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Dynamic Content Web Sites: Technologies & Scalability Emmanuel Cecchet [email protected] Dynamic content Web site Web content is more and more dynamic LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 2 e-Commerce servers Multi-tier architecture Client Internet HTTP SQL Application protocol Web server Application server LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] Database 3 Outline Technologies Performance Clustering Conclusion LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 4 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor Scripting language Module integrated in Web server httpd httpd ... PHP PHP SQL HTTP Client Web server LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] Database 5 PHP example <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <body> <h1>Region list</h1> <?php $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM regions", $link) or die("ERROR: Request failed"); if (mysql_num_rows($result) == 0) print("<h2>Sorry, no region, db is empty.</h2><br>"); else while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) { print("<a href=\"BrowseCategories.php?region=". $row["id"]."\">".$row["name"]."</a><br>\n"); } mysql_free_result($result); ?> </body> </html> LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 6 PHP Pros easy to learn ideal for small projects widely used no strong typing Cons no strong typing code maintenance interpreted language executes in the Web server process ad-hoc APIs for database access LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 7 Java Servlets Java based Executes in a “Servlet Container” JDBC: unified interface for database access Tomcat Servlet container h h t t t t ... p p d d JVM AJP12 HTTP Client servlet servlet servlet servlet servlet Web server JDBC Servlet server LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] Database 8 Java Servlet example public class BrowseRegions extends HttpServlet { … public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException { out.print("<h1>Region list</h1>"); try { ResultSet rs = connection.createStatement().executeQuery("SELECT * FROM regions"); if (!rs.first()) out.print("<h2>Sorry, no region, db is empty</h2><br>"); else do { out.print("<a href=\"BrowseCategories?region="+rs.getInteger("id")+ "\">"+rs.getString("name")+"</a><br>\n"); } while (rs.next()); } catch (Exception e) { out.print("ERROR: Request failed for the following reason: " + e); return; } } } LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 9 What about JSP? Java Server Pages Sun’s answer to Microsoft ASP “scripting for servlets” Scripting language Compiled into a Java servlet at the first execution LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 10 JSP example <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <body> <h1>Region list</h1> <% try { ResultSet rs = connection.createStatement().executeQuery("SELECT * FROM regions"); if (!rs.first()) { %> <h2>Sorry, no region, db is empty</h2><br> <% } else do{ %> <a href="BrowseCategories?region=" <%= rs.getInteger("id") %> "> <%= rs.getString("name") %> </a><br> <% } while (rs.next()); } catch (Exception e) { %> ERROR: Request failed for the following reason: <%= e.getMessage() %> <% } %> </body> </html> LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 11 Servlets/JSP Pros OO programming (JSP for scripting) design patterns maturity JDBC for database access Servlet container independent from Web server Cons Web server / Servlet server communication limited number of services OO programming is more verbose (servlets) LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 12 J2EE Servers Java 2 Enterprise Edition Separation of presentation and business logics Client Internet Web server Presentation logic Web container Business logic EJB container Database J2EE Application Server LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 13 J2EE Servers Presentation logic JSP or Servlets Business logic Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) Entity Beans database mapping BMP: by hand CMP: automatic Session Beans stateless: temporary operations stateful: temporary objects (shopping cart) Message Driven Beans asynchronous messages LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 14 J2EE Pros well suited for large projects or EAI presentation and business logic isolation large number of services (transactions, security, asynchronous messaging, clustering, …) Cons requires skills large number of specs impact of design on performances complex to setup portability across servers to improve LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 15 Open-source offers PHP implementation from php.net included in Apache Servlets Tomcat (http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/) Jetty (http://jetty.mortbay.com) J2EE JOnAS (http://jonas.objectweb.org) JBoss (http://jboss.org) LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 16 Outline Technologies Performance Clustering Conclusion LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 17 RUBiS Benchmark online auction site modeled after eBay.com 9 open-source implementations PHP Servlets 7 EJB all results are online http://rubis.objectweb.org/ LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 18 RUBiS – PHP & Servlets Apache/PHP vs Apache/Tomcat LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 19 JVM Performance 5000 IBM Throughput in requests/minute 4500 4000 JRockit Sun 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 Number of clients LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 20 Design patterns: Servlets only Presentation and business logic mixed Servlet Presentation Servlet logic Presentation Business logic logic Business logic Database Web container LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 21 Design patterns: Session Beans Presentation and business logic separation Servlet Presentation logic Servlet Presentation logic Web container Session bean Business logic Session bean Business logic Database EJB container LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 22 Design pattern: Entity Beans Data Access Objects separation with Entity Beans (BMP or CMP) Servlet Servlet Presentation logic Presentation logic Entity Bean Business logic Business logic Web container Entity Bean Entity Bean Database EJB container LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 23 Design patterns: Session façade Façade session bean with EJB 1.1 Remote interface Servlet Presentation logic Servlet Presentation logic Web container Session facade Entity Bean Business logic Entity Bean Session facade Business logic Entity Bean Database EJB container Communication layer LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 24 Design patterns: EJB 2.0 local Session façade with EJB 2.0 local interface Entity Beans Local interface Servlet Presentation logic Servlet Presentation logic Web container Session facade Entity Bean Business logic Entity Bean Session facade Business logic Entity Bean Database EJB container LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 25 Code complexity 14000 Business logic 12000 Presentation logic Lines of code 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 PHP Servlets- Session EB CMP EB BMP Session EJB 2.0 only beans façade local LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 26 RUBiS - J2EE Servers Apache/Tomcat/JBoss vs Apache/Tomcat/JOnAS Maximum throughput in requests/minute 10000 9000 Optimized JBoss 8000 Optimized JOnAS 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Session Beans EB-CMP EB-BMP LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] Session façade EJB 2.0 Local 27 J2EE Performance Session Beans = Servlets >= PHP Entity Beans BMP = CMP data access very (too?) fine grain Design pattern determines performance Communication layers : 45 to 90% cpu usage Container design Less than 2% of execution time in user bean code LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 28 Outline Technologies Performance Clustering Conclusion LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 29 Clustering Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Servlet Server EJB Server DB Server Client Client Web server Client Web server Internet Web server Client Web server Client Client Web server Client LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 30 Web site Clustering Load balancing on Web Servers hardware: L4-switch software One-IP techniques LVS (http://www.linuxvirtualserver.org/) RR-DNS LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 31 Servlet/JSP Clustering Web server to Servlet server Load balancing with JK module (mod_jk) Static weighted round-robin Session affinity Servlet/JSP server clustering Tomcat in-memory session replication failover ensured by mod_jk LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 32 EJB Clustering Servlet/JSP to EJB server clustered JNDI load-balancing and failover by cluster-aware stubs EJB Server clustering cluster stubs for load-balancing transparent failover for idempotent methods bean state persisted in database LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 33 J2EE Clustering Database clustering Commercial offers Oracle RAC (60.000$ / cpu) based on expensive SAN (Storage Area Network) Open-source solutions No real clustering – master/slave replication in MySQL – Postgres-R (still in alpha) LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 34 Database clustering Performance scalability bounded by database Large SMP are not commodity Database tier must be scalable fault tolerant (high availability + failover) without modifying the client application using open source databases on commodity hardware LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 35 RAIDb Redundant Array of Inexpensive Databases (RAIDb) better performance and fault tolerance than a single database, at a low cost, by combining multiple DB instances into an array of DB. RAIDb controller gives the view of a single database to the client balances the load on the database backends RAIDb levels RAIDb-0: full partitioning RAIDb-1: full mirroring (best fault tolerance) RAIDb-2: partial replication (best performance) LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 36 C-JDBC Middleware implementing RAIDb Two components generic JDBC 2.0 driver (C-JDBC driver) C-JDBC Controller C-JDBC Controller provides performance scalability high availability failover caching, logging, monitoring, … Supports heterogeneous databases LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 37 RAIDb with Servlet container Servlet container Tomcat, Servlet container Jetty, ... ... Tomcat , Jetty, Database JDBC driver JVM EJB Container JOnAS, Java client program EJB Container WebLogic, JBoss, JOnAS, WebLogic, WebSphere, ... ... JBoss, WebSphere, C-JDBC driver Database JDBC driver Java client program Database JDBC driver JVM Jetty, ... EJB Container C-JDBC driver JOnAS, JVM WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere, ... Tomcat, C-JDBC Controller C-JDBC Database MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, DB2, InstantDB, ... JVM JVM JVM No scalability No fault tolerance No failover C-JDBC driver Scalability - Fault tolerance - Failover Monitoring - Caching - Logging - ... Database JDBC driver Database Database Database Database Database MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, DB2, InstantDB, ... LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 38 C-JDBC RAIDb-1 example Servlet container Tomcat, Jetty, ... no client code modification original PostgreSQL driver and RDBMS engine C-JDBC provides scalable performance and high availability C-JDBC driver Java client program JVM EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere, ... C-JDBC driver C-JDBC driver JVM JVM C-JDBC Controller RAIDb-1 PostgreSQL JDBC driver PostgreSQL LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] PostgreSQL PostgreSQL 39 C-JDBC RAIDb-2 example Servlet container unload a single Oracle DB with several MySQL add caching, fault tolerance, and monitoring for free Tomcat, Jetty, ... C-JDBC driver Java client program EJB Container JOnAS, WebLogic, JBoss, WebSphere, ... JVM C-JDBC driver C-JDBC driver JVM JVM C-JDBC Controller RAIDb-2 Oracle JDBC driver MySQL JDBC driver MySQL MySQL MySQL Oracle LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 40 Throughput in requests per minute TPC-W Performance 1600 1400 1200 Single DB 1000 RAIDb-0 800 RAIDb-1 600 RAIDb-2 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Num ber of nodes LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 41 Outline Technologies Performance Clustering Conclusion LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 42 PHP, Servlets or J2EE ? PHP: Apache ideal for small projects no typing, ad-hoc APIs Servlets: Tomcat/Jetty OO programming JDBC for database access J2EE: JOnAS/JBoss for large projects business and presentation logic isolation large number of services Clustering for scalability LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 43 Questions ? Apache/PHP/Tomcat: http://www.apache.org Jetty: http://jetty.mortbay.com JOnAS: http://jonas.objectweb.org/ JBoss: http://www.jboss.org RUBiS: http://www.objectweb.org/rubis LVS: http://www.linuxvirtualserver.org : http://c-jdbc.objectweb.org/ LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] 44 RUBiS – Overall results Maximum throughput in interactions/minute 10000 JBoss - Standard RMI 9000 JOnAS - Standard RMI 8000 JBoss - Optimized RMI 7000 JOnAS - Jeremie 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Session Beans EB-CMP EB-BMP LinuxWorld 2003 – San Francisco – [email protected] Session façade EJB 2.0 Local 45
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