Download The Macroeconomy

The Macroeconomy
Macroeconomics is ...

the study of the economy as a whole

it deals with broad aggregates
gg g

butt uses the
b
th same style
t l off thinking
thi ki
about economic issues as in
microeconomics.
20.1
Some key issues in macroeconomics

Inflation
–

Unemployment
–

the rate of change of the general price level
a measure of the number of people looking for
work,, but who are without jobs
j
Output
–
real gross national product (GNP) measures
total income of an economy

it is closely related to the economy's total output
20.2
More key issues in macroeconomics

Economic growth
–

increases in real GNP
GNP, an indication of
the expansion of the economy’s total
output
Macroeconomic policy
–
a variety of policy measures used by
the g
government to affect the overall
performance of the economy
20.3
Inflation in the UK,
UK 1950-99
1950 99
30
25
15
10
5
19
90
19
70
0
19
50
% p.a.
20
Source: Economic Trends Annual Supplement, Labour Market Trends
20.4
Inflation in selected European countries
Germany
France
Belgium
EU
Finland
a d
UK
Spain
Italy
Portugal
Greece
0
1
2
3
4
5
% change 1998 compared with 1997
20.5
Inflation in UK
UK, USA and Germany
16
14
% p.a.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1960-73
1960
73
1973-81
1973
81
UK
USA
1981-90
1981
90
1990-98
1990
98
Germany
20.6
U
Unemployment
l
t iin the
th UK,
UK 1950-99
1950 99
14
12
8
6
4
2
19
90
19
70
0
19
50
% p.a.
10
Source: Economic Trends Annual Supplement, Labour Market Trends
20.7
Unemployment
in selected European countries
Germany
France
Belgium
EU
Finland
a d
UK
Spain
Italy
Portugal
Greece
0
5
10
15
20
% unemployment (ILO measure) 1998
20.8
Unemployment
p y
in UK, USA and Germany
10
% p.a.
8
6
4
2
0
1960-73
1960
73
1973-81
1973
81
UK
USA
1981-90
1981
90
1990-98
1990
98
Germany
20.9
Economic growth
g
in UK, USA and Germany
5
% p.a.
4
3
2
1
0
1960-73
1960
73
1973-81
1973
81
UK
USA
1981-90
1981
90
1990-98
1990
98
Germany
20.10
The circular flow of income,,
expenditure and output
I
C
S
C+I
Households
Firms
Y
20.11
Government in the circular flow
I
C+I+G
C
S
G
Households
C + I + G - Te
Te
Government
Firms
B - Td
Y + B - Td
Y
20.12
Adding the foreign sector

To incorporate the foreign sector into
the circular flow

we must recognize
g
that residents of a
country will buy imports from abroad

and
d that
th t domestic
d
ti firms
fi
will
ill sell
ll
((export)
p ) goods
g
and services abroad.
20.13
GDP and GNP

Gross domestic product (GDP)
–
measures the output produced by
factors of production located in the
domestic economy

Gross national product (GNP)

measures the total income earned by
domestic citizens
GNP = GDP + net income from abroad
–
20.14
Three measures of national output

E
Expenditure
dit
–
–

Income
–
–

the sum of expenditures in the economy
Y=C+I+G+X-Z
the sum of incomes paid for factor
services
wages, profits, etc.
Output
–
the sum of output (value added)
produced
d
d in
i the
th economy
20.15
National income accounting: a summary
NYA
G
GNP
(and
GNI)
at
market
prices
I
X-Z
C
NYA
Deprec'n
Indirect
taxes
GDP
NNP
at
market at basic National
prices prices income
Profits,,
rents
Selfemployment
Wages
and
salaries
20.16
What GNP does and does not measure

Some care is needed:
–
–
–
to distinguish between real and nominal
measurements
t ttake
to
k accountt off population
l ti
changes
h
to remember that GNP is not a
comprehensive measure of everything
that contributes to economic welfare
20.17