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Global and Urban Geography Population distribution is described according to location and density. Factors that influence population distribution include • Natural Resources (oil, arable land, water) • Climate (hot/cold, wet/dry) • Economic development • Government policy • Rural/Urban settlement • Capital resources ( transportation, technology) • Conflicts (refugees) Characteristics of human population differ over time and from region to region. Characteristics include • • • • • • • • • • • Birth and death rate Age distribution Male/Female distribution Life expectancy Infant mortality Urban/rural GDP Ethnicity Language Religion Education • • • • • • Population growth rates are influenced by humans, environmental, economic, and political factors. Modern medicine and hygiene Education Industrialization and Urbanization Economic development Government policy Role of women in society Migration occur because of social, political, and environmental factors Push Factors • • • • • • • • • • Overpopulation Religious persecution Lack of jobs Opportunities Agricultural decline Conflict Political persecution Natural hazards Limits on personal freedom Environmental Pull Factors • • • • • • Religion Economic opportunities Land availability Political freedom Ethnic and family ties Arable land Migration have influenced cultural landscape. Impacts include • • • • Language Religion and religious freedom Customs/traditions Cultural landscapes Modern transportation and communication are encouraging higher levels of cultural interactions worldwide • Diffusion of US culture to other regions • traditions in the US The use of a resource depends on a nation’s culture, value, access to technology and governmental priorities as they change over time. Social and economic priorities that influence a culture’s perspective on resources • Economic development priorities • Environmental conservation priorities • Priorities of indigenous minorities Examples of technologies that have created demand for particular resources • Steam engine- demand for coal • Internal combustion (cars and trucks) demand for gasoline • Computer chips –demand for skilled labor Cost of using resource • Resource depletion • Environmental degradation • Health problems Benefits of using resources • Production of goods and services • Employment opportunities • Development of technologies Divisions are regions of the Earth’s surface over which groups of people establish social, economic, and political control Example of spatial divisions include neighborhoods • • • • • • • • • • Election districts School districts Regions districts Waste Disposal Conservation districts Planning districts Area code zones Cities countries States Reason for spatial relationships • Desire for government closer to home • Need to solve local problems • Need to administer resources more efficiently Spatial divisions may generate conflict. • • • • • Boundary disputes Cultural difference Economic difference Competition for scarce resource Political advantage Spatial divisions may generate cooperation • Natural disasters • Economic advantage (attract new business) • Cultural similarities • Addressing regional issues waste management, magnet school, transportation) Site and situation are important geographic concepts when studying the growth of cities Site is the actual location of a city • • • • • • • Harbor sites Island sites Fall line site Confluence site Hilltop sites Oasis site Sites where rivers narrow Harbor sites • New York City • Alexandria, Egypt • Istanbul, Turkey Island sites • Paris • Hong Kong • Singapore Fall Line • Richmond, Virginia Confluence Site • Khartoum, Sudan • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Hilltop site • Rome, Italy • Athens, Greece • Jerusalem, Israel Oasis site • Damascus, Syria Sites where rivers narrow • London, England (United Kingdom) • Quebec City (Canada) Situation is another name for relative location-the location of a city with respect to other geographic features, regions, resources, and transportation Baghdad –command of land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers Istanbul, Turkey commands of straits and land bridge to Europe Mecca, Saudi Arabia and Varanasi India focal point of pilgrimage Cities that grew up around trade routes (Silk Road, Trans Sahara trade, and maritime trade) • Samarkand, Uzbekistan • Xi’an China, • Timbuktu, Mali, • Singapore Capetown, South Africa supply station for ships Cities that grew up along the US transcontinental Railroad • Omaha, Nebraska • Sacramento, California Cities that grew up along the TransSiberian Railroad • Novosibirsk • Vladivostok The function of towns and cities change over time • • • • • • Security, defense Religious centers Trade centers Government administration Manufacturing centers Service centers Examples of change in cities functions over time • Rio de Janerio-move of Brazils capital city from Rio to Brasilia • Pittsburg Pennsylvania early function connected to defense then became steel manufacturing center later shifted to diverse services (light manufacturing) • New York City-changes in trade patterns, coastal, and transatlantic trade, trade from great lakes via Erie canal, world wide trade and finances • Mining towns (ghost towns) resource depletion change in the environment Urban population exercise a powerful influence the world’s cultural, political, and economic ideas and systems Cont. • • • • • • • • Nation building (monuments, symbols) Transportation/ communication hubs Magnets for migration Seed beds of new ideas and technology Diversity leading to creativity in the arts Universities educational opportunities Corporation headquarters/regional offices Media centers news, entertainment) Urban Development may lead to problems related to human mobility, social structure, and the environment • Transportation problems emerge, especially as automobile travel increases • Rich and poor neighborhoods exist in different areas isolated from one another • Providing essential services • Air, water, and noise pollution increase • Sprawl results in the conversion of agricultural land to urban uses, especially in North America • Rapid immigration results in shantytowns on the edge of cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia • In developing countries, major cities are more connected to regions outside the country than to regions within the country An understanding of the practical application of geography enables students to be informed, active citizens in their community • • • • • • • • • • • • Recycling program Conversion of land from agricultural use Water source Airport expansion Air quality Boundaries Bicycle path Mass Transit City planning and zoning laws Energy use Location and size of public building Selection of locations for new stores and businesses Current events shaped by the physical and human characteristics of the place and regions where they occur How physical characteristics influence current events • Natural hazards( flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought) • Climate and vegetation How human character influence current events • • • • Population distribution Geographic patterns of ethnic diversity A sense of place Geographic patterns of trade and interdependence • Geographic patterns of wealth and poverty
