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ZERODUR®
Zero Expansion Glass Ceramic
SCHOTT is an international technology group with more than 125 years
of experience in the areas of specialty glasses and materials and ­advanced
technologies. With our high-quality products and intelligent solutions,
we contribute to our customers’ success and make SCHOTT part of
everyone’s life.
SCHOTT Advanced Optics, with its deep technological expertise, is
a valuable partner for its customers in developing products and cus­
tomized solutions for applications in optics, lithography, astronomy,
opto-electronics, life sciences, and research. With a product portfolio
of more than 100 optical glasses, special materials and components,
we master the value chain: from customized glass development to
high-precision optical product finishing and metrology.
SCHOTT: Your Partner for Excellence in Optics.
Contents
1.Introduction
6
2.Thermal Expansion of ZERODUR®
10
3.Internal Quality
13
4.Processing ZERODUR®
16
5.Bending Strength
18
6.Additional Properties
20
7.ZERODUR® & More
21
8.Selected Publications & Technical Information (TIE)
22
4
A Superlative High-Tech Material
For more than 40 years, ZERODUR® glass ceramic has been the material of choice for
­astronomy, both on earth and in space. Here, a brief summary of some of the spectacular
projects involving ZERODUR® glass ceramic substrates.
The first 4 m-class mirror
blank order from the
Max Planck Institute
for Astronomy (MPIA)
telescope on Calar Alto
in Southern Spain
Eight ZERODUR® cylinders
for the German X-ray
telescope known as ROSAT
(ROentgen SATellite), which
was used in space from
1990 through 1999
43 disks for hexagonal
­segments made from
ZERODUR® with a
diameter of 1.8 m for
Keck I, a 10 m telescope
on Mauna Kea,
Hawaii, USA
42 ZERODUR® disks for
hexagonal segments for
Keck II, Hawaii, USA
Four 8.2 m mirror
substrates for the Very
Large Telescope (VLT)
of the ESO at the Cerro
Paranal, Chile, the world’s
largest monolithic glass
ceramic pieces
1968
1984
1986 –1990
1991 –1993
1993 –1996
1970 –1975
1986
1990
1993 – 1996
1997
Delivery of mirror
substrates with diameters
of 1.3 m, 2.3 m and 3.6 m
for the MPIA
A thin 3.6 m mirror
substrate for the New
Technology Telescope
(NTT) of the ESO, the first
large telescope equipped
with active optics, that is
located in Cerro La Silla,
Chile
3.6 m mirror substrate
for the Galileo TNG
Telescope on La Palma,
Spain
24 cylindrical mirror
substrates for the X-ray
telescope known as
­“Chandra”, which was
launched with a space
shuttle in 1999
96 ZERODUR® hexagonal
segments of 1 m in size for
the 9 m American-German
Hobby Eberly Telescope
(HET) in Texas, USA
2.7 m mirror substrate
for the Stratospheric
Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy (SOFIA),
an infrared telescope on
board a jumbo jet
5
A 4.25 m base plate
for the world’s largest ring
laser gyroscope for measuring Earth’s rotation for
the German Terrestrial Reference Station in Wettzell,
Germany
4.1 m mirror substrate
with a particularly strong
curvature for the Visible
and Infrared Survey
Telescope for Astronomy
(VISTA), the world’s largest
wide field Survey Telescope
located near the Cerro
Paranal, Chile
1.5 m light weighted
primary mirror for the
GREGOR solar telescope.
The mirror with a curved
front plate incorporates
420 pockets on the back­
side for active cooling
­during observation at the
Teide Observatory
on Tenerife
1997/2002
2000 – 2001
2002 – 2003
2009
1999 – 2002
42 ZERODUR® substrates
with a diameter of 1.9 m
for the 10.4 m telescope
GTC (Gran Telescopio
Canarias) on La Palma,
Spain
2001 – 2003
2009
2011
40 ZERODUR® hexagonal
segments with a diameter
of 1 m for the Large Sky
Area Multi-Object Fiber
Spectroscopic Telescope
(LAMOST) in China
3.7 m mirror substrate for
the ARIES Telescope, the
largest in India, loated at
Nainital in the Himalayas
Production of a 4.25 m
primary mirror substrate for
the Advanced Technology
Solar Telescope (ATST), the
largest solar telescope in
the world, to be erected on
Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii
Two weight-reduced
secondary mirror
substrates with a diameter
of 1.7 m for the American
“Magellan” Telescope,
as well as for the MMT
(Multi-Mirror-Telescope)
on Mount Hopkins,
Arizona, USA
6
1. Introduction
SCHOTT invented ZERODUR®, the zero
­expansion glass ceramic, in 1968 and thus
introduced a new era for various applications, of which the most challenging ones are
telescope mirror substrates for astronomy.
The most important properties of ZERODUR®
are presented in this catalog.
Information is also available on the SCHOTT
website:
http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/
zerodur
Detailed articles that contain technical information, or so-called TIEs, are available for
some of the properties listed in this catalog.
A stamp refers to the relevant TIEs, an overview of which can be found on page 23.
The respective technical information can be
found at:
http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/
technical_information
Figure 1.1
700 mm diameter ZERODUR® mirror with 90 %
weight reduction (rib thickness of 2 mm up to
190 mm in height, 8 mm curved face sheet)
7
8
9
Extraordinary Properties
ZERODUR® is a zero expansion glass ceramic with extraordinary properties for
demanding applications in which geometrical shape and distance changes must
be kept as small as possible during changes in temperature.
The key properties of ZERODUR® are:
•An
extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for
a wide range of temperatures
• Excellent CTE homogeneity throughout its entire volume
• Very low level of imperfections
• A wide range of precise geometrical shapes are possible using grinding processes
• An extremely smooth surface is possible with residual roughness of less than 1 nm
• Excellent chemical stability
All of these properties are realized with extraordinary reproducibility for small
components as well as large telescope mirror blanks for use in astronomy that
weigh several tons.
High-Tech Application
ZERODUR® has become a determining factor in the performance and quality of
many spectacular applications that employ modern technology:
• Stages
and mirrors for IC and LCD lithography equipment
substrates for segmented and large monolithic astronomical telescopes
• Ultra light weight mirror blanks
• Standards for precision measurement technology
• High precision mechanical parts, e.g. ring laser gyroscope bodies
• Reference standards for precision measurement technology
• Mirror
Composition and Production
ZERODUR® is an inorganic, non-porous lithium aluminum silicon oxide glass
­ceramic characterized by evenly distributed nano-crystals within a residual glass
phase. ZERODUR® is produced using a two-step process. During the first step, it
is molten from selected raw materials, refined, homogenized and cast into moulds
similar to the optical glass melting process introduced by SCHOTT and continuously im­proved since then. Following subsequent annealing for stress relaxation,
a precise ceramization process transforms ZERODUR® in the second step into the
glass ceramic through controlled volume crystallization. The negative linear thermal ­expansion coefficient of the crystals compensates for the positive expansion
of the remaining 30 % glass matrix.
Homogeneity and Reproducibility
of Properties
The excellent homogeneity and internal quality of ZERODUR® can be attributed
to the well-established optical glass melting process, which has been continuously
improved to yield such excellent quality in high volume ZERODUR® blanks up
to 8 m in diameter. The thermal expansion coefficient variations are in the order
of the detection limit of ± 1.2 · 10-9/K (95 %). The melting, casting and annealing
procedures have been improved to establish continuous production, which reproduces the excellent quality that is needed to be able to supply mirror substrates,
in particular, for extremely large segmented astronomy telescopes for years and
years. SCHOTT has already proven its ability to consistently deliver large quantities
of mirror substrates in the 1 to 2 m diameter range reliably while maintaining a
high level of quality: ZERODUR® was selected to be the mirror substrate material
for all of the world´s segmented telescopes currently in operation.
Figure 1.2
Different supply forms and
processing stages of ZERODUR®
and ZERODUR® K20
10
2. Thermal Expansion of ZERODUR®
Mean Coefficient of Linear
Thermal Expansion
ZERODUR® can be supplied with a mean coefficient of linear thermal
expansion (CTE) in the temperature range 0°C to 50°C in three expansion
classes as follows:
CTE (0°C; 50°C) Specification tolerances
Table 2.1
CTE tolerances
CTE-Measurement Accuracy
Table 2.2
CTE-Measurement accuracy
and repeatability
Expansion Class 0
0 ± 0.02 · 10-6/K
Expansion Class 1
0 ± 0.05 · 10-6/K
Expansion Class 2
0 ± 0.10 · 10-6/K
Tighter tolerance available upon request.
in the temperature range of 0°C to 50°C
Accuracy
Repeatability (95 %)
Standard
± 0.01 · 10-6/K
± 0.005 · 10-6/K
Improved
± 0.006 · 10-6/K
± 0.0012 · 10-6/K
Figure 2.1 below shows the typical relative expansion in length Δl/l and CTE of
ZERODUR® as a function of temperatures between 2 K and 800 K.
The low temperature measurement was performed by the National Measurement Laboratory in Sydney, Australia (CSIRO).
140
0.6
120
0.4
100
0.2
80
0.0
60
-0.2
40
-0.4
20
-0.6
-0.8
0
Figure 2.1
Δl/l and CTE of ZERODUR® as a function
of temperature
0
200
400
Temperature [K]
600
800
CTE [10-6/K]
Δl/l [10-6]
> Relative Change of Length
> Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
11
Total Change of Length between
-50°C to +100°C
Homogeneity of the Coefficient
of Thermal Expansion
< 10 · 10-6/K per length of the part
The homogeneity is evaluated by measuring CTE samples homogeneously distributed throughout the blank and calculating the difference in CTE between the
highest and the lowest value measured. The homogeneity of linear expansion can
be guaranteed in the following weight classes:
CTE (0°C; 50°C) Homogeneity tolerances
Table 2.3
CTE homogeneity tolerances
up to 18 tons
< 0.03 · 10-6/K
up to 6 tons
< 0.02 · 10-6/K
up to 0.3 tons
< 0.01 · 10-6/K
800
600
0
400
2.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
1.0
-0.5
-200
-1.0
-400
-800
-600
-400
-2.0
-2.5
0
dia.1554mm
-800
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
-600
Figure 2.2
CTE distribution within a 1.5 m diameter
blank with a measured CTE homogeneity of
0.004 · 10-6/K
[10-9/K]
200
y [mm]
2.5
1.0
-200
0
200
400
600
800
x [mm]
Recommended Application
Temperature Cooling Rates
between 130°C and 320°C
Slight changes in the CTE may occur if ZERODUR® is cooled down from application temperatures between 130°C and 320°C to room-temperature with a rate
that differs from the initial cooling rate. ZERODUR® is generally cooled during
production at an initial cooling rate of between 1°/h and 6°/h. Each factor of
10 difference between application and initial cooling rate can lead to a permanent CTE change of 0.025 · 10-6/K.
Maximum Application Temperature
600°C
Length Stability over Time
Gauge blocks with a length of 400 mm made from ZERODUR® have been connected interferometrically to a wavelength standard at the PTB (Physikalisch-­
Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany). The rods that were maintained at 20°C
showed shrinkage over time. The shrinkage rate is hardly measurable and decreases exponentially over time. The shrinkage is irrelevant for most applications.
12
Modelling of CTE Behavior
The structural relaxation behavior of glass ceramics can be described by a theoretical model. With this model, the relaxation behavior of a ZERODUR® cast can
be predicted at any application temperature and temperature change rate upon
special request. In applying the model, ZERODUR® batches that offer the best
performance can be selected for extremely demanding applications.
ZERODUR® K20 for High
Application Temperatures
ZERODUR® K20, a low thermal expansion version of ZERODUR®, has been optimized to withstand higher application temperatures. The material has a white
color and offers good IR transmittance of between 3.5 and 5 µm and homogeneous high reflectivity properties. The non-porous ZERODUR® K20 exhibits good
polishing ability and excellent vacuum properties.
Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion of ZERODUR® K20
Table 2.4
CTE of ZERODUR® K20
CTE (20°C; 700°C)
2.4 · 10-6/K
CTE (20°C; 300°C)
2.2 · 10-6/K
CTE (0°C; 50°C)
1.6 · 10-6/K
Maximum application temperature
Figure 2.3
ZERODUR® (left) and ZERODUR® K20 (right)
in comparison
850°C
13
3. Internal Quality
Inclusions
Inclusions in ZERODUR® are mainly bubbles. For optical surfaces, a critical
volume can be defined by setting tighter requirements. During inspection of
ZERODUR® parts, all inclusions with a diameter > 0.3 mm are taken into
consideration. If an inclusion has a shape other than spherical, the average
diameter is reported as the mean of the length and width.
Standard
Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
Class 0
Average number of inclusions per 100 cm3:
5.0 5.04.03.02.01.0
Maximum diameter of individual inclusions in mm for different diameters
or diagonals of the ZERODUR® part
In the critical volume:
< 500 mm
1.4 1.21.00.80.60.4
< 2000 mm
2.0 1.81.61.51.21.0
< 4000 mm
3.0 2.52.01.81.61.5
Individual specifications upon request
In the uncritical volume:
Table 3.1
Quality levels for inclusions
in ZERODUR®
Bulk Stress
Table 3.2
Quality levels for bulk stress
in ZERODUR®
< 500 mm
3.0 2.01.51.00.80.6
< 2000 mm
6.0 5.04.03.03.03.0
< 4000 mm
10.0 8.06.06.06.06.0
Individual specifications upon request
All ZERODUR® parts are precision annealed to achieve low and symmetrically
distributed permanent bulk stress. The bulk stress birefringence is measured in
axial direction for discs and rods at 5 % of the diameter from the edge.
For rectangular plates, the measurement is performed in the middle of the longer
side perpendicular to the plate‘s surface. It is recorded in path difference per
thickness in inspection direction.
Bulk stress birefringence [nm/cm]
for parts with diameters or diagonals
Standard Class 4
< 500 mm
6
4
< 2000 mm
12
10
< 4000 mm
15
12
Individual specification on customer request
14
15
Figure 3.1
ZERODUR® - the material of choice
for segmented mirror telescopes
Photo: Sagem Défense Sécurité
Striae
Table 3.3
Quality levels for stress birefringence
caused by striae in ZERODUR®
Striae are locally confined transparent regions with compositions that differ from
the basic material only very slightly. They are generally ribbon-shaped (or often
called band-like) but are occasionally thread-shaped. The stress birefringence of
striae is measured as a path difference in nm as listed in the table 3.3. In parts
with thicknesses of more than 250 mm, the path difference is expressed in nm/
cm striae length and will be specified on an individual basis.
Stress birefringence caused
by striae [nm/striae] for parts
with diameters or diagonals
Standard
Class 4
< 500 mm
6045305
< 2000 mm
604530305
< 4000 mm 60
45
Class 3
30
Class 2
30
Class 1
30
Feel free to send us inquiries on requirements that go beyond the inclusions,
striae, and bulk stress specifications mentioned. If no quality is specified upon
receipt of an order, then ZERODUR® will be supplied in standard quality.
Figure 3.2
One of the four Very Large Telescopes of ESO in
Chile, equipped with 8.2 m mirrors made from
ZERODUR®, the largest monolithic mirrors ever
cast from single melts
16
4. Processing ZERODUR®
Processing ZERODUR®
ZERODUR® is processed into complex geometries based on technical drawings
from customers and specifications using diamond grinding with modern CNC
machines. SCHOTT uses a variety of CNC machines, from precision smaller
geometry 5-axis up to a 4.5 m machine for large mirror substrates for use in
astronomy. The highlight of ZERODUR® processing is the light weighting
for satellite mirror applications. Continuous process development has enabled
SCHOTT to grind challenging aspect ratios of pocket height to rib thickness.
Walls of 190 mm in height and only 2 mm in thickness result in a light weighting factor of 90 % and a remaining weight of only 22 kg for the 700 mm
diameter mirror blank in figure 4.1 to the left.
Figure 4.1 left
A 700 mm diameter ZERODUR® mirror
demonstrates aggressive light weighting
of 90 %
Figure 4.1 right
Construction with 3D CAD software drawing.
The SCHOTT internal Finite Element Modeling
capabilities are used to support customers in
designing complex leading edge light
weighted mirror structures.
Forms of Supply and
Tolerances
Table 4.1
Maximum part sizes for
CNC grinding at SCHOTT
ZERODUR® is supplied in the form of disks, rectangular blocks, prisms, rods and
any other customer-specific cut piece geometry. The CNC grinding machines
allow for precise fabrication of parts of up to 4.5 m in diameter.
Maximum
part size
Rectangular shape
L . W . H [mm]
Round shape
Dia. . H [mm]
5-axis CNC grinding
2000 . 2000 . 1200 2000 . 1200
3-axis CNC grinding
4000 . 5000 . 1150
4500 . 1150
Diamond tools are used for machining ZERODUR®. Standard tool diamond grain
sizes are between D64 and D251. Tools with finer grains are available upon
request. Typical mean surface roughness values of Ra < 3.5 μm are obtained in
rough grinding and cutting. Based on the combination of the process and tool,
smoother roughness of Ra < 1 μm can be realized upon customer request.
The dimensional tolerances of ISO 2768, the standard for general tolerances,
(classes v, c, m, and f) and the form and position tolerances listed in ISO 2768
(classes L, K and H) can be met. Depending on the geometry, tighter tolerances
are possible as indicated in table 4.2. Tighter tolerances depend on the geometry
and size of the parts and cannot be combined freely. Even narrower tolerances
are possible upon special request.
17
Figure 4.2
ZERODUR® in various shapes
Dimension < 2000 mm
Table 4.2
Proposed CNC grinding tolerances
for dimensions and shapes
* tighter tolerances depend on the
size and geometry. They cannot
be combined freely.
** according ISO 1101
Dimension ≤ 4000 mm
Tolerances
[mm]
Tighter
tolerances
[mm] *
Tolerances
[mm]
Tighter
tolerances
[mm] *
Length, width, height
± 0.3
± 0.1
± 0.4
± 0.2
Diameter
± 0.3
± 0.1
± 0.4
± 0.2
Angle
± 5’
± 1’
± 5’
± 1’
Flatness **
0.1– 0.2
0.05
0.2
0.1
Cylindricity **
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.1
Profile **
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.2
Parallelism **
0.1– 0.2
0.05
0.2
0.1
Position **
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.1
Concentricity **
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.1
Run-out **
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.1
All parts are supplied with bevels on all sharp edges to prevent edge damage.
Modern CNC processing allows for a multitude of geometric shapes to be
produced, including holes, blind holes, semi-closed holes and freeform surfaces
in all geometries. Due to the brittle nature of the material, threads cannot be
produced directly in the material and bonding of e.g. metal inserts with threads
into the ZERODUR® part is recommended.
18
5. Bending Strength
The design bending strength of glass and glass ceramics is not usually a material
constant. This mainly depends on the surface state of a specific part and the
conditions of its intended application.
The main influence is the presence of sub-surface micro cracks. In regions of
tensile stress, their maximum depth determines the load that a specific part can
endure. Smaller micro cracks generally lead to higher strength.
With increases in the size of the tensile stress loaded area, deeper cracks may
­occur according to their probability distribution. Therefore, larger loaded areas
lead to lower design strengths.
Micro cracks cannot follow a fast rise in tension with their growth as well as a
slow rise in a tension of the same extent. Hence, surfaces exposed to rapid rises
in stress appear to be stronger than those with slow rise rates.
When tension in loaded areas surpasses a threshold value, micro cracks begin to
grow slowly, only to speed up with increasing stress. This process is supported
by the presence of humidity. A dry environment and ultimately a vacuum offer
the best conditions with respect to design strength.
In general, the design bending strength is calculated on the basis of the parameters of the Weibull statistical distribution, which allows to take the influences
listed above into account. The Weibull parameters for different surface conditions
and further information on the bending strength of ZERODUR® are provided in
a separate Technical Information.
ZERODUR® withstands loads of up to 10 MPa without any difficulty, as long as
its surfaces is not severely damaged. For higher loads, we recommend analysis
on the basis of the Weibull model and introducing precautions to prevent degrading of surface quality. Even higher loads than approximately 50 MPa may
require special surface treatments, like optical polishing or acid etching.
4
Figure 5.2
ZERODUR® cumulative breakage
probability distributions
D64 and D151 are diamond grain
size distributions;
E83 denominates the layer thickness in µm
etched off - here 83 µm.
In In (1/(1-F))/Breakage probability in percent
Ground Surfaces
Ground and Etched Surfaces
2
99%
D151
90%
D151 E83
63%
50%
0
D64
D64 E73
20%
-2
10%
5%
2%
-4
1%
0.5%
-6
0.2%
0.1%
-8
10
20
30
40 50 60 70
100
200
300 400 Stress [MPa] 1000
19
Straight lines are two-parameter Weibull distributions fitted to the data. For the
two different diamond grain sizes D151 (coarse grains) and D64 (fine grains),
distributions are given only for ground surfaces (left data sets) and for ground
and subsequently acid-etched surfaces, taking off layers of the given thickness
per surface (73 µm and 83 µm resp.). For more details, please refer to the literature quoted.
Figure 5.1
The structured rear surface of the 3.7 m
primary mirror blank of the ARIES Telescope
20
6. Additional Properties
Reactivity with Other Materials
At room temperature, acids (with
the exception of hydrofluoric acid),
­alkalis, salts and dye solutions, leave
no residual traces on ZERODUR®
­surfaces (elapsed time 170 hours).
Concentrated sulfuric acid attacks the
material at high temperatures. The
construction and insulating materials
mica, chamotte, MgO and SiO2 do
not react noticeably with ZERODUR®
at temperatures of up to 600°C after
5 hours of elapsed time. By contrast,
enamel reacts above 560°C by having
its surface destroyed.
Repeated Metal Coatings
ZERODUR® can be coated with aluminum, for example. Based on the good
chemical resistance of the material,
the mirror coating can be removed
­repeatedly. The polished surface can
be cleaned and recoated. A process
has been optimized for coating and
cleaning of the polished surface.
Typical mechanical, optical and chemical properties
ZERODUR® ZERODUR® K20
Thermal conductivity λ at 20°C [W/(m · K)]
1.46
1.63
Thermal diffusivity index a at 20°C [10-6 m2/s]
0.72-
Heat capacity cp at 20°C [J/(g · K)]
0.80
0.90
Young‘s modulus E at 20°C [GPa]-mean value
90.3
84.7
Poisson‘s ratio
0.24
0.25
Density [g/cm3]
2.532.53
Knoop Hardness HK 0,1/20 (ISO9385)
620
Refractive index nd
1.5424-
Abbe number νd
56.1-
620
Internal transmittance at 580 nm 5 mm thickness
0.95
-
10 mm thickness
0.90
-
Stress optical coefficient K at λ = 589.3 nm [10-6 MPa-1]3.0 Hydrolytic resistance class (ISO 719)
HGB 1
-
Acid resistance class (ISO 8424)
1.0
-
Alkali resistance class (ISO 10629)
1.0
-
Climate resistance
Class 1
-
Stain resistance
Class 0
-
Electrical resistivity ρ at 20°C [Ω · cm]
2.6 · 1013-
Tk100 [°C], Temperature for ρ = 108 [Ω · cm]
178
-
Helium permeability [Atoms/(cm · s · bar)]
Table 6.1
Typical mechanical, optical and chemical
­properties of ZERODUR® and ZERODUR® K20
at 20°C
1.6 · 106-
at 100°C
5.0 · 107-
at 200°C
7.2 · 108-
21
7. ZERODUR® & More
ZERODUR®: more than just
a product
For many years, SCHOTT has been
serving the high-tech industry and the
astronomical community with a team
of well-trained application and process
engineers who enable our customer to
get the most out of ZERODUR® properties for their individual application
demands. With its skilled and experienced team, SCHOTT is dedicated to
serving its customers in many different
ways:
Engineering support and consulting during the design phase
Usage of CAD / CAM software for fast exchange
of 3D models on step file format
Continuous optimization of melting,
ceramization and machining processes
Finite Element Modeling
Regular scientific publications on the results achieved in R&D
Designing of well adapted packaging for up to 4 m class blanks
Professional project management
After-sales service, including onsite support
World-wide sales network of a globally established company
Reliable partner to astronomy for more than 125 years
Integrated quality, environmental and safety management system
according to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.
Accredited testing laboratory for many glass properties, certification
laboratory for glass ceramic reference samples for expansion
characteristics according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025
22
8. Selected Publications & Technical Information (TIE)
Authors
Publications
Year
Optical glass and glass ceramic historical aspects and recent
developments: a SCHOTT view
Peter Hartmann, Ralf Jedamzik,
Steffen Reichel, Bianca Schreder
Applied Optics
Vol. 49, No. 16
2010
Forty years of ZERODUR® mirror substrates for astronomy:
review and outlook
Thorsten Döhring, Ralf Jedamzik,
Armin Thomas, Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 7018,
70183B
2008
Optical materials for astronomy from SCHOTT:
the quality of large components
Ralf Jedamzik, Joachim Hengst,
Frank Elsmann, Christian Lemke,
Thorsten Döhring, Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 7018
2008
100 years of mirror blanks from SCHOTT
Peter Hartmann, Hans F. Morian
Proc. SPIE 5382,
331
2004
Modeling of the thermal expansion behavior of ZERODUR®
at arbitrary temperature profiles
Ralf Jedamzik,Thoralf Johansson,
Thomas Westerhoff
Proc. SPIE 7739
2010
ZERODUR® glass ceramics for high stress applications
Peter Hartmann, Kurt Nattermann,
Thorsten Döhring, Ralf Jedamzik,
Markus Kuhr, Peter Thomas,
Guenther Kling, Stefano Lucarelli
Proc. SPIE 7425,
74250M
2009
Homogeneity of the linear thermal expansion coefficient
of ZERODUR® measured with improved accuracy
Ralf Jedamzik, Rolf Müller,
Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 6273,
627306
2006
Mirrors for solar telescopes made from
ZERODUR® glass ceramic
Thorsten Döhring, Ralf Jedamzik,
Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 6689,
66890X
2007
Properties of ZERODUR® mirror blanks for
extremely large telescopes
Thorsten Döhring, Ralf Jedamzik,
Peter Hartmann, Armin Thomas,
Frank-Thomas Lentes
Proc. SPIE 6148,
61480G
2006
Production of the 4.1-m ZERODUR® mirror
blank for the VISTA Telescope
Thorsten Döhring, Ralf Jedamzik,
Volker Wittmer, Armin Thomas
Proc. SPIE 5494,
340
2004
Performance of the four 8.2-m ZERODUR®
mirror blanks for the ESO/VLT
Hans F. Morian, Reiner H. Mackh,
Rudolf W. Müller, Hartmut W. Höness
Proc. SPIE 2871,
405
1997
Manufacturing of the ZERODUR® 1.5-m primary mirror
for the solar telescope GREGOR as preparation of light weighting
of blanks up to 4 m diameter
Thomas Westerhoff, Martin Schäfer,
Armin Thomas, Marco Weisenburger,
Thomas Werner, Alexander Werz
Proc. SPIE
Vol. 7739
2010
Heritage of ZERODUR® glass ceramic for space applications
Thorsten Döhring, Peter Hartmann,
Frank-Thomas Lentes, Ralf Jedamzik,
Mark J. Davis
Proc. SPIE 7425,
74250L
2009
Manufacturing of light weighted ZERODUR®
components at SCHOTT
Thorsten Döhring, Armin Thomas,
Ralf Jedamzik, Heiko Kohlmann,
Peter Hartmann
Proc. SPIE 6666,
666602
2007
Title
Overview Articles
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Mechanical Strength
Ground Based Telescopes
Light Weighted Mirror Blanks and Space Applications
23
Technical Information
All technical information is also available on our website:
http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/technical_information
TIE-33: Design strength of optical glass and ZERODUR®
TIE-37: Thermal expansion of ZERODUR®
TIE-38: Light weighting of ZERODUR®
TIE-43: Properties of ZERODUR®
TIE-44: Processing of ZERODUR®
TIE-45:ZERODUR® adhesive bonding recommendations
Abbreviations
ARIES: CNC:
CTE:
ESO:
IC:
LCD:
VLT:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
Computer Numerical Control
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
European Southern Observatory
Integrated Circuits
Liquid Crystal Display
Very Large Telescope
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
5
1, 2
4
6
4
5
SCHOTT AG
Advanced Optics
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Germany
Phone +49 (0)6131/66-1812
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www.schott.com/advanced_optics
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