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Dept. Nutrition & Exercise Physiology School of Medicine University of Missouri Columbia, MO [email protected] Why do we eat/stop eating? Why do we eat/stop eating? Physiological Hunger Physiological Satiety Why do we eat/stop eating? Physiological Hunger Physiological Satiety Reward-driven ‘Hunger’ Reward-driven Satisfaction Appetite, Satiety, & Reward Signals Hunger Fullness LEPTIN Leptin GHRELIN Ghrelin Insulin INSULIN PYY PYY GLP-1 GLP-1 CCK CCK Appetite, Satiety, & Reward Signals Hunger Fullness ‘drug-like’ properties Taste/flavor social eating ‘cheap’ / free LEPTIN Leptin Food-centric ads GHRELIN Ghrelin Insulin INSULIN PYY PYY GLP-1 GLP-1 CCK CCK portion size Appetite, Satiety, & Reward Signals Hunger Fullness ‘drug-like’ properties Taste/flavor social eating ‘cheap’ / free LEPTIN Leptin Food-centric ads GHRELIN Ghrelin Insulin INSULIN PYY PYY GLP-1 GLP-1 CCK CCK portion size Higher Protein Diets ~90% Americans believe eating (more) protein is beneficial Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 0.8 g protein/kg/d Minimal amount to prevent deficiencies Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR): 10-35% of daily intake Higher Protein Diets ~90% Americans believe eating (more) protein is beneficial Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 0.8 g protein/kg/d Minimal amount to prevent deficiencies Intake in America Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR): 10-35% of daily intake Higher Protein Diets ~90% Americans believe eating (more) protein is beneficial Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 0.8 g protein/kg/d Minimal amount to prevent deficiencies Intake in America Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR): 10-35% of daily intake Higher Protein Diets: > RDA but within the AMDR Are their protective &/or beneficial effects beyond the RDA Benefits with Higher Protein Diets Leidy et al., 2012 Evidence supporting a diet rich in protein…..; Proceedings Paper of the 65th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference; American Meat Association Benefits with Higher Protein Diets Leidy et al., 2012 Evidence supporting a diet rich in protein…..; Proceedings Paper of the 65th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference; American Meat Association Higher Protein Diets & Energy Intake 6-month long-term ‘free-living’ study Acute study Normal Protein (NP) vs. Higher Protein (HP) Diets Only thing prescribed was protein quantity NP vs. HP breakfast Breakfast provided Change in Weight Change in Daily Intake -450 kcal/d Change in Lunch Intake -150 kcal * Skov et al. 1999 Int J Obesity; 5238-536; Leidy, 2010 Int J Obesity; 34(7): 1125-1133 Higher Protein Diets & Energy Intake 6-month long-term ‘free-living’ study Acute study Normal Protein (NP) vs. Higher Protein (HP) Diets Only thing prescribed was protein quantity NP vs. HP breakfast Breakfast provided Change in Weight Change in Daily Intake -450 kcal/d Change in Lunch Intake -150 kcal * Skov et al. 1999 Int J Obesity; 5238-536; Leidy, 2010 Int J Obesity; 34(7): 1125-1133 HP Meals & Perceived Sensations Acute studies in overweight & obese adults & young people providing meals as Normal Protein (NP): 13-20g Protein (10-15% intake) High Protein (HP): 28-50g Protein (25-40% intake) 4-h Post-meal Responses * * *NP vs. HP; p<0.01 Leidy et al. 2007 Obesity; 1215-1225; Leidy et al. 2010; Obesity; 18(9): 1725-1732 HP Meals & Hormonal Signals Acute studies in overweight & obese adults & young people providing meals as Normal Protein (NP): 13-20g Protein (10-15% intake) High Protein (HP): 28-50g Protein (25-40% intake) 4-h Post-meal Responses * * *NP vs. HP; p<0.01 Leidy et al. 2007 Obesity; 1215-1225; Leidy et al. 2010; Obesity; 18(9): 1725-1732 HP Meals & Food Reward/Cravings Acute studies in overweight & obese teens providing meals as Normal Protein (NP): 13-18g Protein (14-18% intake) High Protein (HP): 35-50g Protein (40% intake) HP Meal NP Meal 4-h Post-meal Activation (NP > HP) Insula (food cravings) Pre-frontal (executive control) Leidy, 2011 Obesity 19(10): 2019-2025; Benefits with Higher Protein Diets Key Dietary Factors Protein Quantity Intake in America Diet-related Key Dietary Factors Protein Quantity Diet-related Intake in America 25-30% of Daily Intake 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg/d (~90-150 g/d) Key Dietary Factors Protein Quantity Diet-related Meal-related Intake in America 25-30% of Daily Intake 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg/d (~90-150 g/d) ~30 g protein/meal Key Dietary Factors Protein Timing Example Intake of Breakfast Consumers Protein Intake (g) 65g 30g 17g 10g Breakfast 6g Snack Lunch Snack 65g Dinner Key Dietary Factors Protein Timing Example Intake of Breakfast Consumers Breakfast Frequency Protein Intake (g) 65g 30g 17g 10g Breakfast 6g Snack Lunch Snack 65g Dinner HP Breakfast Acute study in 20 overweight/obese ‘breakfast skipping’ young women; 350 kcal breakfast Skipped Breakfast (BS): ------------Normal Protein (NP): 15% (13g) Protein; 65% CHO; 20% Fat High Protein (HP): 40% (35g) Protein 40% CHO; 20% Fat Egg n’ Beef Burrito • • • • • HP Waffle, Fruit Syrup & Beef Sausage Egg n’ Beef Strata/Casserole HP Pancakes, Fruit, Beef Sausage 2 oz Lean Beef 2 Servings (1/2 cup) Liquid Eggs 1 Serving Dairy (1 cup milk; 2 oz cottage cheese) Whole grain (6 g fiber) No added sugar Leidy, HJ, 2013; AJCN 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast Acute study in 20 overweight/obese ‘breakfast skipping’ young women; 350 kcal breakfast Skipped Breakfast (BS): ------------Normal Protein (NP): 15% (13g) Protein; 65% CHO; 20% Fat High Protein (HP): 40% (35g) Protein 40% CHO; 20% Fat Funded in part by The Beef Checkoff Leidy, HJ, 2013; AJCN 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast: Hunger & Satiety Breakfast Skipping Normal Protein High Protein Leidy, HJ, 2013; American J Clinical Nutrition 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast: Hunger & Satiety Breakfast Skipping Normal Protein High Protein Leidy, HJ, 2013; American J Clinical Nutrition 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast: Food Reward/Cravings Breakfast Breakfast Skipping Pre-dinner Food Stimuli Leidy, HJ, 2013; American J Clinical Nutrition 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast: Food Reward/Cravings HP Breakfast NP Breakfast Pre-dinner Food Stimuli Leidy, HJ, 2013; American J Clinical Nutrition 97(4): 677-688 HP Breakfast: Evening Intake a a b Leidy, HJ, 2013; American J Clinical Nutrition 97(4): 677-688 Conclusions If it could only be this easy…… Thanks to his pop-up fullness indicator, Andy was able to leave the table satisfied, not stuffed Heather J. Leidy, PhD Assistant Professor; Dept. of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology University of Missouri 573-825-2620; [email protected]
