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410 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM COMBINING FORM MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING ather/o yellowish plaque, fatty substance (Greek athere means porridge) atheroma __________________________________________ The suffix -oma means mass or collection. Atheromas are collections of plaque that protrude into the lumen (opening) of an artery, weakening the muscle lining. atherosclerosis _____________________________________ The major form of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellow plaque (atheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery (Figure 11-12). atherectomy _______________________________________ atri/o atrium, upper heart chamber atrial _____________________________________________ brachi/o arm brachial artery _____________________________________ cardi/o heart cardiomegaly _______________________________________ atrioventricular _____________________________________ cardiomyopathy ____________________________________ One type of cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy— abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle. The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood. The condition may be inherited or develop over time because of high blood pressure or aging. Often the cause is unknown (idiopathic). 11 bradycardia ________________________________________ Slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60 to 80 beats per minute. Brady- means slow. tachycardia ________________________________________ Faster than 100 beats per minute. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) involves rapid beats coming from the atria (above the ventricles) and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest). Tachy- means fast. cardiogenic shock ___________________________________ Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. Shock is circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. cholesterol/o coron/o cholesterol (a lipid substance) hypercholesterolemia ________________________________ heart coronary arteries ___________________________________ Statins are drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver. These arteries come down over the top of the heart like a crown (corona); see Figure 11-22A, page 426. ather/o, arteri/o, arthr/o These three combining forms are easily confused. ather/o = yellowish plaque arteri/o = artery arthr/o = joint BLOOD SYSTEM 513 COMBINING FORM MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING myel/o bone marrow myeloblast _________________________________________ The suffix -blast indicates an immature cell. myelodysplasia _____________________________________ This is a preleukemic condition. neutr/o neutral (neither base nor acid) neutropenia ________________________________________ nucle/o nucleus polymorphonuclear _________________________________ phag/o eat, swallow phagocyte _________________________________________ poikil/o varied, irregular poikilocytosis ______________________________________ This term refers to neutrophils. Irregularity in the shape of red blood cells. Poikilocytosis occurs in certain types of anemia. sider/o iron sideropenia ________________________________________ spher/o globe, round spherocytosis ______________________________________ In this condition, the erythrocyte has a round shape, making the cell fragile and easily able to be destroyed. thromb/o clot thrombocytopenia __________________________________ 13 SUFFIXES SUFFIX MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING -apheresis removal, a carrying away plasmapheresis _____________________________________ A centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of blood. leukapheresis ______________________________________ plateletpheresis _____________________________________ Note that the a of apheresis is dropped in this term. Platelets are removed from the donor’s blood (and used in a patient), and the remainder of the blood is reinfused into the donor. -blast immature cell, embryonic monoblast _________________________________________ Don’t confuse -apheresis with -phoresis The suffix -apheresis (see page 522) refers to the removal of blood from a donor with a portion separated and retained and the remainder reinfused into the donor. The suffix -phoresis indicates transmission (as in electrophoresis, the transmission of electricity to separate substances). 514 BLOOD SYSTEM SUFFIX MEANING TERMINOLOGY MEANING -cytosis abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells) macrocytosis _______________________________________ Macrocytes are erythrocytes that are larger (macro-) than normal. microcytosis _______________________________________ These are erythrocytes that are smaller (micro-) than normal. Table 13-3 reviews terms related to abnormalities of red blood cell morphology. -emia blood condition leukemia __________________________________________ See page 518. -gen -globin giving rise to; producing fibrinogen _________________________________________ protein hemoglobin ________________________________________ -globulin -lytic 13 Fibrin is a protein that forms the basis of a blood clot. immunoglobulin ____________________________________ pertaining to destruction thrombolytic therapy ________________________________ -oid derived or originating from myeloid ___________________________________________ -osis abnormal condition thrombosis ________________________________________ -penia deficiency granulocytopenia ___________________________________ Used to dissolve clots. pancytopenia _______________________________________ -phage eat, swallow macrophage _______________________________________ A large phagocyte that destroys worn-out red blood cells and foreign material. -philia attraction for (an increase in cell numbers) eosinophilia ________________________________________ -phoresis carrying, transmission electrophoresis _____________________________________ -poiesis formation hematopoiesis ______________________________________ neutrophilia _______________________________________ erythropoiesis ______________________________________ Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to stimulate erythrocyte formation. myelopoiesis _______________________________________ -stasis stop, control hemostasis ________________________________________