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Prokaryotes
(bacteria, concentrating on
disease)
And viruses and prions
Prions
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Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease (CJD)
"Spongiform" (brain turns to sponge)
There were seemingly esoteric cases
Kuru disease in New Guinea cannibals.
D. Carleton Gadjusek (1976 Nobel
Prize) thought it was a slow virus.
•  Scrapie in sheep so named because
they roll around with intense itching.
Pruisinger 1980's 1997 Nobel
•  (protenaceous infectious particle).
•  Normal protein (PrP-C [control]) is altered by
altered form (PrP-Sc [scrapie])
•  1990s "mad cow disease," Britain
•  (bovine spongiform encephalitis)
•  having matter from other animals in the feed
•  Can disease spread from to human (vCJD)?
•  US "downers"
Viruses
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Not in 5 kingdoms (alive?)
small (Protein and DNA [or more])
pass through fine filters, "filterable”
Bacteriophage lytic cycle
disorders: measles, smallpox, chicken pox,
mumps, rabies, flu = influenza, herpes, AIDS,
mononucleosis, polio, colds, rubella (German
measles), yellow fever, hepatitis
Immunity
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Antigen - non-self protein (e.g. virus coat)
Antibody to antigen made by B lymphocytes
Vaccines - active immunity (like disease)
memory cells of immune system
Edward Jenner vaccination 1796 encowment
Lady Mary Wortley Montague
•  Turkish technique innoculate with weakened
smallpox in the early 1700's
•  Smallpox nearly eliminated
•  Passive immunity - give antibodies
Flu
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change (mutate) exchange with birds & pigs
1918 20-200 million died worldwide,
H1N1 (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase)
1957 Asian bad H2N2
1968 Hong Kong H3N2 70,000 died in 6 wks
Worry in 1973 that there would be a swine flu
Worry now that there will be an avian (bird) flu
pandemic H5N1
retrovirus,
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
hereditary material is RNA.
pre-packaged with functional reverse
transcriptase enzyme
•  make DNA out of RNA.
•  The DNA that is made gets incorporated into
the cell's own genome.
Prokaryotes
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2 of 3 domains
Kingdom? Monera
bacteria,
also blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
(algae = aquatic plants)
Penicillin,
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an antibiotic, kills bacteria
discovered by Fleming
developed by Florey and Chain.
They shared the 1945 Nobel Prize
E. coli (Escherichia coli)
•  the most famous bacterium from
genetics and molecular studies
•  circular DNA
•  prokaryote, (karyon as in "karyotype,"
refers to the nucleus)
•  genophore - bacterial chromosome
•  Reproduction by fission, "Multiply and
Divide"
“mating”
•  conjugation
•  also DNA transferred: (1) transformation
(earlier coverage, DNA from smooth
transforming rough)
•  transduction (from phage
•  Plasmids - little circles of DNA - very useful in
molecular biology and easy to identify since
they carry antibiotic resistance
cocci
bacilli
Spirilla
Further
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Shape
cocci-blobdiplococcus - two streptococci-string (e.g. strep throat)staphylococci-grapes (e.g. staph infections)
bacilli-rod
spirilla and spirochetes-spiral
Importantly
•  One characteristic of monera is that they
have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
•  That means that they must absorb, they
cannot ingest.
•  The chemiheterotrophs (saprobes) are
therefore good at biodegradation because
they must put out "digestive" enzyme
Aerobic vs anaerobic
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everybody should know it
botulism toxin from Clostridium botulinum,
endospores killed only with high temperature.
obligate anaerobes,
1 g kill 15 million
block release of vesicles that contain
neurotransmitter substances.
•  "Botox" is used as cosmetic, injected into
face, blocks muscles, less wrinkles.
From outline
•  Thermoacidophyles hot sulfur
•  (heat stability important in enzymes
used for PCR)
•  cell wall, Gram stain
•  Gram positive-heavy wall,
•  Negative-stain wash out
•  Antibiotics like penicillin G for Gram +
like strep, gonorrhea, syphilis
Disease•  Famous traditional STD's (VD's)
gonorhea, syphilis (spirochete)
•  Lyme disease from ticks
•  ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori
•  bubonic plague rats flea middle ages
Evolution of a menace
•  Tuberculosis TB consumption
•  Sanatoriums
•  Humanities Long day's journey into
night
•  Current events - May 2007 - a patient
with antibiotic resistant TB is
quaranteened
Diseases
•  diphtheria, some pneumonia, paratyphoid,
scarlet fever
•  tetanus muscle clamp lockjaw anaerobic
puncture (like botulism, toxin affects neural
transmission)
•  whooping cough (pertussis) DPT vaccine
(toxin very important in studying signal
transduction)
•  strep throat (leads to rheumatic fever)
Typhoid (carriers)
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*Typhoid Mary (Mary Mallon) Irish immigrant,
1900-1906, cook
infection in her gallbladder.
Detained at Riverside Hospital for 3 years.
Later, released then detained again for the
rest of her life (25 years) - died in 1938.
•  Caused 1300 cases of typhoid fever.
Diseases
•  cholera fatal diarrhea (toxin signal
transduction)
•  leprosy leper colonies,
•  Salmonella (food = "ptomane" poisoning),
•  (evolution of resistance in meat and eggs with
antibiotics fed in animal husbandry)
•  evololution of antibiotic resistance in syphilis
(spirochete), gonnorhea
•  toxic shock (tampons)
More diseases
•  Leigionnaires' (1970's Philadelphia, took
several years to find cause)
•  Staphylococcus = acne,
•  some pneumonia, paratyphoid, scarlet fever,
dysentery
•  chlamydia like virus common STD (VD)
•  Rocky Mountain spotted fever typhus
(Rickettsia like virus)
•  mycoplasmas - smallest cells
From outline
•  Anthrax (cattle [humans, Fall, 2001])
•  fire blight (apple, pear)
•  crown galls (plants)
Advantages•  biodegradation, sewage
•  nitrogen fixation,
•  actinomycetes produce streptomycin,
chloramphenicol, tetracycline,
•  cyanobacteria (blue-green) algae
•  nitrogen fixation nodules - alfalfa, soy clover
•  for rice blue green algae - cyanobacteria
heterocysts
Finally (advantages)
•  yogart, cheeze, saurkraut, coco
•  enzymes for industry
•  Chemisynthetic use sulfur, ammonia,
nitrite,put out sulfates and nitrates for
soil.
•  cows sheep goats cellulose
•  make vit K and B12