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Production, Accumulation, Trade, and Value: Political Economy in the Ancient Mediterranean (ISAW-­‐GA 3013-­‐001) Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, Fall 2015, Mondays, 2:00-­‐5:00pm Seminar Room, 2nd Floor, ISAW, 15 East 84th St., New York, NY 10028 Dr. Lorenzo d’Alfonso Office: 4th Floor, ISAW Email: [email protected] Dr. Elizabeth A. Murphy Office: 5th Floor, ISAW Email:[email protected] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract During the last decades, renewed attention has been devoted to the importance of market and private enterprise in the economies of the ancient Mediterranean, as exemplified by such works as A history of market performance: from ancient Babylonia to the modern world (van der Spek et al., eds., 2015), Commerce and colonization in the ancient Near East (Aubet, 2013), and The Roman market economy (Temin, 2013). On the one hand, interest in market and private enterprise enables us to traverse artificial distinctions between pre-­‐classical and classical ancient Mediterranean civilizations and to pose cross-­‐culturally comparative questions about ancient state economies. On the other hand, this new trend in some respects pays less attention to institutional and political impacts on ancient economies. This impact has perhaps received too much attention in the historiography of ancient western Asia, but the meaning of political intervention in the economic process acquires a different meaning when embedded in a context of private enterprises. For the Roman world, the interests of imperial institutions (e.g., military supply chains, annona redistributions, imperial monopolies) as influencing the scale and organization of economic activities has been long recognized, but recent approaches have turned to the more subtle and indirect ways that institutions affected regional economic development. In response to these academic trends, this course aims to examine the role of political economy in the ancient Mediterranean from multiple vantages. General Course Organization The first six classes will focus on recent theoretical works on political economy such as Piketty’s Capital, and North’s Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, as well as some of the ‘classic’ works on ancient economies, such as those by Polanyi, Finley, and Rostovtzeff. In the following classes, ideas developed through the theory classes will then be confronted with specific case studies from the protohistory of ancient western Asia and the Greco-­‐Roman world. These thematic classes will consider issues of primary production, storage and hoarding (accumulation of surpluses and wealth), trade, and the definition of value. 1 Pre-­‐requisites This is a graduate-­‐level course. In exceptional cases, undergraduates in their final year may be allowed to enroll in this class upon approval by the instructors. Assignments and Assessment 1) In-­‐class Presentations 25% 2) Final Paper 50% 3) Participation and Attendance 25% Final grades will be issued in 10% increments (100-­‐90 is an A; 89-­‐80 is a B; 79-­‐70 is a C; 69-­‐60 is a D; 59 and below is a Failure). 1) In-­‐class Presentations (25%) Periodically students will be assigned readings on a topic related to the day’s discussion that they will present to the rest of the class. The presentations should offer a summary of the main points of the readings. The student should highlight how the readings relates to the general argument of the course, as well as critique the work within the framework of the broader themes of the course. Use of visual aides (e.g., power point, overhead projectors, posters, handouts) is strongly encouraged. 2.) Final paper (50%) A final research paper is expected at the end of the semester. This paper should incorporate some of the conceptual themes discussed in the seminar section of the course, and should be argument-­‐driven. It may expand the class presentation, but this is not mandatory. The content should center on some aspect of ancient economies, and approaches different than the archaeological and the historical ones represented by the two instructors are encouraged. The paper is expected to be between 20-­‐25pages in length with a full bibliography. 3) Participation and Attendance (25%) A major component of this class is organized around informed discussion. That means that the student is expected to have prepared the assigned readings prior to class and that the student comes to class ready to discuss. Any absence from class not cleared before with the professor or for a non-­‐medical or non-­‐emergency reason will result in an automatic 5% reduction in your final grade. Academic Support Students are encouraged to visit the instructors during office hours, to attend problem sessions, and to access other departmental resources for learning, whether or not they are experiencing academic difficulty. Students, who by nature of a documented disability, require academic accommodations, should contact the instructors during office hours. Students may also speak with the Henry and Lucy Moses Center for Students with Disabilities (726 Broadway, 2nd Floor) or at 212-­‐998-­‐4980 to discuss the process for requesting accommodations. 2 Class Schedule ** Class readings may be subject to change at the discretion of the instructors. ** Week 1: September 14 Presentation of the course: The many meanings of ‘political economy’ Week 2: September 21 Macroeconomical theory in the modern and contemporary world A.K. Dasgupta, Epochs of economic theory, Oxford 1985 J.E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its discontents, 2002. T. Piketty, Capital in the 21st century, Cambridge MA 2014 Week 3: September 28 Embedded economies in the ancient world K. Polanyi et al. (eds), Trade and Market in the Early Empires. Economies in History and Theory, Glencoe, Ill. 1957. M. Finley, The Ancient Economy. London 1985. F. Carlà, Gift giving and the 'embedded' economy in the ancient world, Heidelberg 2014. M. Liverani, International Relations in the Ancient Near East 1600-­‐1100 B.C, New York 2001, part iii. Week 4: October 5 Institutions and economic performance D.C. North (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge, selections TBD. P. Klein (2000) “New institutional economics,” in: B. Bouckeart and G. de Geest (eds.), Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Cheltenham, 456-­‐489. D.C. North (2005) Institutions and the Performance of Economies Over Time in: C. Menard and M.M. Shirley (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics, Neu Isenburg, 21-­‐30 R. Coase (2005) “The institutional structure of production,” in: C. Menard and M.M. Shirley (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics, Neu Isenburg, 30-­‐39. W. Scheidel, I. Morris, and R. Saller (2007) “Introduction,” in: W. Scheidel, I. Morris, and R. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco Roman World, Cambridge 2007, 1-­‐14. W. Scheidel (2007) “A model of real income growth in Roman Italy,” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 56(3): 322-­‐346. P.F. Bang (2009) “The Ancient Economy and New Institutional Economics.” The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-­‐Roman World by W. Scheidel; I. Morris; R. Saller. [A Review],” The Journal of Roman Studies (99): 194-­‐206. 3 Week 5: October 13 (**Monday class scheduled for Tuesday**) Markets and market economies R.J. van der Spek and B. van Leeuwen (2014) A History of Market Performance. From Ancient Babylonia to the modern world, London -­‐ New York. C. Garrety (2010) “Investigating Market Exchange in Ancient Societies: A Theoretical Review,” in: C. Garrety and B. Stark, Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies, Boulder, 1-­‐32. G. Dale (2013) “Marketless trading in Hammurabi’s time: A reappraisal,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56: 159-­‐ 88. P. Temin (2013) “The Contribution of economics,” in: W. Scheidel (ed.), The Roman Economy, Cambridge, 45-­‐70. G. Bransburg (2012) “Rome and the economic integration of empire,” (http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-­‐papers/3/) Week 6: October 19 Taxation and tribute T.M. Sharlach (2006) Provincial Taxation in the Ur III State, Leiden. S. Garfinkle (2013) The third dynasty of Ur and the limits of State Power in Early Mesopotamia. S. Garfinkle (2014) “The economy of warfare in southern Iraq at the end of the third millennium BCE,” CRRAI 52: 353-­‐62. P.F. Bang (2009) “Commanding and Consuming the World: Empire, Tribute and Trade in Roman and Chinese History,” in: W. Scheidel (ed.), Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires, Oxford, 100-­‐120. T.W. Potter, J.M. Reynolds, and S. Walker (1999) “The Roman Road Station of Aquaviva, Southern Etruria,” Papers of the British School at Rome 67: 199-­‐232. G. Ioppolo (1967) “La tavola delle unità di misura nel mercto augusteo di Leptis Magna,” Quaderni di Archeologia Libia 5: 89-­‐98. K. Hopkins (1980) "Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.-­‐A.D. 400)," Journal of Roman Studies 70: 101-­‐25. Week 7: October 26 Political economy, long distance trade and warfare Military supply and Long distance trade in Assyria: K. Veenhof (1997 ) “Modern features in Old-­‐Assyrian Trade,” JESHO 40(4): 336-­‐66. K. Veenhof (2000) “Trade and politics in ancient Assur. Balancing of public, colonial and entrpreneurial interests,” in: C. Zaccagnini (ed.), Mercanti e Politica nel Mondo Antico (Saggi di Storia Antica 21), Rome, 69-­‐118. N. Postgate (1974) Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire, Rome. L. Milano and F. Bertoldi (2014) Paleonutrition and food practices in the Ancient Near East: towards a multidisciplinary approach, Padua, selections TBD. K. Kagan (2006) “Redefining Roman grand strategy,” The Journal of Military History 70(2): 333-­‐362. 4 M. Derreumaux, S. Leptez, et al., (2008) “Food supply at two successive military settlements in Arras (France),” in: S. Stallibrass and R. Thomas (eds.), Feeding the Roman Army: The Archaeology of Production and Supply in NW Europe, Oxford, 52-­‐68. M. Groot (2006) “Surplus production of animal products for the Roman army in a rural settlement in the Dutch River Area,” in: S. Stallibrass and R. Thomas (eds.), Feeding the Roman Army: The Archaeology of Production and Supply in NW Europe, Oxford, 83-­‐98. Week 8: November 2 Public vs. private accounting Uruk IV accounting system (bibliography t.b.d.) D. Jones (2006) “The bank of the Sulpicii” and “The business of the Sulpicii,” The Bankers of Puteoli: Finance, Trade and Industry in the Roman World, Stroud, 47-­‐78 J. Andreau (1999) “The financial activities of the city of Rome and of the Empire”, Banking and Business in the Roman World, Cambridge, 112-­‐27. F. Coarelli (2010) “Substructio et tabularium,” Papers of the British School at Rome 78: 107-­‐132 Week 9: November 9 Food production and its organization Food production the Middle Assyrian Empire N. Postgate, Bronze Age Bureaucracy: writing and the practice of government in Assyria, Cambridge 2013. J.D. Lyon (2000) “Middle Assyrian Expansion and Settlement Development in the Syrian Jazira: The view from the Balih valley,” in: R.M. Jas (ed.), Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia, Amsterdam, 89-­‐126. F. Wiggermann (2000) “Agriculture in the Northern Balikh Valley: The case of Middle Assyrian Tell Sabi Abyad,” in: R.M. Jas (ed.), Rainfall and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia, Amsterdam, 171-­‐231. D. Morandi Bonacossi (ed.) (2014) Settlement Dynamics and Human-­‐Landscape Interaction in the dry steppes of Syria, Wiesbaden. Roman regional landscape exploitation: Greece, Italy, North Africa, Spain G. Kron (2012) “Food Production,” in: W. Scheidel (ed.), The Roman Economy, Cambridge, 156-­‐74. S. Alcock (1993) “The Rural landscape,” Graecia Capta, Cambridge, 33-­‐92. D. J. Mattingly (1988) “Oil for export: a comparative study of Roman olive oil production in Libya, Spain and Tunisia,” JRA 1: 33-­‐56 G. Barker and J. Lloyd (1991) Roman Landscapes: Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Region, Rome, selections TBD. Week 10: November 16 Religious institutions and economy Temple economy in the Neo-­‐ and Late Babylonian Period E. Lipiński (1979) State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the International Conference, Leuven, selections TBD. M. Kozuh (2014) The Sacrificial Economy: Assessors, Contractors, and Thieves in the Management of Sacrificial Sheep at the Eanna Temple of Uruk (ca. 625-­‐520 B.C.), Winona Lake, Indiana, selections TBD. 5 Hellenistic temple estates V. Baesens (2006) “Royal taxation and religious tribute in Hellenistic Palestine,” in: P.F. Bang (ed.), Ancient Economies, Modern Methodologies: Archaeology, Comparative History, Models and Institutions, 179-­‐200. R. Reich (2009) “The Distribution of Stone Scale Weights from the Early Roman Period and Its Possible Meaning,” Israel Exploration Journal 59(2): 175-­‐184 Week 11: November 23 Population and Demographics Additional Readings TBD C. Bruun, (2010) “Water, Oxygen Isotopes, and Immigration to Ostia-­‐Portus,” JRA 23: 109-­‐132. W. Scheidel and J. Sutherland (2010) “Roman wellbeing and the economic consequences of the ‘Antonine Plague’,” Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. A. Zuiderhoek (2009) “Government Centralization in Late Second and Third Century a. d. Asia Minor: A Working Hypothesis,” The Classical World 103(1): 39-­‐51. Week 12: November 30 In-­‐depth case study: Storage, production, value: Political economy in the Hittite empire A. Schachner (2011) Hattusa, Münich, selections TBD. J. Seeher (2000) “Getreidelagerung in unterirdischen Grossspeichern zur methode und ihrer
anwendung im 2. Jahrtausend V. Chr. am Beispiel der Befunde in Hattusa,” SMEA 42: 261-­‐301. H.A. Hoffenr (1974) Alimenta Hethaeorum. Food Production in Hittite Asia Minor, New Haven, selections TBD. H. Klengel, Hethitische Wirtschaft, Gs Imparati 2002, and Altorientalishce Forschungen 2005-­‐2008. M.H. Gates (2001) “Potmarks at Kinet Höyük and the Hittite Ceramic Industry,” Varia Anatolica 13: 137-­‐
157. U-­‐D. Schoop (2001) “Pottery traditions of the Later Hittite Empire: Problems of Definition,” in: B. Fischer, H. Genz, E. Jean, and K. Köroğlu (eds.) Identifying changes: The transition from Bronze to Iron Ages in Anatolia and its neighbouring regions, Istanbul, 167-­‐178. U-­‐D. Schoop (2011) “Hittite Pottery: a summary,” in: H. Genz and D.P. Mielke (eds.), Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology, Leuven, 241-­‐273. C. Glatz (2006) “Bearing the mark of control? Reassessing potmarks in LBA Anatolia,” AJA 116: 5-­‐38. Contributions of M. Marazzi and C. Mora (2006) in Fiscality in Mycenean and Near Eastern Archives, (Italian) A. Gilan (2007) “Formen der Transaktion im hethitischen ‘Staatskult’ – Idee und Wirklichkeit,” in: H. Klinkott, et al. (eds.), Geschnke und Steuer, Leiden, 293-­‐322. A. Gilan (2008) “Zur Ökonomie, Religion (und Herrshcaft) im hethitischen Anatolien,” IBAES 7: 227-­‐235. M. Giorgieri and C. Mora (2012) “Luxurgüter als Symbole der Macht,” CRRAI 54 : 647-­‐655 6 Week 13: December 7 In-­‐depth case study: Roman imperial monopolies Annona and the Grain Trade P. Erdkamp (2005) “Rome and the Corn Provinces” and “Urban Food Supply and Grain Market Intervention,” The Grain Market in the Roman Empire, Cambridge, 206-­‐316. O. Wikander (2002) “’Where of Old all the Mills of the City Have been Constructed’ The Capacity of the Janiculum Mills in Rome,” Ancient history matters: studies presented to Jens Erik Skydsgaard on his seventieth birthday, Rome, 127-­‐33. S. Keay (2013) Rome, Portus and the Mediterranean. British School at Rome Reports, Rome, selections TBD. Imperial Mines and Quarries A.M. Hirt (2010) “The Emperor and Imperial Extractive Operations,” Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World Organizational Aspects 27BC-­‐AD235, Oxford, 332-­‐56. B. Russell (2013) “Roman and late antique shipwrecks with stone cargoes: a new inventory,” JRA 26: 331-­‐61. D.P.S. Peacock (1997) Mons Claudianus: survey and excavation, 1987-­‐1993, Cairo, selections TBD Week 14: December 14 Conclusions 7