. Growth of State & Local Bureaucracyy Discretionary and Non-Discretionary Federal Spending, 2008 Non-Defense Discretionary Discretionary, 16% Security (Defense, Homeland,, International Affairs), 24% Social Security, 21% Medicare, 13% Medicaid, 7% Entitlements & Other Mandatory, 12.9% Interest Payments on National Debt,, 9% OMB, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2008 Federal Spending as a percentage of GDP 50.0 45.0 40.0 % of GDP 35 0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10 0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Source: Census Bureau Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States From Burns Figure 11-3 American Government Exam #1 20 18 # of studnts receivingTitle e 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A (68‐75) B (60‐67) C (53‐59) D (45‐52) AVG 57 0 (76 1%) AVG = 57.0 (76.1%) Median M di = 57.5 (76.7%) 57 5 (76 7%) F (44 or less)