Download speed.

Items to pick-up:
Distance, Time, Speed Practice Problems
Motion Graphs Packet
Graphing Speed Worksheet
Distance vs. Time Graphs Key/Speed vs.
Time Graphs Key
Graphs of Motion Reference Guide
(3) Cornell Note Sheets
CLASS RULES
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away and paying attention — it’s called
“RESPECT”
CLASS RULES
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M
OR CA
Y
D
N
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CLASS RULES
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Homework Due
DISTANCE, TIME,
SPEED PRACTICE
PROBLEMS
DUE TUESDAY,
AUGUST 30, 2016
Agenda Item
Homework Due
MOTION GRAPHS
PACKET
DUE BLOCK DAY
(8/31 OR 9/1)
Agenda Item
Homework Due
GRAPHING SPEED
WORKSHEET
DUE FRIDAY
SEPTEMBER 2,
2016
Agenda Item
DUE 9/2/16
SCIENCE
COMPOSITION
NOTEBOOK (Journal
Entries 8/29 - 9/1)
Agenda Item
DUE 9/6/16
SCIENCE FAIR:
Signature on
Introduction Page 1
SCIENCE FAIR: Topic
Selection Page 4
Agenda Item
ANNOUNCEMENT:
SCIENCE
FAIR
RESEARCH
IN LIBRARY:
September
6th - 8th
What is a problem in the
world that you would like to
see resolved? Write 2-3
complete sentences.
What ideas do you have that
might help resolve that world
problem? Write a paragraph.
If you could invent or create
anything in the world what
would it be? Write 2-3
complete sentences.
How could you go about
making that invention or
creation? Write 2-3 complete
sentences.
What do you enjoy the most?
Write 2-3 complete
sentences.
Based on this week’s Admit and Exit
Tickets, develop a topic for your
upcoming Science Fair Project and how
you will test that idea. Write a
paragraph.
W
T
E
E
H
S
K
OR
MOTION PRACTICE
PROBLEMS
WORKSHEET
S
O
CR
D
R
O
W
S
NEWTON’S THIRD
LAW CROSSWORD
Newton’s Laws:
Force and Motion REVIEW
▪ What does Newton’s 1st Law say?
▪ What does Newton’s 2nd Law say?
▪What does Newton’s 3rd Law say?
Newton’s Laws:
Force and Motion
▪ The First Law: Force and Inertia
▪ The Second Law: Force, Mass and Acceleration
▪ The Third Law: Action and Reaction
Newton’s First
Law of Motion
First we need to define the word
FORCE:
• The cause of motion
(what causes objects to move)
• Two types of forces
– Pushes
– Pulls
Forces may be balanced or
unbalanced
• Balanced forces – all forces acting on an
object are equal
– There is NO MOTION
• Unbalanced forces – one or more forces
acting on an object are stronger than others
– There is MOTION
• A NET FORCE
Objects at Rest
• Objects at rest tend to stay
at rest unless acted upon by
a force. [push or pull]
• Newton described this
tendency as inertia.
• Inertia the tendency of an
object to keep on doing
whatever it is doing, whether
in motion at a constant
speed or at rest
Mass & Inertia
Which vehicle has more inertia?
• Mass is the amount of
matter in an object.
• The more MASS an
object has, the more
INERTIA the object
has.
• Bigger objects are harder
to start & stop
Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
Acceleration
• An unbalanced force causes something to
accelerate.
Acceleration
• Acceleration is directly related to the size of the
force and the direction of the force.
• It accelerates in the direction you push or pull it.
In other words….
Large Force
= Large Acceleration
F
a
In other words….
Small Force
= Small Acceleration
F
a
So….if you push twice as hard, it accelerates twice as much.
But there is a twist….
• Acceleration is INVERSELY related to the mass of
the object.
Newton’s Second Law
• The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force & inversely
proportional to it’s mass.
• F = ma
• Force = Mass x Acceleration
In other words…..using the same amount
of force….
F
Small acceleration
Large Mass
a
Large acceleration
F
Small Mass
a
Newton's Second Law
Three forms of the second law:
Converting newtons and pounds
▪ A force of one pound is equal to about 4.448
newtons.
Average Speed
Speed
• Comparison of time and distance
– Distance traveled per unit time
Calculating Speed
Given Distance & Time
D
S
T
Speed =
Distance
Time
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Calculating Distance
Given Speed & Time
D
S
T
Distance = Speed • Time
Multiply Speed and Time
Distance = Speed X Time
Speed X Time = Distance
Direction of acceleration
▪ Speed increases when
the net force is in the
same direction as the
motion.
▪ Speed decreases
when the net force is
in the opposite
direction as the
motion.
Calculating Acceleration
• Acceleration Equation
Acceleration =
(final speed (in m/s) – initial speed (in m/s))
Time (in seconds)
A=
(sf-si)
t
Oh… I get it now!
Equilibrium
▪ The condition of zero acceleration is
called equilibrium.
▪ In equilibrium, all forces cancel out
leaving zero net force.
▪ Objects that are standing still are in
equilibrium because their acceleration is
zero.
Equilibrium
▪ Objects that are moving at
constant speed and
direction are also in
equilibrium.
▪ A static problem usually
means there is no motion.
Newton's Third Law
▪ Newton’s third law states that for every action
force there has to be a reaction force that is
equal in strength and opposite in direction.
▪ Action and reaction forces act on different
objects, not on the same object.
▪ The forces cannot cancel because they act on
different objects.
Forces occur in pairs
▪ The astronauts working on the space station have a
serious problem when they need to move around in
space: There is nothing to push on.
▪ One solution is to throw something opposite the
direction you want to move.
Forces occur in pairs
▪ The two forces in a pair are
called action and reaction.
▪ Anytime you have one, you
also have the other.
▪ If you know the strength of
one you also know the
strength of the other since
both forces are always equal.
Newton's Third Law
▪ Newton’s third law states that
for every action force there
has to be a reaction force
that is equal in strength and
opposite in direction.
▪ Action and reaction forces
act on different objects, not
on the same object.
Do Action – Reaction Forces Cancel?
● If 2 equal act in opposite directions they are balanced
and cancel each other out. There is no movement
● Action – Reaction forces do not cancel out because
they are acting on 2 different objects
Locomotion
▪ The act of moving or the ability to move from one
place to another is called locomotion.
▪ Any animal or machine that moves depends on
Newton’s third law to get around.
▪ When we walk, we push off the ground and move
forward because of the ground pushing back on
us in the opposite direction.
Locomotion
▪ Jets, planes, and
helicopters push air.
▪ In a helicopter, the
blades of the propeller
are angled such that
when they spin, they
push the air molecules
down.
Motion
Graphs
Distance-Time
Graphs
Speed-Time
Graphs
DISTANCE - TIME
GRAPHS
A distance-time graph tells us how far an object
has moved with time.
The steeper the graph, the faster the motion.
A horizontal line means the object is not
changing its position - it is not moving, it is
at rest.
A downward sloping line means the object
is returning to the start.
Graphs show relationships
•
•
A good way to show a
relationship between two
variables is to use a
graph.
A graph makes it easy to
see if changes in one
variable cause changes in
the other variable (the
effect).
The position vs. time graph
•
•
•
To graph data, you put
position on the vertical
(y) axis .
Time goes on the
horizontal (x) axis.
Data are plotted
between x and y axis.
Slope
•
You can use
position vs. time
graphs to quickly
compare the
speeds of different
objects.
A steeper line on a position vs. time
graph means a faster speed.
Slope
•
•
•
•
The “steepness” of a line is
called its slope.
Visualize a triangle with the
slope as the hypotenuse.
The rise is equal to the
height of the triangle.
The run is equal to the
length along the base of the
triangle.
Slope
•
•
The slope is the ratio
of the “rise” (vertical
change) to the
“run” (horizontal
change).
The slope is therefore
a distance divided by a
time, which equals
speed.
SPEED - TIME
GRAPHS
Speed-Time graphs are also called Velocity-Time
graphs. A speed-time graph shows us how the speed
of a moving object changes with time.
The steeper the graph, the greater the
acceleration.
A horizontal line means the object is moving at a
constant speed.
A downward sloping line means the object is
slowing down.
The position vs. time graph
• An object moving at
a constant speed
always creates a
position vs. time
graph that is a
straight line.
Speed vs. time graphs
These graphs each show the same event.
What differences do you notice?
Speed vs. time graphs
•
The position vs.
time graph has
position on the yaxis and time on
the x-axis.
Which runner has the fastest constant speed?
Calculating distance
•
A speed vs. time graph can also be used to find
the distance the object has traveled.
SPEED VS. TIME - CHANGING
SPEED
• As we know, most objects don’t
move at a constant speed.
• If a speed vs. time graph slopes up,
then the speed is increasing.
• If it slopes down, then the speed is
decreasing.
• If the graph is horizontal, then the
object is moving at a constant
speed.
YOU MAY WANT TO DRAW THESE
GRAPHS TOO!
GRAPHING MOTION
Distance vs. Time
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Time always runs
horizontally (the
x-axis). The
arrow shows the
direction of time.
The further to
the right, the
longer time from
the start.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Distance runs
vertically (the
y-axis). The
higher up the
graph we go,
the further we
are from the
start.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ If something is not
moving, a horizontal line
is drawn on a distancetime graph.
▪ Time is increasing to the
right, but its distance
does not change.
▪ This graph shows an
object that is stationary.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ If something is
moving at a steady
speed, it means we
expect the same
increase in distance in
a given time.
▪ Time is increasing to
the right, and
distance is increasing
steadily with time.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ This graph
shows an
object that
moves at a
steady,
constant
speed.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Both the lines below
show that each
object moved the
same distance, but
the steeper yellow
line got there before
the other one.
▪ What does this
indicate?
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ A steeper slope
indicates a larger
distance moved in
a given time. In
other words,
higher speed.
▪ This is shown in
yellow.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Yellow: speed =
distance / time
= 30 m / 10 s =
3 m/s
▪ Blue: speed =
distance / time
= 20 m / 20 s =
1 m/s
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ For the first
part of the
journey shown
by the graph
below, the
object moved
at a steady
(moderate)
speed.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Then the object
suddenly increased its
speed, covering a
much larger distance
in the same time.
▪ The speed increased
in the second part of
the journey.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ The line below is
curving upwards.
This shows an
increase in speed,
since the slope is
getting steeper
over time.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ In other
words, in a
given time, the
distance the
object moves
is larger.
▪ It is
accelerating.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ There are three parts
to the journey shown
here… Where is the
graph showing
motion that is:
▪ Stopped?
▪ Moving at a rapid
constant speed?
▪ Traveling at a
moderate
constant speed?
C
B
A
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ The graph below shows several stages of
Stage 1: speed =
motion:
distance / time = 100
m / 10 s = 10 m/s
Stage 2: speed =
distance / time = 50 m /
10 s = 5 m/s
Stage 3: speed =
distance / time = 150
m / 20 s = 7.5 m/s.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ The graph below shows several stages of
motion:
Stage 1: constant speed
at a relatively high rate
Stage 2: constant speed
at a relatively slow rate
Stage 3: constant speed
at a “medium” rate
(between the others)
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ The graph below shows several stages of
motion:
The slope of the line
(its steepness)
indicates rate of
change of position.
Speed can be
estimated by the
slope of the line…
faster, slower, etc.
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Distance vs. time graphs also indicate the
position of the object.
Stage 1 & Stage 2: object is
moving away from the
starting point
Stage 3: object is moving
back toward the starting
point (it comes back to
zero)
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ The steeper the line on a distance vs.
time graph, the faster the object’s
speed.
▪ A curved line indicates a change in
speed (accelerating or decelerating).
GRAPHING MOTION
▪ Lines pointing up indicate moving
away from the starting location.
▪ Lines pointing down indicate moving
back towards the starting location.
PHYSICS
VOCABULARY
Physics
Vocabulary
International
System of
Units
Free Fall
Air
Resistance
Terminal
Velocity
Projectile
Law of
Conservation
of
Momentum
Displacement
INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM OF UNITS
A system of physical units (SI Units) based on the
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela,
and mole, together with a set of prefixes to
indicate multiplication or division by a power of
ten. Scientists use SI units to describe the
distance an object moves.
*In French, Système International (SI)
FREE FALL
When the only force acting on
an object is gravity, the object is
said to be in free fall. An object
in free fall is accelerating.
AIR
RESISTANCE
Objects falling through air experience a
type of fluid friction called air resistance.
Remember that friction is in the direction
opposite to motion, so air resistance is an
upward force exerted on falling objects. Air
resistance is not the same for all objects.
TERMINAL
VELOCITY
The greatest velocity a falling object
reaches is called its terminal
velocity. Terminal Velocity is reached
when the force of air resistance
equals the weight of the object.
PROJECTILE
An object that is
thrown is called a
projectile.
LAW OF CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
The law of conservation of momentum states
that, in the absence of outside forces, the
total momentum of objects that interact does
not change. The amount of momentum is the
same before and after they interact. The total
momentum of any group of objects remain
the same, or is conserved, unless outside
forces act on the objects.
DISPLACEMENT
A displacement is a vector that is the shortest
distance from the initial to the final position of
a point P. It quantifies both the distance and
direction of an imaginary motion along a
straight line from the initial position to the final
position of the point.
Physics
Vocabulary
Satellite
Centripetal
Force
SATELLITE
A satellite is any object that orbits
another object in space. Satellites
in orbit around Earth continuously
fall toward Earth, but because Earth
is curved they travel around it.
CENTRIPETAL
FORCE
Any force that causes an
object to move in a circular
path is a centripetal force. The
word centripetal means
“center seeking.”
Items to pick-up:
Science Fair Project Student Packet
Science Fair Logbook
Guide
SCIENCE
FAIR
What ideas do you have that
might help resolve that world
problem? Write a paragraph.
How could you go about
making that invention or
creation? Write 2-3 complete
sentences.
Based on this week’s Admit and Exit
Tickets, develop a topic for your
upcoming Science Fair Project and how
you will test that idea. Write a
paragraph.
S
O
CR
D
R
O
W
S
NEWTON’S THIRD
LAW CROSSWORD
Homework Due
DISTANCE, TIME,
SPEED PRACTICE
PROBLEMS
DUE TUESDAY,
AUGUST 30, 2016
Agenda Item
Homework Due
MOTION GRAPHS
PACKET
DUE BLOCK DAY
(8/31 OR 9/1)
Agenda Item
Homework Due
GRAPHING SPEED
WORKSHEET
DUE FRIDAY
SEPTEMBER 2,
2016
Agenda Item
DUE 9/2/16
SCIENCE
COMPOSITION
NOTEBOOK (Journal
Entries 8/29 - 9/1)
Agenda Item
DUE 9/6/16
SCIENCE FAIR:
Signature on
Introduction Page 1
SCIENCE FAIR: Topic
Selection Page 4
Agenda Item
ANNOUNCEMENT:
SCIENCE
FAIR
RESEARCH
IN LIBRARY:
September
6th - 8th