Download Lesson 2 Volcanoes

Lesson 2 Volcanoes
LA.6.2.2.3, SC.6.N.1.4, SC.7.E.6.5, SC.7.E.6.7, SC.8.N.1.2, SC.8.N.3.1
Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts
you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.
What is a volcano?
I found this on page
Define volcano. Include in your definition the term for the molten
.
rock beneath Earth’s surface.
Note-taking
How do volcanoes
form?
I found this on page
Identify the cause of the formation of volcanoes.
Cause:
.
Effect:
formation of
volcanoes and the
eruptions that result
.
Convergent
boundaries
I found this on page
.
Divergent
boundaries
I found this on page
.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
I found this on page
Hot spots
Area
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Sketch
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Inquiry Lab
Sketch the movement of plates where volcanoes occur.
Lesson 2 | Volcanoes (continued)
Where do
volcanoes form?
Identify the location of most of the world’s active volcanoes.
I found this on page
.
I found this on page
.
Explain the relationship between the Ring of Fire, volcanoes, and
plate boundaries.
.
Record 4 factors that scientists monitor to determine the likelihood
of a volcanic eruption.
1.
Note-taking
I found this on page
2.
Inquiry Lab
3.
Types of Volcanoes
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Identify the 2 characteristics scientists use to classify
.
volcanoes.
1.
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.
2.
Model the shapes and sizes of the 3 types of volcanoes.
Label your drawings.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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4.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
259
Lesson 2 | Volcanoes (continued)
Volcanic Eruptions
I found this on page
Identify 3 factors that affect eruption style.
.
Factors that affect
eruption style
I found this on page
.
Distinguish among magmas with different silica content.
Note-taking
Silica
Content
Viscosity
Where these eruptions
commonly occur
Low
Inquiry Lab
High
Intermediate
.
Sequence steps that lead to explosive eruptions as dissolved
Study Guide
gases escape from magma.
Magma moves toward the surface.
caused by overlying rock
. The ability
Chapter Review
of gases to stay dissolved also
.
begin to form. As the magma rises,
the
become
Benchmark Practice
begins to
, and gas
.
It is more difficult for bubbles to escape from
lavas. This combination
can result in
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
eruptions.
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I found this on page
Lesson 2 | Volcanoes (continued)
Describe four effects of volcanic activity.
Activity
.
Lava flows
I found this on page
.
Ash fall
I found this on page
.
Mudflows
I found this on page
.
Pyroclastic
flow
.
Cause:
Effect:
Ash and droplets
occurs, emitting
and
which forms tiny sulfuric
acid droplets in the
sunlight
,
, which causes a
in
.
.
Study Guide
Connect It
The Cascade Range in the northwestern United States has many
volcanoes, including Mount St. Helens. These mountains are at a convergent plate
boundary. Identify the type of volcano you would most expect to find in the Cascade
Range and the nature of its eruptions.
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Identify the effect of volcanic eruptions on climate.
Inquiry Lab
Volcanic Eruptions and
Climate Change
Note-taking
I found this on page
Effects
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
261
Review
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the
What I Learned column on the first page of the chapter.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study this chapter in your Notebook.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
THINK
ABOUT
IT!
Summarize It
Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key
Concepts. Use what you have learned about earthquakes and volcanoes to explain
why these natural phenomena often occur in the same areas.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Challenge Use available resources to identify earthquake and volcanic activity over the
last six months. Plot this data on a world map. What patterns can you identify?
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Date
Inquiry Lab
Class
3 The Role of Theories, Laws, Hypotheses,
and Models
SC.6.N.1.4, SC.8.N.3.1, LA.6.2.2.3
The Dangers of Mount Rainier
If you have ever visited the area near Seattle or Tacoma, Washington, it is difficult
to miss majestic snow-capped Mount Rainier on the horizon. Mount Rainier, at nearly
4.4 km, is the highest active volcano in the Cascade Range of western Washington.
More than 3.6 million people live within 100 km to the north and west of
Mount Rainier.
Mount Rainier last erupted in 1895, but historical records show that it erupts with
a frequency between 100 to 500 years. Mount Rainier’s explosive past is evident from
the pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and ash deposits that surround the volcano. Geologists
predict that Mount Rainier will erupt in the future, but when? In this lab, you will
assess the volcanic dangers of Mount Rainier.
Imagine that you decide to open a mountain bike shop in Sunrise, Longmire, or Ashford,
Washington. Before you make your final decision about location, you must examine
volcanic dangers of Mount Rainier. Which town is the safest choice?
Note-taking
Ask a Question
Materials
Safety
Make Observations
1. Obtain a topographic map of Mount Rainier from your teacher.
2. Use the topographic map and the table below to indicate where mudflows might occur.
Locate this area on your map and color it yellow.
Study Guide
Volcanic Hazards
Type of Hazard
Range
Notes
Up to 64 km
Contained within river valleys
Lava and pyroclastic flow
Within 16 km of the summit
Will likely remain within boundary of Mount
Rainier National Park
Falling ash
96 km downwind
Wind generally blows to the east of Mount
Rainier
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Benchmark Practice
Mudflow
Chapter Review
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drawing compass
topographic map of Mount Rainier
Inquiry Lab
colored pencils
metric ruler
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Name
Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
3. Use the information in the table provided, the map scale, and a compass to identify the area
that might be affected by
• lava and pyroclastic flows; color this area orange on your map;
• ash fall; color this area blue on your map.
Be sure to include a legend on your map.
Form a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis
5. Compare your map to a classmate’s map. If your assessments differ, explain how you
developed your hypothesis.
Lab Tips
Study Guide
• Use the distance scale on the map to determine the
extent of volcanic hazards.
Remember to use scientific
methods.
Make Observations
• Mudflows that originate on Mount Rainier follow
topography and flow down river valleys.
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
Chapter Review
Test your Hypothesis
Analyze and Conclude
Benchmark Practice
Communicate Results
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
4. Use your observations to form a hypothesis about which town—Sunrise, Longmire, or
Ashford—would be the safest choice for opening a bike shop. Base your hypothesis on your
assessment of the volcanic hazards associated with Mount Rainier.
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Date
Class
Big Idea Lab continued
Analyze and Conclude
6. Calculate If a mudflow from Mount Rainier traveled down the Nisqually River Valley, how
much time would the towns of Longmire and Ashford have to prepare? (Hint: Mudflows can
move at speeds of 80 km/hr.)
7. Predict Based on the extent of volcanic hazards you mapped, would it be possible for a
mudflow to reach Tacoma, Washington? Support your answer.
Inquiry Lab
Communicate Your Results
As the owner of a bike shop, you want your clients to have a great visit to Mount Rainier.
However, you want them to understand the risks associated with recreation on a volcano.
Create a pamphlet that describes Mount Rainier’s volcanic hazards. Include a map of the
hazards. You might want to include names and contact information for local emergency
response agencies.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Benchmark Practice
Imagine you are riding your mountain bike on trails high above the Nisqually River Valley
when a mudflow floods the valley below. Write a story describing your experience. Describe
what you saw, what you heard, and what you felt. Explain how the mudflow might change
the way people think about the volcanic dangers of Mount Rainier.
Chapter Review
Extension
Study Guide
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The Big Idea Mount Rainier is in the Cascade subduction zone. Why are hazards such as
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions common along a subduction zone?
Note-taking
8.
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
266
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Big Idea Lab Notes
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Use Vocabulary
Use the vocabulary from the chapter to complete the sentences or answer the statements below.
1. A volcano with gently sloping sides is a(n)
.
2. Write a sentence using the terms seismic waves, P-waves, and S-waves.
3. Magma that erupts quietly is
. Magma most likely to
erupt explosively is
.
4. Volcanic activity that does not occur near a plate boundary happens at
a(n)
.
5. Molten rock inside Earth is called
6.
.
are used to record ground motion during
7. The
marks the exact location where an earthquake
is the place on Earth’s surface directly above it.
occurs. The
Note-taking
an earthquake.
8. A type of seismic wave that has movement similar to an ocean wave is
a(n)
.
Inquiry Lab
9. A mixture of pulverized ash, rock, and gas ejected during explosive eruptions is called
.
Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Use vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.
Plate Tectonics
controls types and locations of most
Earthquakes
Study Guide
Volcanoes
types
fault types
16.
11.
10.
13.
boundaries
14.
17.
12.
at
18.
Benchmark Practice
at
Chapter Review
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a(n)
at
boundaries
15.
boundaries
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Date
Class
Chapter 8 Review
Understand Key Concepts
Circle the correct answer below.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
7. The figure below shows the Hawaiian
Islands, formed by a hot spot. Which
island is the oldest?
Kauai
Niihau
Molokai
Lanai
Kahoolawe
2. At a divergent plate boundary such as
a mid-ocean ridge, you should expect
to find
A. low viscosity lava and normal faults.
B. low viscosity lava and reverse faults.
C. high viscosity lava and normal faults.
D. high viscosity lava and reverse faults.
3. High energy earthquakes occur
A. away from plate boundaries.
B. away from divergent plate boundaries.
C. on convergent plate boundaries.
D. on transform plate boundaries.
4. Large and explosive volcanic eruptions,
such as the one shown on page 288 in
your textbook, can change climate
because
A. ash and gas that erupt high into the
atmosphere can reflect sunlight.
B. the magma that erupts is hot.
C. volcanic ash keeps Earth from losing its
heat.
D. volcanic mountains block solar
radiation.
5. What is an earthquake?
A. a fault at a convergent plate boundary
B. a wave of water in the crust
C. energy released as rocks break and move
along a fault
D. the elastic strain stored in rocks
6. Approximately how much more ground
motion is recorded on a seismogram from
a magnitude 6 earthquake compared to a
magnitude 4 earthquake?
A. 10 times more
C. 100 times more
B. 50 times more
D. 1,000 times more
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
Hot spot
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hawaii
Kauai
Maui
Oahu
8. A lag-time graph illustrates the
relationship between the time it takes
a seismic wave to travel from the
earthquake epicenter to a seismometer
and the
A. distance between the earthquake and
the seismometer.
B. earthquake intensity.
C. earthquake magnitude.
D. size of the fault.
9. Which can show the amount of energy
released by an earthquake?
A. a lag-time graph
B. the Modified Mercalli scale
C. the moment magnitude scale
D. the Richter magnitude scale
10. The location of an earthquake can be
determined from seismic data recorded by
at least
A. one seismometer.
B. two seismometers.
C. three seismometers.
D. five seismometers.
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
1. Most of the volcanic activity on Earth
occurs
A. along mid-ocean ridges.
B. along transform plate boundaries.
C. at hot spots.
D. within the crust.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 8 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the lines below to respond to the following questions.
11. Explain why Alaska has such a high risk associated with earthquakes.
12. Analyze the various types of volcanoes shown in Table 4 on page 278 in your textbook.
Which type of volcano is most likely to form at a hot spot in the ocean? Explain your
answer.
Note-taking
14. Hypothesize Use the map below to identify evidence to suggest that Africa is splitting into
two continents.
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Shallow earthquake
Deep earthquake
Benchmark Practice
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Inquiry Lab
13. Evaluate the following statement: “Yellowstone is a caldera that has erupted more than
1,000 km3 of magma three times over the past 2.2 million years.” Suggest how you might
test the hypothesis that there is hot molten material beneath Yellowstone today.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Date
Class
Chapter 8 Review continued
Critical Thinking
Use the lines below to respond to the following questions.
15. Describe how seismologists discovered that most of the mantle is solid.
18. Describe Look at a map of the Hawaiian Island–Emperor Seamount chain formed by an
active hot spot. Describe the relationship between these two chains. What do you think
changed to form two chains instead of one?
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
17. Explain why pyroclastic flows are responsible for more deaths than lava flows.
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
16. Identify several reasons why a magnitude 6 earthquake in New Orleans might be more
damaging than a magnitude 7 earthquake in San Francisco.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter 8 Review continued
19. Hypothesize how scientists might be able to determine the composition of the Moon’s
interior given what you know about Earth’s interior.
Note-taking
Study Guide
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Inquiry Lab
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Name
Date
Class
Chapter 8 Review continued
Review the Big Idea
20. How does plate tectonics explain the location of most earthquakes and volcanoes.
Note-taking
21. The photo on page 289 in your textbook shows a pyroclastic flow from Mount Pinatubo in
the Philippines. Why was this eruption so explosive?
Math Skills
Study Guide
23. Evaluate How would you write number 38 in Roman numerals?
25. Determine How would you write the number 83 in Roman numerals?
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
24. Evaluate In Roman numerals, L = 50. What is the value of the Roman numeral XL?
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Inquiry Lab
22. Identify What is the value of Roman numeral XXXIX?
Name
Date
Class
Science Benchmark Practice
Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.
Use the diagram below to answer question 5.
Multiple Choice
A
1 Along which type of plate boundary do
the deepest earthquakes occur?
A
convergent
B
divergent
C
passive
D
transform
Oceanic crust
Continental
crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
F
amount of energy released by the
earthquake.
G
amount of ground motion measured
at a given distance from the
earthquake.
descriptions of damage caused by the
earthquake.
I
type of seismic waves produced by the
earthquake.
3 Which state has no active volcanoes?
A
a caldera
B
a chain of hot spot volcanoes
C
a mid-ocean ridge
D
a subducting tectonic plate
6 Which term describes a fast-moving
avalanche of hot gas, ash, and rock that
erupts from an explosive volcano?
F
ash fall
G
cinder cone
California
H
lahar
B
Hawaii
I
pyroclastic flow
C
New York
D
Washington
Use the diagram below to answer question 4.
7 Earthquakes occur along the San Andreas
Fault. Which is an example of this type of
plate boundary?
convergent
B
divergent
C
passive
D
transform
Chapter Review
A
8 Hot spot volcanoes ALWAYS
F
normal
H shallow
G
reverse
I
strike-slip
F
appear at plate boundaries.
G
erupt in chains.
H
form above mantle plumes.
I
remain active.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Benchmark Practice
4 Which type of fault is shown in the
diagram above?
Study Guide
A
Inquiry Lab
H
5 Which feature is labeled with the letter A
in the diagram above?
Note-taking
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2 The Richter scale registers the magnitude
of an earthquake by determining the
Magma
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Name
Date
Class
NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued
Use the map below to answer questions 9
and 10.
Constructed Response
Use the diagram below to answer questions
12 and 13.
Berkeley
Mammoth
Lakes
Parkfield
100 km
9 What do the circles represent in the map
of seismic activity illustrated above?
A
the distance between waves
B
the distance to an earthquake
epicenter
C
the seismic wave speeds
D
the wave travel times
F
Berkeley
G
Los Angeles
H
Mammoth Lakes
I
Parkfield
11 Where do seismic waves originate?
A
above ground
B
epicenter
C
focus
D
seismogram
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
10 According to the map, where is the
earthquake epicenter?
12 The diagram above shows one way
volcanoes form. Explain the process
shown in the diagram and why volcanoes
form as a result of this process.
13 What type of volcano results from the
process shown in the diagram? Describe
it. What is the eruptive style of this type
of volcano? Why?
Use the table below to answer question 14.
Wave Type
Characteristics
14 Fill in the table above and identify the
three types of seismic waves. Then,
describe wave characteristics such as
movement and speed and differences in
arrival times for each type.
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Inquiry Lab
Note-taking
Los Angeles
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 8 | Lesson 1
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
Epicenter
4
1
3. Which statement is true about S-waves?
Seismic waves
Fault line
SC.7.E.6.5
2
3
Focus
A
They are the slowest seismic waves.
B
They travel only through solids.
C
They are the first to be detected by
seismometers.
D
They can travel through solids and
liquids.
Fault line
underground
1
B
2
C
3
F
normal fault; divergent boundary
D
4
G
normal fault; transform boundary
H
reverse fault; convergent boundary
I
strike-slip fault; mid-ocean ridge
2. An earthquake that measures 5 on the Richter scale is how much greater in
magnitude than an earthquake that
measures 4? SC.7.E.6.5
2 times
G
5 times
H
10 times
I
50 times
Study Guide
F
Inquiry Lab
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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4. In the image above, which type of fault is
shown and where does it occur? SC.7.E.6.5
A
Note-taking
1. The diagram above shows the components
of an earthquake. At which numbered
point on the diagram would the effects of
the earthquake be most strongly felt by
people? SC.7.E.6.5
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
276
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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From My Teacher
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Think, Discuss, Share
Name
Date
Benchmark Mini-Assessment
Class
Chapter 8 | Lesson 2
Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer.
ASIA
PACIFIC OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
NORTH
EUROPE
AMERICA
ATLANTIC OCEAN
AFRICA
INDIAN
OCEAN AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
3. An explosive eruption similar to that of
Mount St. Helens in 1980 most likely
indicates which type of volcano? SC.7.E.6.7
SOUTH
AMERICA
INDIAN
OCEAN
Active volcanoes
A
A
Crust is thinnest around the Pacific
Ocean.
B
Volcanoes occur at plate boundaries.
C
The Pacific Rim is a huge divergent
boundary.
D
The Pacific Ocean is a subduction zone
from west to east.
Note-taking
B
Inquiry Lab
2. What are volcanoes not associated with
plate tectonics called? SC.7.E.6.7
F
hot spots
G
seafloors
H
mid-ocean ridges
I
oceanic crusts
C
Study Guide
D
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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1. In the image above, what could you
conclude from the pattern of volcanoes
around the Pacific Ocean? SC.7.E.6.5
Extend Your Learning
Turn the page to Learn Out Loud
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
278
Benchmark Practice
Chapter Review
Study Guide
Inquiry Lab
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From My Teacher
Note-taking
Class
Date
Name
Think, Discuss, Share
Note-taking
Date
Inquiry Lab
Study Guide
Chapter Review
Benchmark Practice
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Name
Class
Notes
Clues to Earth’s Past
279